1. Agrawal, R. 2003. Seed technology. Pub. Co. PVT. LTD. New Delhi. India. 829 p.
2. Akram Ghaderi, F., Kamkar, B., and Soltani, A. 2008. Seed science and technology. Jahad Daneshgahi Press. Mashhad. 512 p. [In Persian].
3. Amooaghaei, R. 2005. Effect of soaking the seeds, duration and temperature of pre-chilling on the failure of Ferula (Ferula ovina) seed dormancy. Iranian Journal of Biology, 18(4): 350-359. [In Persian with English Summary].
4. Asaadi, A.M., and Heshmati, Gh.A. 2015. The effect of different treatments on breaking seeds dormancy and inducing germination of Thymus transcaucasicus Ronn. and Zataria moltiflora Boiss. Journal of Plant Research, 28(1): 12-22. [In Persian with English Summary].
5. Barakat, N.A.M., Kabeil, H.F., Hegazy, A.K., and Singer, N.S. 2013. Synergetic action of light and temperature on seed germination of some solanaceae members. Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry, 9(4): 85-100.
6. Bernfeld, P. 1970. Amylase a and b, in methods in enzymology, I, (Colowick, S., and Kaplan, N., eds.). Academic Press, NY, 149.
7. Caliskan, O., Mavi, K., and Polat, A. 2012. Influences of presowing treatments on the germination and emergence of fig seeds (Ficus carica L.). Acta Scientiarum, 34(3): 293-297.
8. Copeland, L.O., and Mc Donald, M.B. 1995. Principals of seed science and technology. Chapman and Hall, New York. 236 p.
9. Dehghanpoor Farashah, H., Tavakol Afshari, R., and Sharifzadeh, F. 2012. Effect of dormancy failure treatment on germination and activity of α-amylase and β-1 and 3-glucanase enzymes in Marzongoush landraces seed (Origanum vulgare). Iranian Journal of Crop Science, 43(4): 611-619. [In Persian with English Summary].
10. Edalatifard, L., Modares Sanavy, S.A.M., and Askari, H. 2014. The optimum condition under light and Media for Seed germination of Withania coagulans. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences, 3(7): 722-728.
11. Eghbali Tajani, N., Miri, S.M., and Touhidloo, G. 2015. Effect of gibberellic acid, benzyladenine, potassium nitrate and chilling on seed dormancy failure and seed germination of Cicas (Cycas revoluta). The 1th scientific-scientific congress of the development and promotion of agricultural science, natural resources and environment of Iran, 19 September, Tehran. [In Persian with English Summary].
12. Ghanbari, M., and Karamnia, S. 2016. Evaluation of the seed aging effect on some characteristics of bean germination (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces of Guilan province under salinity stress conditions. The 6th Iranian Pulse Crops Symposium, 4 May, Khoram-abad. [In Persian with English Summary].
13. Ghanbari, M., Mansour Ghanaei Pashaki, K., Safaei Abdolmanaf, S., and Aziz Ali-abadi, K. 2016. Effect of salt stress and hydropriming on germination characteristics of Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek).Iranian Journal of Pulses Research, 7(1): 65-80. [In Persian with English Summary].
14. Gupta, P. 2012. Withania coagulans, an overview. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 12(2): 68-71.
15. Gupta, V., and Keshari, B.B. 2013. Withania coagulansDunal. (Paneer Doda): A Review. International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, 3(5): 1330-1336.
16. Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Devies, F.T., and Geneve, R.L. 2007. Plant propagation principles and practices. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
17. Hunter, E.A., Glasbey, C.A., and Naylor, R.E.L. 1984. The analysis of data from germination tests. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 102: 207-213. [
DOI:10.1017/S0021859600041642]
18. Jain, S., Shukla, S.D., Sharma, K., and Bhatnagar, M. 2001. Neuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera Dunn. In hippocampal sub-regions of female albino rat. Phytotherapy Research, 15(6): 544-548. [
DOI:10.1002/ptr.802] [
PMID]
19. Joshi, A.G., and Padhya, M.A. 2010. Shoot regeneration from leaf explants of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 2(1): 63-65. [
DOI:10.15835/nsb213609]
20. Kambizi, L., Adebola, P.O., and Afolayan, A.G. 2006. Effects of temperature, pre-chilling and light on seed germination of Withania somnifera, a high value medicinal plant. South African Journal of Botany, 72: 11-14. [
DOI:10.1016/j.sajb.2005.03.001]
21. Kashem, M.A., Sultana, N., Samanta, S.C., and Kamal, A.M.A. 1995. Starch, sugar, amylase and invertase activity in the germinating seeds of modern wheat varieties. Journal of the National Science Council of Sri Lanka, 23(2): 55-61. [
DOI:10.4038/jnsfsr.v23i2.5840]
22. Keshtkar, H.R., Azarnivand, H., and Shahriari, A. 2009. Effect of some treatments on seed dormancy Failure and germination of Ferula gummosa and Ferula assa-foetida. Scientific Journal of Rangeland, 2(3): 281-290. [In Persian with English Summary].
23. Khatibzadeh, R., Azizi, M., Arouei, H., and Farsi, M. 2013. Effect of superficial and stratified disinfection treatments on seed germination of Anjdan Rumi (Levisticum officinale Koch.) in vitro conditions. Journal of Horticultural Science, 27(2): 130-138. [In Persian with English Summary].
24. Khayat, M., Shirin, M., and Gharniyeh, M.H. 2011. The effect of sodium hypochlorite concentration and duration of seed disinfection on the characteristics of wheat buds of Chamran cultivar. New Findings in Agriculture, 5(4): 367-376. [In Persian with English Summary].
