Showing 15 results for Type of Study: Review
Mahya Rahimizadeh, Mehdi Sadravi,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (2-2017)
Abstract
Rahimizadeh M. & Sadravi M. 2016. Eight useful Aspergillus species. Plant Pathology Science 6(1): 22-32.
Aspergillus species are saprophytic fungi which can live on plant debris in the soil and water and also on some plant products, stored fruits and grains. They can be identified by studying the features of colonies, conidiophores, vesicles, phialids and conidia, on selective culture media. The biocontrol potential of some isolates of A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. piperis, A. repens, A. tamarii, A. terrus and A. tubingensis, against some plant diseases such as cocoa black pod, root galls and Fusarium root rot of tomato, Alternaria leaf spot, Fusarium dry rot, potato pink and soft rot of tubers has been proven. They also can act as plant growth promoter and aflatoxin reducer agent in seeds and nuts. Key morphological characteristics of these eight species of Aspergillus is described in this paper. Most of these species are reported from Iran, thus identification and application of their efficient isolates can be suggested in plant diseases management as well as the plant growth enhancement programs.
Najmeh Moradi, Mehdi Sadravi,
Volume 6, Issue 2 (9-2017)
Abstract
Sadravi M. & Moradi N. 2017. Four important oak trees diseases in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 6(2):14-23.
Zagros Mountains in the west of Iran and some areas in the north of Iran are covered by oak trees. Four important diseases of Iranian oak trees are charcoal rot, chestnut blight, sudden death and powdery mildew. The symptoms of these diseases and the characteristics of pathogens as well as their prevalence are described in this article. Some strategies for protecting the oak trees from these diseases are also proposed here.
Mounes Bakhshi,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (3-2018)
Abstract
Bakhshi M. 2018. Important criteria for identification of the Cercospora species. Plant Pathology Science 7(1):1-14.
Species of the genus Cercospora are important plant pathogenic fungi with worldwide distribution. They are often associated with leaf spots, occurring on a wide range of hosts in almost all major families of dicots, most monocot families, and even some gymnosperms and ferns. Different characteristics, such as morphology, toxin production and host specificity were used to distinguish species. New research findings have shown that a polyphasic approach, combining morphological, ecological and phylogenetic species concepts, which are discussed in this article, proved the most effective method to distinguish species of the genus Cercospora. Accurate identification of these plant pathogens is the first step to adopt the appropriate management strategies for their disease control. Therefor, it is recommended that, in order to accurate identification of the species of the genus Cercospora, they should be studied and reviewed on the basis of these criteria.
Mahsa Abadkhah, Davoud Koolivand,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Abadkhah M. and Koolivand D. 2018. The biosensors and their application in plant pathology.
Plant Pathology Science 7(2):47-59. DOI:10.2982/PPS.7.2.47
Preventing plant disease damage requires the use of new, powerful, simple and portable tools to quickly diagnose pathogens. Today, biosensor technology known as a powerful tool for evaluating conventional methods in agricultural sciences. Sensitivity, selectivity and portability of biosensors made it possible to develop them as special tools for rapid analysis of compounds in samples with low concentration. Biosensors have three main components, biological element, transducer and readout system. The most important application of biosensors in plant pathology is rapid detection of plant pathogens, in order to reduce the use of expensive and environmentally-damaging chemicals. This article introduces different types of biosensors and their applications in plant pathology.
Mohammad Moradi, Seyed Reza Fani,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Moradi M. and Fani S. R. 2018. A review of aflatoxin in pistachio and control strategies.
Plant Pathology Science 7(2): 22-33. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.7.2.22
Aflatoxin contamination of pistachio nut is a health challenge that can affect the economic value of the largest Iranian non-oil exports. This potent hepatocarcinogen mycotoxin is produced by some species of Aspergillus, particularly by A. flavus, under certain conditions during fruiting, harvesting, transportation and storage. Infection of pistachio to the fungus in the orchard is the key factor in its contamination with aflatoxin. This situation occurs with the formation of early splited pistachios and mechanical damages that caused by biotic and abiotic factors. The environmental temperature and relative humidity and the moisture content of pistachio, during the different stages of pistachio production and processing, have significant roles in the incidence and distribution of fungal contamination as well as the increasing of aflatoxin production. The inhibition of these factors is possible with applying of some agronomic, mechanical, physical and biological methods. Orchard establishment based on principles of gardening like optimal plant spacing, uniformity of cultivars, good pruning, proper irrigation method and nutrition along with on time harvesting, proper processing and storage, can guarantee the production of a healthy and valuable product. Biological controls using nontoxinogenic strains of A. flavus and yeasts are also recorded as successful strategies for reducing the pistachio aflatoxin.
