Showing 14 results for Root
Abbas Salahi Ardakani, Seied Abbas Hoseininejad,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2012)
Abstract
In order to control plant parasitic nematodes, in spite of chemical costs, some may have residue in yield, some kill the natural enemies of nematodes, and many of them may pollute the environment. Based on research carried out by oil, seed kernel extract and powder, and meal of neem, complete bead-tree seed extract and powder, yarrow aerial parts extract and powder, can cause mortality of these onstage juveniles of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. The effect of these plants materials on the nematode mortality compared with control and showed statistically significant difference at the level of 1%. Application of these plants materials maybe reduces of chemical pesticides and risks of their using.
Abbas Salahi Ardakani,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (9-2012)
Abstract
Citrus gummosis disease cause canker accompanied by gum exudates, crown and root rot, twig dieback, and decline of citrus trees. This disease has been reported from Khuzestan and Fars provinces, now infected by in parts of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province (southwest Iran), namely: Molabarfi, Bidestan, Posht-e-koh, Tol-e-mavizi, Bidzard, Chaharbish-e-olia and Chaharbish-e-sofla from Gachsaran town and Cheshm-e-belghis, Dehborji, Spar and Marin from Kohgiluyeh town. Sour lemon, sweet lemon, big sour lemon and orange were more infected respectively. Pathogen identified as Phytophthora nicotianae. As it is epidemic in this province for planting diseased seedlings, incorrect planting method, stalk sensitivity, incorrect irrigation method, can manage by planting healthy certified seedlings on sour orange stalk, correction planting and irrigation methods, chemical control, and biological control with antagonistic fungi or bacteria.
mehdi Sadravi, Farzaneh Talaei,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (3-2015)
Abstract
Sadravi M. and Talaei F. 2015. Methods of mass production of inoculum of endomycorrhizal fungi. Plant Pathology Science 4(1):13-22.
Endomycorrhizae or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, play an important role in the life of field crops, flower and fruit gardens and vegetables. They increase nutrient uptake and yield of plants and resistance to soil-borne pathogens of plants as well. As these beneficial fungi, are obligate root symbiotic, mass production of their inoculum is only possible on the living tissue of root. The first method for this purpose was pot culturing, then the hydroponic, aeroponic and root organ culture have been devised. Methods and factors affecting the mass production of these beneficial fungi are described and discussed here.
Bita Naseri,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (8-2016)
Abstract
Naseri B. 2016. Integrated management of Rhizoctonia root rot of bean. Plant Pathology Science 5(2):42-51.
Rhizoctonia root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn seriously reduces bean yield. Restricting wide distribution of the disease in main bean growing regions requires identification of factors effect on the disease occurrence and prevalence. Due to the lack of resistant cultivars and ineffective chemical control measures, cultural practice management plays an important role in disease control. According to the findings, increasing soil organic matter, improving rhizoobial nodule formation on root, not planting beans in sandy soils, maintaining nuteral pH of field soil, following 7-9 days irrigation interval throughout growing season, planting standard density of 30 plants per square meter, seeding at less than five cm depth under warm and dry climatic conditions, using sprinkler irrigation, growing red bean in infected fields, appropriate rotation program, applying maximum 50 kg/ha urea, weed control, and seed treatment with proper systemic fungicide should be considered in an integrated management program.
Elmira Abootorabi,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (2-2017)
Abstract
Abootorabi E. 2017. Four marigold species as control agents of root knot nematodes. Plant Pathology Science 6(1):68-79.
The Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are major limiting factors in growing many agricultural crops. With the aim of producing a healthy crop, cultivation of some plants with allelopathic effects on nematodes is one of the most effective control measure against root knot nematodes. This method can be used as an excellent substitute of chemical treatment. Marigolds (Tagetes spp.) are herbaceous plants of family Astraceae with more than 50 species, can be used as ornamental cover crops. Nematicidal effects of marigolds on several nematodes had been proved. Marigolds produce alpha-terthienyl enzyme, which can control root-knot nematodes and other pests and pathogens such as fungi, bacteria and insects. It also has positive role in promoting growth of bedding plants. In this article, important marigold species including Tagetes tenuiifolia Cav., T. minuta L., T. patula L. and T. erecta L., have been introduced.
