Showing 97 results for Type of Study: Research
Morteza Bavand, Mehdi Sadravi, Habiballah Charehgani,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Bavand, M., Sadravi, M., & Charehgani, H. (2023). Screening of fifteen tomato varieties for resistance to early blight disease. Plant Pathology Science 12(2),1-10.
Introduction: Early blight caused by Alternaria species is one of the major tomato diseases worldwide, causing losses of up to 86% of yield. Identifying and cultivating resistant varieties is the best method for disease management. Considering the prevalence and importance of diseases in Iran, this study was conducted to identify resistant cultivars among 15 available varieties. Materials and Methods: In Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province in southwestern Iran, a severely affected tomato field by the disease was visited and samples of the diseased plants were taken. The pathogenic fungus was isolated on potato dextrose agar medium from the diseased tissues of the plant after their surface disinfection and after its purification by the single spore method and its morphological properties were examined and measured. The collected data were compared with the descriptions of Alternaria species and based on that, the pathogen was identified. Seedlings of 15 tomato varieties were inoculated with a conidia suspension at the 4-leaf stage in a completely randomized statistical design and maintained in a growth chamber with a temperature of 28oC, relative humidity of 90%, and a photoperiod of 16 hours of light and eight hours of darkness. Eighteen days after inoculation, the response of each cultivar to the disease was determined by calculating the percentage of infected leaves as well as the number and size of spots, and the disease index. Results: Alternaria alternata has been identified as the cause of early blight in tomatoes in this region. Varieties 10552, King Stone, Super Chief and Ventero with minimal symptoms were scored as resistant; 4129, 3725, 4224, Retino, Aras, Flat 111 and Super Pooya as semi-resistant and 7806, Early Pooya, 11057 and CH Pooya were known to be susceptible to the disease. Conclusion: Cultivation of resistant or semi-resistant varieties can be recommended for disease control. The occurrence of tomato blight disease caused by A. alternata is reporting here for the first time from the region.
Masoumeh Delaramifar, Mahdi Pirnia, Mojtaba Keykhasaber, Shirahmad Sarani, Hamideh Khajeh,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Introduction: Damping-off caused by Pythium aphanidermatum is one of the major diseases of luffa. Identifying and planting of resistant varieties is an environmentally friendly solution for integrated disease management. This study was conducted to determine the reaction of eight native and non-native luffa genotypes to the disease. Materials and Methods: The pathogen (Pythium aphanidermatum IRAN597C) was obtained from the collection of fungi of the Iranian Institute of Plant Protection Researches. It was inoculated into seedlings of eight luffa genotypes. After the appearance of yellowing symptoms and seedling death, the disease index (DI) and the area under the disease progression curve (AUDPC) were calculated for each genotype. Koch's postulates were carried out to prove pathogenicity and the pathogen was isolated from diseased seedlings. Then, for molecular confirmation of the pathogen, ITS-rDNA sequencing was used. Results: The sequencing of the ITS-rDNA region of the pathogen showed a phylogenetic affinity of 99% with other isolates of P. aphanidermatum. According to the DI, the northern large and the long luffa genotypes were grouped as sensitive genotypes, and other genotypes including northern black seed, northern white seed, toori, Afghani, grooved and Brazilian were grouped as resistant genotypes. Based on the AUDPC, the northern black seed, and northern white seed genotypes showed the lowest level, toori, grooved, Afghani and Brazilian genotypes showed the medium level, and northern large and long luffa genotypes showed the highest AUDPC level. Conclusion: Considering the low values of the DI and AUDPC in the northern black seed and northern white seed genotypes, planting these two genotypes is suggested for management of the disease in luffa.
Fahima Yarahmadi, Mostafa Darvishnia, Kourosh Azizi,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Yarahmadi F, Darvishnia M, Azizi K (2023) Root-lesion and cyst nematodes of vegetable and cucurbits fields in the suburbs of Rumeshkan city, Lorestan province, Iran. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):53-65.