Abdollah Ahmadpour,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Ahmadpour A. 2018. Review of shot-hole disease of stone-fruit trees. Plant Pathology Science 7(2):1-13. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.7.2.1
Shot-hole caused by Stigmina carpophila , is an important disease of stone fruit trees worldwide including Iran. The pathogen produces sporodochia bearing sympodial conidiophores, bearing conidia which have often 3-5 cells. Pathogen has wide host range and can infect almost all species of the genus Prunus. The pathogen overwinters as mycelium in twig cankers and blighted buds or in it is associated with dormant buds. Temperature and duration of wetness are important factors on disease incidence and its severity. The pathogen penetrates the plant indirectly through stomata or directly with its appressoria. Because of the importance of shot hole disease in Iran, symptoms, morphological characteristics of the pathogen, epidemiological factors and methods of disease management are discussed in this review.
Amirreza Amirmijani,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Abstract
Amirmijani, A. M. 2019. Important characters in identification of
Cladosporium spp.
Plant Pathology Science 8(1):50-59. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.8.1.50.
The genus Cladosporium is one of the largest genera of fungi. Its species live in different ways: as plant pathogens, as saprobes in the soil or on decaying plant materials, or as hyperparasitic on other fungi. Morphological characteristics of conidia such as shape, formation and surface ornamentation, the features of conidiophores including shape, ramification and conidiogenous loci, and sequencing data from different regions of DNA are very important for identification of Cladosporium species. In this article the important morphological characteristics and genomic regions which are useful for identification of closely related or cryptic species of this genus, are illustrated.
Mounes Bakhshi,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Abstract
Bakhshi. M. 2019. A revision on the taxonomy of the genus
Pseudocercospora.
Plant Pathology Science 8(1):1-14. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.8.1.1.
Pseudocercospora species are plant pathogenic fungi occurring on a wide range of herbaceous and woody plants. Since its early description of the genus, its taxonomy has always been challenging. In recent years, Multi-gene DNA sequence data have provided significant information on the accurate taxonomy of the genus Pseudocercospora. These data revealed that the species of Pseudocercospora are polyphyletic and evolved in more than one approach within family Mycosphaerellaceae, order Capnodiales, class Dothideomycetes, phylum Ascomycota. Also those species from different geographic regions but with the same morphology, symptomatology and host range, may reside in different phylogenetic clades. Accurate identification of the plant disease agent is the first step to adopt the appropriate management strategies of the diseases related to these plant pathogens. Key features of morphology and new genetic data for identifying the species of the genus are described in this article.
Seyed Hossein Vafaei,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Vafaei S H (2019) Blight disease of chickpea. Plant Pathology Science 8(2):45-57. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.8.2.45
Blight disease caused by Mycosphaerella rabiei is the major constraint for chickpea production worldwide. Pathogenicity of pathogen and the analysis of its genetic diversity in pathogen population are necessary for management of the disease. Different strategies such as seed treatment, application of resistant cultivars, adjustment sowing date and integration of resistant genotype with post-infection application of fungicides have been recommended to reduce the losses caused by the disease. The use of resistant cultivars is the best management strategy to minimize yield losses due to blight. But because of the considerable variation in pathogenicity of the fungal population and partial resistance in germplasm of chickpea the effectiveness of resistant cultivars is limited. Different aspects of the biology, pathogenic and genetic diversity, resistance inheritance and the management options are discussed in this paper.
Seyed Reza Fani, Mohammad Moradi, Mansoureh Mirabolfathy,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Fani S R, Moradi M and Mirabolfathy M (2019) A review of the pistachio gummosis disease. Plant Pathology Science 8(2):16-30. DOI:10.2982/PPS.8.2.16
Iranian Pistachio is one of the most important horticultural product in export market. Crown and root rot caused by Phytophthora species is the most serious disease of plant, which annually destroys a considerable number of mature and young trees. This disease has been reported from all provinces of Iran. The pathogen is soil-borne and is distributed by sporangia or the released zoospores and infects the healthy trees. In the most Pistachio orchards, the key factors of disease development are the sensitivity of pistachio crown to Phytophthora and the flooding method of irrigation. The symptoms of the disease are include blight in early spring, drying of the green leaves during the growing season, gum exudation from the crown of tree and the root rot. Gummosis can be successfully controlled by integrated disease management including orchard constructing in non-infected areas, using resistant or tolerant cultivars, using healthy rootstocks, improving the irrigation methods and avoiding the direct contact of water with tree crown, isolating the contaminated parts of the orchard from the healthy parts, using suitable fungicide, and biological control based on Trichoderma and Bacillus species.
Samaneh Ahmadi, Fariba Ghaderi, Dariush Safaei,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Ahmadi S, Ghaderi F, Safaee D (2020) Oak charcoal rot disease in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 9(1):118-128. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.1.118.