Ehsan Fatemi , Habiballah Charehgani,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (3-2018)
Abstract
Fatemi E. and Charehgani H. 2018. Root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei. Plant Pathology Science 7(1):28-39.
Root lesion nematodes are one of the most important and fatal plant parasites. They often move between soil and host plants roots, during all stages of their life. Root lesion nematodes migrate and feed within the roots, therefore they cause necrotic lesions on the surface and throughout the cortex of infected roots. Their attack to the root can result stunting of plant root system as well as reduction in plants growth and eventually host kill. Different management methods such as the planting of resistant genotypes, crop rotation, fallow periods and use of biological control agents are successfully practiced against these nematodes. In this paper a brief discussion of economic damages, importance, taxonomy, biology and symptoms of Pratylenchus thornei attack and the most efficient management methods are presented.
Sepideh Fekrikohan, Reza Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Fekrikohan S and MostowfizadehGhalamfarsa R (2019) Integrated management of diseases caused by graminicolous fungi. Plant Pathology Science 8(2):58-69.
DOI: 10.2982/PPS.8.2.58
Wheat is one of the most important cereals grown as human and animal food in the world, including Iran. This crop is infected by various pathogens such as fungi. Graminicolous fungi are important pathogens which cause root and crown rot, leaf blight and black spot on wheat. Some methods, with high efficiency and safety for human and environment, have been employed for controlling these diseases. Since the activity of these fungi depends on some factors such as soil temperature, pH, moisture and nutrients, the proper agricultural practices before planting and suitable irrigation and good fertilization would be effective in pathogen control. Various species of Trichoderma, arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi and some bacterial species may control the disease through some mechanisms such as biofilm production, plant growth promotion and enzyme production. Generally, integrated management with the aid of simultaneous application of several control measures would give the best results.
Seyed Reza Fani, Mohammad Moradi, Mansoureh Mirabolfathy,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Fani S R, Moradi M and Mirabolfathy M (2019) A review of the pistachio gummosis disease. Plant Pathology Science 8(2):16-30. DOI:10.2982/PPS.8.2.16
Iranian Pistachio is one of the most important horticultural product in export market. Crown and root rot caused by Phytophthora species is the most serious disease of plant, which annually destroys a considerable number of mature and young trees. This disease has been reported from all provinces of Iran. The pathogen is soil-borne and is distributed by sporangia or the released zoospores and infects the healthy trees. In the most Pistachio orchards, the key factors of disease development are the sensitivity of pistachio crown to Phytophthora and the flooding method of irrigation. The symptoms of the disease are include blight in early spring, drying of the green leaves during the growing season, gum exudation from the crown of tree and the root rot. Gummosis can be successfully controlled by integrated disease management including orchard constructing in non-infected areas, using resistant or tolerant cultivars, using healthy rootstocks, improving the irrigation methods and avoiding the direct contact of water with tree crown, isolating the contaminated parts of the orchard from the healthy parts, using suitable fungicide, and biological control based on Trichoderma and Bacillus species.
Shalaleh Moslehi, Negin Eskandarzadeh, Nahid Vaez,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (2-2021)
Abstract
Moslehi SH, Eskandarzadeh N, Vaez N (2021) Inhibitory effects of aquatic extracts of
Datura stramonium,
D. metel and
Hyoscyamus niger on
Meloidogyne javanica. Plant Pathology Science 10(1):27-41. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.1.27.
Introduction: Root-knot nematodes are one of the most important groups of plant parasitic nematodes in terms of economic damage to agricultural products. Biological control is one of the most environmentally friendly methods for management of nematodes. Material and Methods: The effects of aqueous extracts of jimsonweed (Datura stramonium), metel (Datura metel) and henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) was evaluated against Meloidogyne javanica on cucumber, under greenhouse condition, in this study. Cucumber plants were inoculated with suspension of eggs and second stage juveniles of nematode. After a week, 1.66% concentration of each plant extract were irrigated in the pots. Plants were harvested after 45 days and some plant growth parameters and nematode reproductive parameters were recorded. Results: The extract of any of the plants did not affect the number of knots on the roots and per gram of the roots. However, number of egg- masses per root and gram of root, treatments including nematodes and extracts had fewer masses compared to treatments without plant extracts. Final population and reproductive factor had also lower values in treatments with plant extract compared to treatments without it. In addition, the plant extracts had no negative effect on the growth factors of the cucumber in the greenhouse. Conclusion: The extracts of Datura stramonium, Datura metel and Hyoscyamus niger reduced the reproduction of nematodes respectively, therefore they can be considered as potential agents in biological control of root-knot nematodes.
