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Review on Incidence of Soybean Cyst Nematode in Iran
Zahra Tanha Maafi, Ramin Heidari,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract

Tanha Maafi  Z. & Heidari R. 2015. Review on incidence of soybean cyst nematode in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 4(2):1-16.

Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, is widespread in major soybean producing countries and is considered as the most suppressed agent of soybean yield in the world. This nematode was reported from northern Iran in 1999 for the first time. Presently SCN is widely distributed in Golestan and Mazandaran provinces and infestation rate is a remarkable showing broad range of infestation. In most fields, the population density is above the damage threshold level reported for this nematode in the literatures. The HG Type 0 (race 3) has been defined as the dominant type in the region and Katoul (DPX) is the only resistant cultivar to this type of SCN in Iran. Importance of soybean cyst nematode, distribution and severity of infection, nematode morphology, symptoms, race/Hg Type, life cycle, reaction of Iranian cultivars against the dominant SCN Hg Type in Iran, and its management, based on the researches conducted in Iran and in the world are presented in this paper.


Five Important Fungal Diseases of Pulse Crops in Iran
Najmeh Gharacheh , Mehdi Sadravi,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract

Gharacheh N. & Sadravi  M. 2015. Five important fungal diseases of  pulse crops in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 4(2):17-25. 

Bean, pea, lentil, vetch and broad bean grains are rich in protein.  Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad (a province in the southwest Iran) is one of the cultivation area of the pulses. In this province, five important fungal diseases included Fusarium wilt, Fusarium root rot, Ascochyta blight, Alternaria blight, and charcoal rot, are common on these plants. Symptoms of these diseases, key morphological characteristics of the pathogens and their distribution areas in Iran and the world is described.

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Integrated Management of Rhizoctonia Root Rot of Bean
Bita Naseri,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (8-2016)
Abstract

Naseri  B. 2016. Integrated  management of Rhizoctonia root rot of bean. Plant Pathology Science 5(2):42-51.

Rhizoctonia root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn seriously reduces bean yield. Restricting wide distribution of the disease in main bean growing regions requires identification of factors effect on the disease occurrence and prevalence. Due to the lack of resistant cultivars and ineffective chemical control measures, cultural practice management plays an important role in disease control. According to the findings, increasing soil organic matter, improving rhizoobial nodule formation on root, not planting beans in sandy soils, maintaining nuteral pH of field soil, following 7-9 days irrigation interval throughout growing season, planting standard density of 30 plants per square meter, seeding at less than five cm depth under warm and dry climatic conditions, using sprinkler irrigation, growing red bean in infected fields, appropriate rotation program, applying maximum 50 kg/ha urea, weed control, and seed treatment with proper systemic fungicide should be considered in an integrated management program.


Biological control of Fusarium root rot of bean with two Trichoderma species and Pseudomonas fluorescens
Ali Rostami, Mehdi Sadravi, Mr Rasool Rezaee, Mohammad Abdollahi,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
Rostami A, Sadravi M, Rezaei R, Abdollahi M (2020) Biological control of Fusarium root rot of bean with two Trichoderma species and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Plant Pathology Science 9(2): 14-27.  Doi: 10.2982/PPS.9.2.14
 
Introduction: Fusarium root rot with damage reported up to 85% of the crop yield, caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli, is one of the most important bean diseases in the world. Biological control is a healthy and environmentally friendly way to manage this soil-borne disease. Materials and Methods: Bean farms in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province were visited and the rotten roots of diseased plants were sampled. Two isolates of the pathogen were isolated, purified and identified. The pathogenicity of these two isolates was tested on two bean varieties Drakhshan and Pak under greenhouse conditions. The colony growth inhibition rate of the hypervirulant isolate of the pathogen was assessed by 14 native isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, four isolates of Trichoderma virens, two isolates of Trichoderma atroviridae, and five native isolates of Pseudomonas florescens and P. florescens CHAO with hyperparasitic ability and production of antibiotics in vitro. Finally, the effect of four superior T. harzianum isolates, one T. atroviridae isolate and two P. florescens isolates on disease severity were examined in a completely randomized design in the greenhouse. Results: All isolates of three species of Trichoderma had the ability to hyperparasite and destroy pathogenic hyphae. Four T. harzianum isolates showed a more significant ability to produce non-volatile and volatile antibiotic materials. All treatments significantly reduced the disease severity, but a T. harzianum isolate was more effective in vivo. Conclusion: Fusarium root rot is also found in bean fields in southwestern Iran. Native isolates of T. harzianum, T. virens and T. atroviridae have the hyperparasitic ability on the pathogen. These fungi and isolates of P. florescens have the ability to inhibit the growth of the pathogen colony by producing antibiotic substances. Isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, T. atroviridae and P. florescens CHAO have the ability to reduce the severity of the disease in vivo.

