Showing 26 results for Disease
Mehdi Sadravi, Ghaem Kheradmand Motlagh,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (9-2013)
Abstract
Nanotechnology is the science of identification, production and use of materials at nanometer (10-9 m) scale. Regarding to application of this technology in plant pathology, this technology provides power to organize producing biological nanosensors for rapid detection of pathogens, production of nano silver and nano silica-silver to control bacteria and fungi, and the preparation of pesticides as nano capsules, at molecular level. Metal nanoparticles, the inhibitor of plant pathogens are derived from some fungi, bacteria and some plants including sunflower, alfalfa, Indian mustard, magnolia and Japanese persimmon.
Zahra Amjadi , Habiballah Hamzehzarghani,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (3-2014)
Abstract
Metabolomics or analysis of all cellular metabolites is a new and powerful tool that provides possible quick view to the large number of small molecules (metabolites) within the cell and indicates dynamics of these molecules under different conditions. Quantitative and qualitative measurements of large number of cellular metabolites provide a broad view of the biochemical status of an organism that can be used to monitor and assess gene function. Today, metabolomics is widely being used in agriculture for classification of plants, studying phytochemical diversity of medicinal plants, assessment of the changes which occur in the biochemical composition of foods occurring, for example, during the pasteurization of Basmati rice for long-term storage or the boiling for direct consumption. In plant pathology, metabolomics has been mainly used to study plant responses to a wide range of biotic or abiotic stresses including resistance of plants to pathogens and also as a powerful tool for functional genomics studies. Profiling of the transcriptome and proteome has received some criticism due to their inability to predict gene function but profiling of the metabolites is promising as it provides instantaneous large amounts of data from cell physiology. Study of plant genetic resistance is one of the most important applications of metabolomics. Since metabolites are final products of gene expression and all changes in gene expression is reflected in metabolite profiles, hence metabolite profiles produce a more comprehensive understanding of plant defense mechanisms against stresses such as pathogen challenge. On the other hand, breeders are looking for rapid, simple and accurate tools for identifying metabolites associated with resistance as biomarker for screening cultivars resistant to diseases. In addition, understanding resistance mechanisms at the level of metabolome may help breeders for better understanding of resistant gene function and pyramiding suitable resistant gene in elite cultivar. This article is a review of the science, its applications in plant pathology, methods of study metabolites and their administrative problems.
Ali Reza Sholevarfard, Seyed Mohammad Reza Moosavi,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (3-2014)
Abstract
Plant diseases are the most important limiting factors in agricultural production. Currently the major control method of plant diseases is based on the use of chemicals that raises serious concerns about food quality, environmental hazards and development of resistance to agrochemicals. These concerns have increased the need for other alternative disease management techniques. Macro- and micronutrients are normally applied to increase crop production and improve general plant health and quality. They can also increase the disease tolerance or resistance of plants, however there are some opposing reports. Although our knowledge on the impact of mineral nutrients on plant diseases, many other factors that control plant's response and dynamic interactions among plant, environment and pathogen is not sufficient, manipulating soil nutrients through amendment or modification is always an essential part in plant disease control as well as in sustainable agriculture. Mineral nutrients are generally the first and the most important line of defense against plant diseases which affect all parts of the disease triangle. Nutrients can satisfactory decrease diseases, or at least diminish them to a level at which additional control measures are more successful and less expensive. Here we review the most recent data regarding the influence of mineral nutrients on plant disease resistance and tolerance, plant histological or morphological structure and the virulence or capability of pathogens to survive.
Arash Irandoost, Fatemeh Salmaninezhad, Reza Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa ,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2014)
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are some plant pathogens that establish and propagate in plant phloems. They have transmitted by sucking insects. Phytoplasmas have a different lifecycle as compare to bacterial pathogens. They have ability to infect different hosts two different kingdoms, planta and animalia (insects). They systemically infect their hosts. Phytoplasmas have various approaches for adaptation to their hosts. Some of adaptation mechanisms include: changes in the level of gene expression, variation and recombination in extrachromosomal DNA and potential mobile units, production of effectors and suppression of defense signaling pathways. These approaches enable them to establish, propagate and infect various hosts. Recognizing these strategies would be a major step on the effective management of these pathogens.
