Karimi K., Babai-Ahari A. & Arzanlou M. 2015. Strawberry anthracnose disease. Plant Pathology Science 4(2):26-40.
Anthracnose disease is one of the most destructive diseases of strawberry which caused by Colletotrichum acutatum,C. gloeosporioides and C. fragariae. C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides species complexes possess wider host range. According to the latest multi-gene phylogenetic evaluation, different strains of the causal agent of strawberry anthracnose disease which have been collected from different regions of the world, belong to these two species and are divided into several clusters, related to cryptic species. Despite infecting various parts of the plant, C. acutatum is mostly responsible for fruit rot and in comparison with two other species, causes crown rot and is more prevalent and destructive. Dispersal of pathogen inoculums mainly takes place by rain splash and sprinkler irrigation as well as by movement of human beings and animals. Integrated management of this disease is mainly achieved through cultural, chemical, biological and the use of resistant cultivars. Giving the importance of strawberry anthracnose disease in terms of damage rate and its recent incidence in many strawberry growing areas in Iran, different aspects of the disease, including diagnosis of the causal agent, biology and efficient management methods are discussed in the present review.
Potato virus S (PVS) is one of the damaging and limiting agents affecting potato cultivation in Mazandaran Province, in north Iran. This virus belongs to the genus Carlavirus, characterized by an isometric particle morphology, a single-stranded RNA genome, and a relatively narrow host range. PVS typically exhibits an additive effect and is often found in co-infection with other potato viruses. Considering the observed symptoms of the spread and damage caused by this virus in potato fields of Mazandaran Province, this study was conducted to carry out molecular identification and determine the distribution areas of the virus within the province. A total of 94 plant samples were collected from potato fields in three regions; Savadkuh, Galugah, and Parkuh, in Mazandaran Province during 2023–2024. Total viral RNA was extracted from samples displaying severe disease symptoms, and the coat protein gene region of the virus was amplified using RT-PCR. A band of 1,118 base pairs was detected. One positive sample from each region was selected and sent to Macrogen Inc. (South Korea) for sequencing. After sequencing, the similarity of the obtained sequences to the corresponding gene region of other isolates of this virus was determined using phylogenetic software. The results showed that Iranian isolates of this virus fall into two groups; Group I: includes isolates from Iran, Syria, South Korea, China, and Germany, while Group II contains only two Iranian isolates. The molecular identification of isolates of this virus in this province, their distribution areas, and their genetic similarity to isolates from other countries are reported for the first time.