Maryam Mirderikvand, Mostafa Darvishnia, Eidy Bazgir, Samira Pakbaz,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (2-2021)
Abstract
Mirderikvand M, Darvishnia M, Bazgir E, Pakbaz S (2021) Introduction of
Fusarium species associated with crown and root of canola in Lorestan Province of Iran. Plant Pathology Science 10(1):64-75. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.1.64.
Introduction: Canola is one of the most important oilseeds in the world. Fusarium species can causes of canola root and crown rot. Material and Methods: In order to identify Fusarium species associated with rapeseed, some samples of the roots and crown of infected and suspicious plants were taken from rapeseed fields in the counties of Lorestan Province during the 2018 growing season. The samples were transferred to the laboratory and pathogenic fungi isolated and purified using specific and public media and then identified with valid keys. Results: A total of 88 isolates were obtained from the collected samples, which due to the morphological characteristics as F. acuminatum, F. culmorum, F. diversisporum, F. oxysporum, F. sambucinum, and F. solani. F. culmorum with 21 isolates (23.86%) and F. solani with 7 isolates (7.95%) had the highest and lowest frequency percentage, respectively. Conclusion: Canola is reported for the first time as a new host for F. diversisporum and F. sambucinum in Iran.
Nafiseh Hesami, Mostafa Darvishnia, Eidi Bazgir,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
Hesami N, Darvishnia M, Bazgir E (2021) Reaction of nine bean cultivars to two
Fusarium species. Plant Pathology Science 10(2):93-104.
Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.2.93.
Introduction: Two soil-borne fungi, Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani, are the causes of important diseases of beans wilting and root rot. The best way to manage these diseases is to identify and cultivate resistant cultivars. This study was conducted to identify the reaction of nine Iranian beans cultivars to these two pathogenic fungi. Materials and Methods: Bean-diseased plants were collected from farms in Aligudarz city in Lorestan province, in western Iran, and F. oxysporum and F. solani were isolated from them in the laboratory. At first the pathogenesis of these fungi was investigated on a local cultivar. Then, the reaction of nine bean cultivars to them was determined in a completely randomized design experiment in the greenhouse. Results: Reaction of cultivars to F. oxysporum and F. solani respectively were, Dadfar red-bean with disease severity of 28.8 and 26.6%, Sayad red-bean with 33.3 and 28.8%, Koosha pinto-bean with 35.5 and 33.3%, White 247 with 40 and 37.8%, Pak white-bean with 46.6 and 46.7% and pinto-bean 492 with 48.8 and 46.7% respectively, were grouped as semi-sensitive. Saleh pinto-bean with a disease severity of 64.4 and 62.2%, Yaghot red-bean with 77.7 and 80% and Almas white with 82.2 and 86.7% respectively, were determined as sensitive. Pearson correlation analysis also showed that there was a significant negative correlation between root length, fresh and dry weight of root with diseases severity. Conclusion: Six cultivars of Iranian beans vs Dadfar, Sayad, Koosha, White247, Pak and 492 are semi-sensitive to these diseases.
Saeid Imani, Mohammad Reza Moosavi, Rasoul Zare, Tahere Basirnia,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
Imani S, Moosavi SMR, Zare R, Basirnia T (2021) Optimum substrate and carrier for Purpureocillium lilacinum and its effectiveness against Meloidogyne javanica on tomato. Plant Pathology Science 10(2):50-64. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.2.50.