Mohammad Sherafatifar, Habiballah Hamzehzarghani, Samira Shahbazi,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2014)
Abstract
Food production and food security is an essential precursor to sustainable development in agriculture. Currently, more than 800 million people, generally in Africa and Asia, suffer from hunger and agriculture is considered as the main source of food for them. One of the application of nuclear technology is reducing the damages of plant pest and diseases. The application of nuclear techniques in plant pathology can be grouped in three categories including disease tracing, mutagenesis induction and radiation of crops to induce resistance and destruction of pathogens. As a new method to induce defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, nowadays, gamma radiation is used to improve the growth in the way to induce the plant resistance to environmental tensions and plant pathogens as well. Use of this potential, especially in management of seed and seedling diseases is very important to reduce a big portion of crop losses caused by plant pathogens in the first weeks of seedling growth.
Farideh Farahbakhsh, Amir Massah,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract
Farahbakhsh F. & Massah A. 2015. Genetic of resistance to plant diseases. Plant Pathology Science 4(2):64-73.
With studying the function and co evolution of the plant resistance genes with virulence genes in the pathogens, the knowledge of molecular genetics is in progress and creates a new opportunity to produce durable resistance against plant diseases. This article explains the new findings about the different varieties of genetic resistance, performance and evolution of resistance genes involved in detecting, signaling and responding to plant pathogens.
Seyyed Taha Dadrezaei, Mohammed Torabi,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (8-2016)
Abstract
Dadrezaei S. D. & Torabi M. 2016. Management of wheat rusts. Plant Pathology Science 5(2):81-89.
Wheat is the most important crop in the world and rust diseases cause the most damage to wheat all over the years. There are so many ways to control the disease that the use of resistant cultivars is the most effective and economic way for disease control. Rust has high pathogenicity diversity and evolutionary aptitude. On the other hand, migration and mutation leads to the emergence of non-native races of rusts in a region so virulent pathotypes with the new structures and violence on resistance genes in commercial resistant cultivars were incidence and cause disease in resistant varieties and spread in the wheat fields. Development of effective and sustainable control methods against plant diseases is very much dependent on our knowledge of the disease in our country. This paper introduces wheat important rusts diseases and explains Factors affecting the prevalence, distribution, and relation of air currents in the transmission of rusts and strategies for monitoring and management of rusts in the country.
Leila Motieeian, Mehdi Nasr Esfahani,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (8-2016)
Abstract
Motieeyan L. & Nasr-Esfahani M. 2016. Management method of sugar beet cyst nematode. Plant Pathology Science 5(2):32-41.
Sugar beet, is one of the basic source of the raw material for sugar industry in Iran. The beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871, is one of the most damaging pathogens of sugar beet. This nematode has a wide host range, including 218 plant species from 95 genus and 23 families, which include some of the important field crops, ornamental plants and weeds. Nematode management methods include avoiding of cultivation in highly infested soils, disease scape by early cultivation, crop rotation, using resistant varieties, application of bioagents, applying of organic fertilizers, animal manure, plant waste materials, compost, vermicompost and also soil solarization and chemical control are described here.
Abolfazl Narmani, Mahdi Arzanlou,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (2-2017)
Abstract
Narmani A. & Arzanlou M. 2017. Grapevine Esca disease. Plant Pathology Science 6(1): 12-21.
Esca is one of the most important and destructive diseases of grapevines worldwide, decreasing growth and yield in all stages of growth. Phaeoacremonium minimum is known as the main fungal species associated with disease, worldwide and its pathogenicity on grapevines have been documented by several studies in Iran. In the vineyards, infected plant material, soil and reproductive material are the main sources of inoculums. Pruning wounds are the main route for entrance of pathogen and infection. Seasonal and environmental factors such as stress and damage caused by freezing are effective on the symptom developed. Disease management strategies are mainly preventive with pruning and elimination of infected organs and treatment of pruning wounds with fungicides have been suggested.
Aziz Bagheri,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (2-2017)
Abstract
Bagheri A. 2017. Situation of potato common scab disease in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 6(1):47-56.