Oak charcoal rot is caused by two fungi, Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Obolarina persica. These fungi, which are opportunistic or secondary invaders and attack stressful trees, are one of the main problems of oak forests in Iran. The disease was first reported in 2011 in the northern forests on Quercus castaneifolia and Zelkova carpinifolia trees and then in the Zagros forests on Q. brantii tree. The disease has spread rapidly in the forests of the Zagros over the years. Symptoms of the disease include decay and death of trees, browning of leaves and early fall. Gum secretion on the branches and trunks of old trees and browning of wood texture and woody vessels can be seen up and down the height of the trunk. The morphological characteristics of pathogens, the spread and survival of pathogens, and disease management methods are described in this article.
Mousa Najafiniaya, Mehdi Azadvar,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Najafiniya M , Azadvar M (2020) Review of durable management of soil-borne plant pathogens. Plant Pathology Science 9(1):68-77. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.1.68.
Plant diseases play a critical and limiting role in crop production and their control by using pesticides cause serious problems regarding food safety and environmental health and increase the need for other sustainable disease management techniques. Some of plant pathogens may infect the aerial parts of plants, but spent part of their life cycle in the soil and maintained their survival. In such cases, part of the life cycle of the plant pathogen in soil may be very important, even if that microorganism does not infect the roots. Mono culturing and cultivation of crops belonging to the same family increase the potential of disease incidence. Using and applying the suitable and correct cultural practices that limit damage of root diseases is necessary for sustainable management of soil-borne pathogens. Cultural operations, including the use of cover green crops, crop rotation, organic composts, certified seeds and propagative materials, amended organic material to soil, proper tillage systems, soil solarization, resistant cultivars, mycorrhizal fungi, all are reported and confirmed as management options for long time saving soil quality and good sustainable management of soil borne diseases.
Leila Ebrahimi,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Ebrahimi L (2020) Scab diseases of apple and pear. Plant Pathology Science 9(1):57-67. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.1.57
Apple and pear scab diseases caused by Venturia inaequalis and V. pyrina are the most important economical diseases on these plants. These pathogens overwinter in the form of spherical pseudothecia on the remnants of infected leaves. However, in areas with mild winters, they remain as mycelium or conidia in buds and branches. Symptoms of the disease on the leaves are black spots with a velvety surface. In severe and early infections on fruits, deformity and cracks occur. Humidity and temperature are important and influential factors in the prevalence and severity of this disease. The disease will be severe in areas where the weather is cool and humid in spring and early summer. Symptoms of diseases, morphological characteristics of pathogens, disease cycles and disease management methods including resistant cultivars, horticultural sanitation, biological control, chemical control and their forecasting program are illustrated and discussed.
Samad Jamali,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
Jamali S (2021) Truffles of Iran. Plant Pathology Science 10(2):1-14. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.2.1.
Truffles are edible fungi belonging to the phylum Ascomycota. These valuable fungi can be divided into two categories: desert and forest truffles. They are obligatory mycorrhiza forming with some trees, shrubs, annual and perennial plants. These fungi belong to 38 genera of six families of the order Pezizales, class Pezizomycetes. The forest truffles are classified in the Tuberaceae family and the desert truffles in the other families. The existence of Tuber aestivum from the family Tuberaceae, Terfezia claveryi, Terfezia boudieri, Tirmania pinoyi, and Tirmania nivea from the family Pezizaceae, Picoa juniperi, Picoa lefebvrei, Geopora cooperi and Geopora cooperi, from the family Pyronemataceae, has been morphologically and molecularly proven by researches in Iran. The morphological characteristics, symbiotic plants, and distribution areas of these fungi are described here.
Amir Hossein Mohamadi, Masoumeh Haghdel, Mansoyreh Mirabolfathy, Hossein Alaei,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Mohammadi AH, Haghdel M, Mirabolfathy M, Alaei H (2022) Armillaria root and crown rot disease in pistachio orchards. Plant Pathology Science 11(2):92-102.
Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.2.92
Pistachio is one of the most important horticultural products in Iran which its production is always affected by biotic and abiotic limiting factors. Armillaria crown and root rot caused by Armillaria mellea, is an important disease in pistachio orchards, which causes the death of fertile trees. Control of the disease is difficult, costly and rarely successful. Symptoms of the disease in shoots of affected trees includes yellowing, early defoliation, sudden wilting, dieback of branches and reduction shoot growth. These symptoms, together with the decay and browning of woody tissues and the formation of white to creamy mycelial sheets in the roots and crown, as well as the observation of rhizomorphs of the fungus, are sufficient evidence for definitive diagnosis of Armillaria crown and root rot in pistachio trees. The infection process begins with the growth of hyphae or rhizomorphs and their firm attachment to the surface of the roots. The pathogen uses a combination of methods such as mechanical pressure, toxin production, and cell wall-degrading enzymes to penetrate the root tissues. Successful control of the disease is possible only by combining chemical, cultural, biological control methods and use of resistant rootstocks and cultivars due to delay in diagnosis of the disease before the spread of the pathogen in plant and soil and the appearance of symptoms, the presence of an extensive network of rhizomorphs at a distance from the tree and deep in the soil and formation of the mycelium beneath the plant bark or inside dead wood.