Introduction: Root lesions and cyst nematodes can cause serious damage and loss in vegetable and squash production. This research aimed to identify these important plant parasitic nematodes in the fields of these plants in the suburbs of Rumeshkan city, Lorestan province, Iran. Materials and Methods: Forty-five soil and root samples were collected from vegetable and squash fields in the region, in 2021. The nematodes were extracted using the tray method and fixed using the modified de Grisse method and transferred to glycerol. After the permanent microscopic slides were prepared, the morphological characteristics of each nematode were examined using a bright-field microscope equipped with a digital camera and then identified using valid keys. Results: The lesion nematodes were identified as Pratylenchus speijeri, P. neglectus and P. thornei and the cyst nematode as Heterodera schachtii. This is the first report and description of P. speijeri from Iran and also the first report of H. schachtii from lettuce in Iran. Conclusion: Due to the presence of these important plant parasitic nematodes on these plants in this region, appropriate management practices need to be implemented.
Fariba Ghaderi, Hojatollah Mohammadi,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Ghaderi F, Mohammadi H (2023) Occurrence of jujube brown spot disease in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):95-104.
Jujube tree has a natural distribution in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Asia. Symptoms of brown-to-black spots on leaves, and fruits, and twigs blight were observed in the hills of the suburbs of Nurabad County, Fars Province, Iran, in 2022. This research was conducted to identify the cause of this disease based on morphological and genetic characteristics. The diseased leaves and branches of the neighboring trees in this area were sampled. The pathogen was isolated and purified after surface disinfection of disease tissues on potato/dextrose/agar medium. Its morphological characteristics were studied and the fungus Nothophoma quercina was identified. Phylogenetic analysis base on the comparison of beta-tubulin (tub2), and ITS-rDNA genes sequences, with related fungi in NCBI Gen Bank, confirmed the of N. quercina species. Its pathogenicity was proved on the side cut jujube branches based on Koch's postulates in vitro. This is the first report of brown spot and twigs blight of the jujube trees caused by N. quercina in Iran.
Habibeh Jabbari, Gholamreza Niknam, Amin Fllahi,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Jabbari H, Niknam G, Fallahi A (2023) First report of Proleptonchus brevisaccus (Nematoda: Leptonchida) from Iran. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):86-94.
Abstract: Nematodes are vermiform, with wide host range and geographical distribution, diverse and species-rich multicellular animals, which form a separate phylum in the kingdom of animals with the ability of living and surviving in all habitats. In order to identification of nematodes fauna of Astara- Mishe Sui forest – Gilan province, Iran, several soil samples were collected from sandy areas around a local river during 2014. The nematodes were extracted from samples by usual methods of nematology and after killing and fixing the nematodes were transferred to pure glycerin. Permanent microscopic slides of the nematodes were prepared and their morphological and morphometric characteristics examined using an optical microscope. Among the different feeding groups of nematodes, a population of the family Leptonchidae and the genus Proleptonchus was also obtained. The main character of the genus is having a flask-shaped cheilostome. Using valid references and identification keys, the population was identified as P. brevisaccus. This species belongs to the members of the genus that have short post vulval sac. Based on available literature, P. brevisaccus is a new record for the nematode fauna of Iran and its male is reported and described for the first time.
Fatemeh Heidari, Habiballah Charehgani, Mohammad Abdollahi, Ebrahim Adhami,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Heidari, F., Charehgani, H., Abdollahi M., & Adhami E. (2024). The effect of poultry and pigeon manures on pinto bean infection with the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1), 1-13.