25. Kumar, A., Kaul, M.K., Bhan, M.K., Punit, K., Khanna, K., and Suri, A. 2007. Morphological and chemical variation in 25 collections of the Indian medicinal plant, Withania somnifera L. Dunal Solanaceae. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 54(3): 655-660. [
DOI:10.1007/s10722-006-9129-x]
26. Lyaruu, H.V.M. 2008. Seed longevity of dominant plant species from degraded savanna in semi-arid Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Science, 34(1): 11-20.
27. Makizadeh Tafti, M., Farhoodi, R., Rasti Far, M., and Sadat Asilan, K. 2011. Seed dormancy Failure in Caper. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 18(4): 569-577. [In Persian with English Summary].
28. Mohan, K.K., Reddy, A.R., Sharma, S., and Jyotsna, B. 2012. Effect of physical and chemical treatments on dormancy breaking, germination and vigor of certain medicinal plants. Journal of Pharmacognosy, 3(2): 71-72.
29. Nabaei, M., Roushandel, P., and Mohammad Khani, A. 2011. Effective methods in seed dormancy failure and increased rhubarb seed germination (Rheum ribes L.). Journal of Research of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27(2): 212-223. [In Persian with English Summary].
30. Nathiya, S., Pradeepa, D., Devasena, T., and Senthil, K. 2013. Studies on the effect of sucrose, light and hormons on micropropagation and in vitro flowering of Withania somnifera Var. JAWAHAR-20. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 23(5): 1391-1397.
31. Niyaz, A., and Siddiqui, E.N. 2014. Seed Germination of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(8): 920-926. [
DOI:10.9734/EJMP/2014/8916]
32. Ogawa, M., Hanada, A., Yamauchi, Y., Kuwahara, A., Kamiya, Y. and Yamaguchi, S. 2003. Gibberellin biosynthesis and response during Arabidopsis seed germination. The Plant Cell, 15: 1591-1604. [
DOI:10.1105/tpc.011650] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
33. Omidi, H., Jafarzadeh, L., and Naghdibadi, H.A. 2014. Seeds of medicinal plants and crops. Printing and Publishing Center, Shahed University. 444 p. [In Persian].
34. Orphanos, P.I. 1983. Germination of caper (Capparis spinosa L.) Seeds. Journal of Horticultural Science, 58(2): 267-270. [
DOI:10.1080/00221589.1983.11515119]
35. Pour Esmaeil, M., and Sharifi, M. 2003. The effect of cold treatment and some cytokinins in dormancy removing the seeds of black cumin seeds. Journal of Research of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 19(2): 183-193. [In Persian].
36. Pramanick, D.L., and Srivastava, S.K. 2015. Pharmacognostic evaluation of Withania coagulans Dunal (Solanaceae) - an important ethnomedicinal plant. Bioscience Discovery, 6(1): 6-13.
37. Rahimian, H., and Khosravi, M. 1995. Seed physiology. Jahad Daneshgahi Mashhad Press, 96 p. [In Persian]. [
PMID]
38. Salehi, A., Masoumiasl, A., and Moradi, A. 2015. Evaluation of The Effective Methods of Seed Dormancy Breaking in Medicinal Plant of Bilhar (Dorema aucheri). Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 2(1): 65-72. [In Persian with English Summary].
39. Salehzade, H., Izadkhah Shishvan, M., and Chiyasi, M. 2009. Effect of seed priming on germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(5): 629-631.
40. Shanmugaratnam, S., Mikunthan, G., and Thurairatnam, S. 2013. Potential of Withania somnifera Dunal cultivation as a medicinal crop in jaffna district. American-Eurasian Journal Agriculture and Environment Science, 13(3): 357-361.
41. Soltani, A., Galashi, S., Zeinali, E., and Latifi, N. 2001. Genetic variation for and interrelationships among seed vigor traits in wheat from the caspian sea coast of Iran. Seed Science and Technology, 29: 653-662.
42. Soltani, A., Galeshi, S., Zeinali, E., and Latifi, N. 2002. Germination, seed reserve utilization and seedling growth of chickpea as affected by salinity and seed size. Seed Science and Technology, 30(1): 51-60.
43. Soltanipoor, M.A., Asadpoor, R., Hajebi, A.H., and Moradi, N.A. 2009. Study of pre-treatments on seed germination of Foeniculum vulgare L., Salvia sharifii Rech. et Esfand. and Abutilon fruticosum Guill. et Perr. Journal of Research of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 25(4): 528-539. [In Persian with English Summary].
44. Thakur, N.S., Verma, K.S., and Rana, R.C. 2014. Growth and yield performance of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) under agroforestry. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 84(8): 937-941.
45. The Herb Society of America (HSA). 2009. Promising Plant Profile. Withania somnifera.
46. Valizadeh, M., Bagheri, A., Valizadeh, J., Mirjalili, M.H., and Moshtaghi, N. 2015. Autecology of Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 31(1): 127-137. [In Persian with English Summary].
47. Wenny D.L., and Dumroese R.K. 1987. Germination of conifer seeds surface-sterilized with bleach. Tree Planters Notes, 38(3):18-21.
48. Xie, X., Zhang, Z., and Hanzlik, S. 2007. Salicylic acid inhibits gibberellin-induced alpha-amylase expression and seed germination via a pathway involving an abscisic-acid inducible WRKY gene. Plant Molecular Biology, 64: 293-303. [
DOI:10.1007/s11103-007-9152-0]
49. Yazdanshenas, H., Tavili, A., and Nasiri, M. 2015. Effects of physicochemical treatments on the germination properties of seeds of ornamental-medicinal plant (Amaranthus cruentus). Journal of Plant Research, 28(5): 1129-1136. [In Persian with English Summary].