Reaction of nine bean cultivars to two Fusarium species
Nafiseh Hesami, Mostafa Darvishnia, Eidi Bazgir,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
Hesami N, Darvishnia M, Bazgir E (2021) Reaction of nine bean cultivars to two  Fusarium species. Plant Pathology Science 10(2):93-104.   
  Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.2.93.
 
Introduction: Two soil-borne fungi, Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani, are the causes of important diseases of beans wilting and root rot. The best way to manage these diseases is to identify and cultivate resistant cultivars. This study was conducted to identify the reaction of nine Iranian beans cultivars to these two pathogenic fungi. Materials and Methods: Bean-diseased plants were collected from farms in Aligudarz city in Lorestan province, in western Iran, and F. oxysporum and F. solani were isolated from them in the laboratory. At first the pathogenesis of these fungi was investigated on a local cultivar. Then, the reaction of nine bean cultivars to them was determined in a completely randomized design experiment in the greenhouse. Results: Reaction of cultivars to F. oxysporum and F. solani respectively were, Dadfar red-bean with disease severity of 28.8 and 26.6%, Sayad red-bean  with 33.3 and 28.8%, Koosha pinto-bean  with 35.5 and 33.3%, White 247 with 40 and 37.8%, Pak white-bean with 46.6 and 46.7% and pinto-bean 492 with 48.8 and 46.7% respectively, were grouped as semi-sensitive. Saleh pinto-bean with a disease severity of 64.4 and 62.2%, Yaghot red-bean  with 77.7 and 80% and Almas white with 82.2 and 86.7% respectively, were determined as sensitive. Pearson correlation analysis also showed that there was a significant negative correlation between root length, fresh and dry weight of root with diseases severity. Conclusion: Six cultivars of Iranian beans vs Dadfar, Sayad, Koosha, White247, Pak and 492 are semi-sensitive to these diseases.

4- Host preference and population level of Pratylenchoides ritteri on six legume crops
Kourosh Azizi,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Azizi K (2022) Host preference and population level of Pratylenchoides ritteri on six legume crops.
Plant Pathology Science 11(1):36-47.         Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.1.36.

Introduction: Legumes are the most important source of human food after cereals. More than 70 species of plant-parasitic nematodes have been reported from legumes of the world. Some of these nematodes cause great damage to these plants. Pratylenchoides ritteri is widespread in Iran on various plants such as legumes. Material and Methods: The number of P. ritteri nematodes per kg of soil in an infected field soil was counted and this soil was used for a greenhouse experiment. Nematode reproductive factor and some plant growth traits in six plants including; Broad bean, soybean, lentil, bean, mung bean, and Chickpea were studied under greenhouse and field conditions. Tests were performed in randomized complete block designs and the data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software. Results: All the plants were hosts for the nematode and the reproductive factor of the nematode was higher than one. The highest reproductive factor was found in soybean and the lowest in mung bean. Under greenhouse conditions, a decrease in most plant growth indices was observed in all infected plants. Among these plants, beans showed the largest decrease and mung bean the smallest decrease in growth indices. Conclusion: Broad bean, soybean, lentil, bean, mung bean, and chickpea are hosts for P. ritteri and this nematode can cause decreases in most plant growth indices.
 
The effect of environmental stresses on the epidemic of charcoal rot disease in legumes
Sara Siahpoush, Ali Dehghani,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Siahpoush, S., & Dehghani, A. (2024). The effect of environmental stresses on the epidemic of charcoal rot disease in legumes. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1),113-124
Charcoal rot caused by soil-borne fungus Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the most important fungal diseases of legumes that is prevalent in conditions where plants are under stress. Climate change during the last few decades has made the environmental conditions difficult for the optimal cultivation and production of legumes. Drought stress is the most important abiotic stress in legumes production. The predisposition of plants to being infected with drought-friendly pathogens is one of the grounds for the occurrence and spread of diseases such as charcoal rot. Considering that the cultivation and production of legumes in alkaline and calcareous lands in Iran is very widespread and plants are exposed to various environmental stresses, especially drought during the growing season, the importance of this disease, its damage, host range and biology of the pathogen, epidemic suitable conditions, and a summary of researches results on the disease in Iran are described in this article .

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