The pinto bean with a considerable amount of protein plays a key role in human life. Plant parasitic nematodes are known to attack pinto bean plants worldwide. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) causes extensive damage to legume fields annually. The use of chemical fertilizers leads to instability in agricultural systems and endangers human health. The use of organic fertilizers can be a suitable alternative. The present study examined the effects of different concentrations of pigeon and poultry manures on M. javanica-infected pinto bean under greenhouse conditions. Poultry and pigeon manures were individually mixed with steam-sterilized soil at three different concentrations [1, 2, and 3% (w/w)] and the soil was poured into the 1.5 kg plastic pot. Pinto bean seeds were sown in pots and the seedlings were watered until the end of the test and fertilized as needed. Seedlings at the four-leaf stage were inoculated with 4000 eggs of M. javanica. The plants were harvested after 60 days and plant growth indices and nematode population indices were determined. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design tests with five repetitions. The results showed that application of 2% poultry manure was the best treatment that increased shoot length, fresh and dry shoot weight, and fresh root weight in nematode-infected plants. In addition, this amount of poultry manure resulted in a reduction in the number of galls, egg mass and eggs in the root system, the number of second stage juveniles in the soil and the reproductive factor compared to the untreated inoculated control. The results of this study showed that under greenhouse conditions, the effect of poultry manure in reducing nematode damage to pinto beans was greater than that of pigeon manure.
Samaneh Dashtipoor, Doustmorad Zafari,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Dashtipoor, S., & Zafari, D. (2024). Two Fusarium species pathogenic to sugarcane in Khuzestan Province, Iran. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1), 14-26.
Sugarcane is an important commercial product that is used for sugar production and many industrial uses. This research was conducted to identify Fusarium species causing sugarcane pokabong disease in plants with symptoms of vascular wilting and red veins in the leaves. This disease is one of the most important and spreading diseases of sugarcane in the world, which leads to a significant decrease in the sugarcane crop. The purpose of this research was to identify Fusarium species causing this disease in Khuzestan province of Iran. The sugarcane fields of this province were visited and samples were taken from the diseased tissues of the plants. The diseased tissues were cultured on potato dextrose agar medium after washing and surface disinfection. Morphological identification of the species was done using valid identification keys, and the combined analysis method of the data of tef 1α and rpb2 gene regions was used to confirm their identity. The pathogenicity test was performed and the results indicated that the identified species were pathogenic. Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium oxysporum species were identified as sugarcane pathogens. This is the first report of F. culmorum and F. oxysporum species as pathogens of sugarcane in Iran.
Toktam Selahvarzi, Bahram Abedy, Dr. Nasser Beikzadeh,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Selahvarzi, T., Abedy, B., & Beikzadeh, N. (2024). The impact of Osage orange fruit and leaf aqueous and ethanolic extracts on Erwinia amylovora, the cause of apple and pear fireblight. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1), 75-88.
Fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora is one of the most important diseases of apple and pear trees in the world. The purpose of this research was to determine the antibacterial effect of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the fruit and leaf of the Osage orange (Maclura pomifera) against the cause of this disease. The effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaf and fruit of this plant on the growth of
E. amylovora colony in eight concentrations was tested by disk diffusion method. Antioxidant activity and total phenol of these extracts were also measured. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with four replications for each treatment in laboratory conditions. The results showed that the type of extract and plant organ are effective in the antibacterial properties, antioxidant activity, and the amount of total phenol. The ethanolic extract of the fruit, at a concentration of 1000 mg/ml with an average diameter 5.57 mm inhibitory halo had the highest inhibitory effect against E. amylovora, antioxidant activity, and total phenol content, while the aqueous extract of the fruit and the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaf weren't significantly effective. Therefore, the ethanolic extract of Osage orange fruit has an inhibitory effect on the growth of E. amylovora colony and can be considered as a natural compound in the management of the disease.
Safar Nikmaram, Mehdi Sadravi, Mostafa Ghaderi Zefrehee,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Nikmaram, S., Sadravi, M., & Ghaderi Zefrehee, M. (2024). The impact of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on wheat take-all disease caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1), 104-112.