Introduction: The soil-borne root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) causes heavy losses in tomato plants every year. Their management by chemical nematicides is difficult, expensive, and may also kill soil beneficial microorganisms, so other safer methods should be used to replace them. Purpureocillium lilacinum is an important biological control agent against root-knot and cyst nematodes. This study was carried out to determine the appropriate substrate and carrier of this fungus and its effect on these nematodes in tomatoes. Material and Methods: P. lilacinum was propagated in vitro on seeds of millet, corn, alfalfa, and clover substrates and their spore production was assessed 10, 20, and 30 days after inoculation. The survival of the fungal spores was then examined in talc, kaolin, and corn cob powder as carriers for 12 months. The effect of the fungus in the mentioned carriers against Meloidogyne javanica on tomato was investigated in the greenhouse by means of a completely randomized design experiment. Results: The highest number of spores in one gram of substrate was produced on millet seed on day 30. The highest number of survived spores was detected in the corncob powder carrier at all 12 months of the experiment. The fungus on corn cob powder was able to control M. javanica to 95% was similar to the nematicide Flopyram. This formulation also had a superior effect in establishing the fungus in the rhizosphere and on roots, suppressing the growth parameters of nematode and increasing plant growth. Conclusion: The fungus reproduced well on millet seeds and could last longer if formulated on corn cobs powder. Therefore, corn cobs powder can be a suitable base to produce an effective powdered product against M. javanica.
Somayeh Vahabi, Habiballah Charehgani, Mohammad Abdollahi, Rasool Rezaei,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
Vahabi S, Charehgani H, Abdollahi M, Rezaei R (2021) Response of eight melon cultivars to Meloidogyne javanica. Plant Pathology Science 10(2):65-73. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.2.65.
Introduction: The Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most damaging plant pathogens with a wide host range and cause major losses to agricultural crops. The use of resistant cultivars is considered a safe, economical, and effective method to control these nematodes. Materials and Methods: In the present study, eight melon cultivars namely Ahlam, 105, Tracey, Ronak, Deltagrin, Mac, Holar, and Veno were evaluated for their response to M. javanica. The seeds were planted in 2 kg pots and maintained under natural conditions in Khormuj city, Bushehr province. Seedlings at the four-leaf stage were inoculated with 5000 eggs and second-stage juveniles. The factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Sixty days after nematode inoculation, the plants were harvested and the plant growth and nematode population indices were evaluated. Results: The results showed that the nematode reproduction factor was significantly lower in Ronak, Deltagrin, and Veno than in the other cultivars. No significant difference was observed in shoot fresh weight of nematode inoculated and non-inoculated plants of Ronak cultivar. Conclusion: Ronak, Delta-green and Veno cultivars are less susceptible to M. javanica.
Amir Hossein Mohamadi, Masoumeh Haghdel, Mansoyreh Mirabolfathy, Hossein Alaei,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Mohammadi AH, Haghdel M, Mirabolfathy M, Alaei H (2022) Armillaria root and crown rot disease in pistachio orchards. Plant Pathology Science 11(2):92-102.
Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.2.92
Pistachio is one of the most important horticultural products in Iran which its production is always affected by biotic and abiotic limiting factors. Armillaria crown and root rot caused by Armillaria mellea, is an important disease in pistachio orchards, which causes the death of fertile trees. Control of the disease is difficult, costly and rarely successful. Symptoms of the disease in shoots of affected trees includes yellowing, early defoliation, sudden wilting, dieback of branches and reduction shoot growth. These symptoms, together with the decay and browning of woody tissues and the formation of white to creamy mycelial sheets in the roots and crown, as well as the observation of rhizomorphs of the fungus, are sufficient evidence for definitive diagnosis of Armillaria crown and root rot in pistachio trees. The infection process begins with the growth of hyphae or rhizomorphs and their firm attachment to the surface of the roots. The pathogen uses a combination of methods such as mechanical pressure, toxin production, and cell wall-degrading enzymes to penetrate the root tissues. Successful control of the disease is possible only by combining chemical, cultural, biological control methods and use of resistant rootstocks and cultivars due to delay in diagnosis of the disease before the spread of the pathogen in plant and soil and the appearance of symptoms, the presence of an extensive network of rhizomorphs at a distance from the tree and deep in the soil and formation of the mycelium beneath the plant bark or inside dead wood.