Take-all caused by soil-borne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici is one of the most important diseases of wheat in the world, reported to cause up to 50% yield losses. The disease has also been reported from different areas of wheat cultivation in Iran. Biological control is a healthy and environment-friendly method for managing plant diseases, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can play an important role in this field. This research was conducted to determine the effect of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the severity of this disease. The pathogen was isolated from diseased wheat plants in Kigiluyeh and Boyar-Ahmad Province, southwestern Iran. The effect of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizoglomus intraradices, and Blaszkowskia deserticola alone, and in combination on the disease severity and growth indices of wheat was tested under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design. All treatments of mycorrhizal fungi reduced disease severity and increased growth indices compared to control plants, but F. mosseae was more effective than others. Therefor
F. mosseae can be used to reduce the severity of the disease and improve the growth indices of wheat.
Jafar Hematzadeh, Rasool Rezaei, Habiballah Charehgani, Fariba Ghaderi,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
Rice is an important food crop in the world. Bacterial leaf blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is one of the important diseases of rice that is prevalent in different cultivars in the world. Identifying and planting resistant or semi-resistant cultivars is the most effective method of disease management. This study aimed to investigate the reaction of four Iranian rice cultivars; Shiroodi, Setayesh, Fajr, and Hashemi, to the disease under field conditions. Rice plants with the disease symptoms were sampled from different regions of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province in southwestern Iran, during 2012-2013. The pathogen was isolated from infected leaves after their surface disinfection, on Yeast extract-dextrose-CaCO3(YDC) medium. The isolated bacterium was rod-shaped, gram-negative, obligate aerobic, oxidase negative, catalase positive, levan and lecithinase positive. It induced a hypersensitivity reaction in tobacco leaves and could not hydrolyze starch, but it hydrolyzed gelatin, ascoline, and Tween 80. Based on a comprehensive analysis of morphological, biochemical, pathogenicity, and genotypic traits, the pathogen was identified as X. oryzae pv. oryzae. The reaction of these four Iranian rice cultivars to the disease was evaluated by inoculating them with the pathogen, monitoring the progression of disease symptoms, and measuring the growth of the bacterial population in each cultivar. There was a significant difference among the cultivars in terms of the length of leaf necrosis and the bacterial population within the tissue, with the Hashemi cultivar exhibiting the highest sensitivity and the Shiroodi cultivar showing the lowest sensitivity to the disease. The occurrence of bacterial leaf blight disease in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, as well as the reaction of these cultivars to the disease, are being reported for the first time.
Student Sarina Zaker Abbasali, Dr Navazollah Sahebani, Dr Farahnaz Jahanshahi Afshar, Dr Soheil Karimi,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
The Mazandaran Province occupies more than half of the area of Hyrcanian forests in the north of Iran and has a very diverse vegetation. In order to be aware of the entry of important plant parasite nematodes into these forests and to prevent their spread to downstream farms and gardens, continuous monitoring and determination of the density of important plant parasite nematodes in this area was necessary. Ninety rhizosphere samples of forest trees, including maple, birch, oak, raspberry, alder, walnut, and hornbeam, were collected from this province in 2020. Nematodes were extracted from the samples by wet sieving and centrifugation method, and after fixing, permanent slides were prepared from them and their morphological indices were measured and identified using valid keys. Also their frequency in the samples and their population density in 200 cm3 rhizosphere were determined. Nine nematode species from the superfamily Criconematoidea were identified from the rhizosphere of these trees under the following names: Criconemoides informis, Criconemoides parvus, Mesocriconema solivagum, Mesocriconema xenoplax, Crossonema civellae, Crossonema menzeli, Ogma fagini, Xenocriconemella macrodora, and Paratylenchus straeleni. Among these nematodes, C. parvus had the highest frequency, and population density in the rhizosphere of alder trees in the Dohaz forest of this province. Some of these plant parasitic nematodes in high populations, in addition to direct damage to the roots, cause the spread of some plant diseases and exacerbate the effects of frostbite.
Hamid Alvanipour, Mohammad Javan-Nikkhah, Heshmatollah Aminian, Khalil Alami-Saeid, Karim Sorkheh,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
The fungus Mauginiella scaettae is the causative agent of the destructive Khamej disease (inflorescence rot) common in various date palm cultivation areas. UP-PCR is one of the DNA fingerprinting methods with high reproducibility and specificity. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of DNA amplification with UP-PCR primers and the feasibility of studying the genetic diversity of M. scaettae isolates using this marker. Date palm inflorescences with Khamej disease symptoms were sampled in Khuzestan and Fars provinces. The purified isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics and confirmed by amplification and sequencing of the ITS-nrDNA genomic region. Three primer pairs UP-15/19, UP-21 and UP-45 were used to investigate the possibility of amplification and determine the genetic diversity among the fungal isolates. Five isolates of M. scaettae were obtained from three cities: Abadan, Karun and Behbahan in Khuzestan province and one sample from Kazerun in Fars province. The isolates were obtained from four date palm cultivars: Sayer, Khazravi, Khasi and Zahedi. Constructing of phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences confirmed that the isolate belonged to M. scaettae fungus with 100% bootstrap values. Examination of the UP-PCR marker amplification results showed that the highest number of observed bands was related to the UP15 primer and the lowest number of bands was related to the UP45 primer. Band diversity was observed between the UP-PCR primers used, but genetic diversity was not observed among the five M. scaettae isolates in any of the three UP-PCR primers and the banding pattern of the isolates was similar for each primer. The reason for the failure to detect genetic diversity between isolates of this pathogen using these primers and the marker could be due to their close genetic relationship.
Asaad Chaseb Kouin, Khadijeh Abbasi, Labeed Al-Saad, Somayeh Hajinia,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
Early blight, caused by Alternaria alternata, is a major tomato disease that leads to significant economic losses. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two fungi, Funeliformis mosseae and Trichoderma harzianum, as potential biological control agents against the disease. Initially, the inhibitory effect of T. harzianum on the pathogen's colony growth was assessed under laboratory conditions using the dual-culture method, where T. harzianum reduced pathogen colony growth by 70%. Subsequently, the efficacy of F. mosseae and T. harzianum, applied individually and in combination, was tested against A. alternata in greenhouse conditions using a completely randomized design with three replications per treatment. Various parameters were measured, including chlorophyll a, b, and total content; total phenol; activities of catalase and peroxidase enzymes; and plant growth traits such as stem number, stem height, fresh and dry weight of aerial parts, root length, and fresh and dry weight of roots. Statistical analysis revealed that the application of T. harzianum and F. mosseae enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase and peroxidase) and phenolic compound levels, leading to improved growth and increased dry matter content in tomatoes under pathogen infection conditions.
Sedigheh Mohammadi, Zahra Roosefid,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by certain Aspergillus species. They cause disease and contaminate food, so reducing and controlling these toxins is extremely important. Due to their antifungal properties, essential oils and extracts from medicinal plants are increasingly used. As part of this study, the medicinal plants Salvia mirzayanii and Mentha piperita were harvested from their original habitat in Hormozgan Province and essential oils were extracted. Subsequently, the toxin-producing fungus A. flavus was isolated and purified from maize kernels, and the effect of the essential oil of both plants on the toxigenicity of A. flavus and the expression of the aflatoxin-encoding gene was investigated using real-time PCR. The antifungal properties were assessed using the disk diffusion method and a mixed evaluation, and then the effective concentration of the essential oil in both plants was determined. The essential oils of both plants effectively inhibited the growth of A. flavus at concentrations of 1000 and 2000 ppm. However, peppermint essential oil significantly reduced toxin production and had a stronger effect on the expression of the gene encoding aflatoxin at a concentration of 2000 ppm. Considering the effectiveness of peppermint essential oil at a concentration of 2000 ppm on the expression of the gene encoding aflatoxin, this essential oil can be introduced as a biological and safe method for the biological control of aflatoxin.
Dr. Arezoo Naghavi, Dr. Farahnaz Jahanshahi Afshar, Dr. Eidi Bazgir, Dr. Zahra Mirzaeipour,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
The species of the genus Psilenchus are weak parasites of plants and mosses that feed on hairy roots and epidermal cells of root. Previously, the members of the genus were placed in the family Tylenchidae because of having weak stylet and elongate tail, but because of the didelphys uterus and the presence of phasmid on the tail, they were more similar to the members of the supper family Dolichodoroidea, so “Psilenchidae”, as a new family with two subfamilies Antarctenchinae (Stylet knobbed and vulva with lateral membranes and epiptygma) and Psilenchinae (Stylet not knobbed and vulva without lateral membranes and epiptygma) was established. The genus Psilenchus currently has 21 valid species (only four species have been sequenced), of which 10 species have been recorded from Iran. About 100 samples were collected from the rhizosphere of fruit and forest trees in Taf region of Khoramabad county in 2022 and 2023. The nematodes were extracted using tray method and after fixation, permanent slides were prepared. The morphological and morphometric characteristics of the samples were examined, then a molecular study was performed using the D2-D3 28S rDNA marker. Two species, Psilenchus curcumerus and P. vinciguerrae, were identified with one and two sequences, respectively. This is the first report of these two species from the region. These two species were confirmed based on morphometric and morphological characteristics and phylogeny studies.
Mrs Fatemeh Soltani Tale, Dr. Leila Kashi, Dr. Doostmorad Zafari,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
Today, with the increase in cucumber cultivation in greenhouses and fields, their contamination with root-knot nematodes is observed in some areas. The effect of three Trichoderma species (T. crassum, T. harzianum and T. afroharzianum) with liquid organic sulfur of Raskood company on the control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) on cucumber (Nagin variety) was investigated with two separeted tests under greenhouse conditions, in this research. Both tests were done with eight treatments (the use of each of the mushrooms together with sulfur, each of the fungi alone and sulfur alone and the infected control) in five repetitions and the form of Completely Randomized Design with Duncan's test at 5% level. In order to infect the plants, 2500 second-stage larvae and nematode eggs were added to each kilogram of potting soil containing cucumber seedlings at the four-leaf stage. Then, depending on the type of treatment, one milliliter of Trichoderma suspension (106 spores per milliliter) and sulfur were added to each seedling, and the pots were investigated after 45 and 60 days for the first and second tests, respectively. Data analysis was done using SAS 9.4 software. The results of this study showed that in both tests, the use of sulfur with each of the fungi and sulfur alone led to significant differences between the plant growth indicators of tretments (fresh and dry weight of aerial organs, lenght of the root and aerial organs) and control. Also, nematode pathogenicity factors (the number of second stage larvae in the soil, the number of female nematodes in each gall, the number of female nematodes in the whole root, the number of galls in the whole root, the number of egg mass in each gall, the number of egg mass in the whole The root and reproduction factor) of the treatments that with both of Tricoderma and sulfur together, as well as the treatment using sulfur alone showed a significant difference compared to the control. However, in the both of tests, the most effective treatments were related to the use of T. crassum together with sulfur.
Mohammad Ali Hooshyar, Mehdi Sadravi, Rasool Rezaee ,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
Rhizoctonia root rot, caused by the soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia solani, is an important disease of beans, which has been reported from different parts of Iran. The disease has been reported to cause damage to up to 60% of the crop worldwide. Biological control can be a healthy and environmentally friendly method for managing plant diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of four commercial biological products available in the Iranian market on growth indices and severity of Rhizoctonia root rot in beans to find a suitable method for biological control of the disease. The effect of three biological products of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi including Funeliformis mosseae, Rhizoglomus intraradices and Mycopersica (a mixture of several mycorrhizal fungi) and the bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum on growth indices and severity of Rhizoctonia root rot in Kosha pinto-bean cultivar was tested under greenhouse conditions. Statistical analysis of the data from this experiment showed that these treatments had a significant effect on reducing disease severity and plant growth indices, and among them, F. mosseae and Mycopersica caused the greatest reduction in disease severity and improved plant growth indices, respectively. Therefore, the biological product of F. mosseae and Mycopersica can be used to reduce the severity of Rhizoctonia root rot disease in beans and improve its growth indices.