Common scab disease of potato has been reported from all of the potato growing regions of the world. Potato scab is one of the serious diseases of potato in Iran. Integrated disease management program on reducing the potato scab in the country, needs to verify the key factors affecting the occurrence and spread of the disease. Growing the potato plants in a soil with a neutral pH with a constant moisture, sprinkler irrigation, crop rotation and a good weed control program, especially against convolvulus, are effective methods for disease control. The use of organic fertilizers and the use of resistant varieties are recommended also. The importance of the bacterial scab of potato, distribution and intensity of infection, disease symptoms, factors affecting the disease severity, disease cycle, response of the common potato cultivars to the disease, the dominant causal bacterial species in Iran and integrated management of disease that were carried out in Iran and other countries, are described in this article.
Maryam Mirtalebi, Reza Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa,
Volume 6, Issue 2 (9-2017)
Abstract
Mirtalebi M. & Mostowfizade-Ghalamfarsa R. Integrated management of gray mold disease. Plant Pathology Science 6(2):43-54.
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most important postharvest diseases on fresh fruits and vegetables worldwide. The disease may start in the field and remain as a latent infection and then develop after harvest, during transportation, packaging, storage and marketing. Nowadays, application of fungicides is the main strategy to control the gray mold disease in conventional agriculture. The presence of fungicide residues in edible fruits and vegetables is a concern for consumers because pesticides are known to have potential harmful effects. Therefore, the search on finding the safe and effective disease control strategies has been accelerated. Integrated management of the disease by using some methods like optimal method of irrigation and fertilization, biological control, use of bioagents, disinfection of fresh fruits and vegetables after harvesting, storing and shipping in a cool and dry condition with low humidity and suitable ventilation are suggested.
Samaneh Ahmadi, Fariba Ghaderi, Dariush Safaei,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Ahmadi S, Ghaderi F, Safaee D (2020) Oak charcoal rot disease in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 9(1):118-128. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.1.118.
Oak charcoal rot is caused by two fungi, Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Obolarina persica. These fungi, which are opportunistic or secondary invaders and attack stressful trees, are one of the main problems of oak forests in Iran. The disease was first reported in 2011 in the northern forests on Quercus castaneifolia and Zelkova carpinifolia trees and then in the Zagros forests on Q. brantii tree. The disease has spread rapidly in the forests of the Zagros over the years. Symptoms of the disease include decay and death of trees, browning of leaves and early fall. Gum secretion on the branches and trunks of old trees and browning of wood texture and woody vessels can be seen up and down the height of the trunk. The morphological characteristics of pathogens, the spread and survival of pathogens, and disease management methods are described in this article.
Mousa Najafiniaya, Mehdi Azadvar,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Najafiniya M , Azadvar M (2020) Review of durable management of soil-borne plant pathogens. Plant Pathology Science 9(1):68-77. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.1.68.
Plant diseases play a critical and limiting role in crop production and their control by using pesticides cause serious problems regarding food safety and environmental health and increase the need for other sustainable disease management techniques. Some of plant pathogens may infect the aerial parts of plants, but spent part of their life cycle in the soil and maintained their survival. In such cases, part of the life cycle of the plant pathogen in soil may be very important, even if that microorganism does not infect the roots. Mono culturing and cultivation of crops belonging to the same family increase the potential of disease incidence. Using and applying the suitable and correct cultural practices that limit damage of root diseases is necessary for sustainable management of soil-borne pathogens. Cultural operations, including the use of cover green crops, crop rotation, organic composts, certified seeds and propagative materials, amended organic material to soil, proper tillage systems, soil solarization, resistant cultivars, mycorrhizal fungi, all are reported and confirmed as management options for long time saving soil quality and good sustainable management of soil borne diseases.
Ali Asghar Dehghan, Reza Ghaderi,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Dehghan AA, Ghaderi R (2020) Application of seaweeds in plant diseases management. Plant Pathology Science 9(1):101-107. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.1.101.
Algae are the most important plant growth stimulants due to their high content of minerals, amino acids, vitamins and growth regulators such as auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin. Use of these stimuli in crops can improve rooting, yield, photosynthetic capacity and their resistance to pathogens. Application of algae (mainly seaweeds) against various plant diseases including bacterial, fungal, viral and nematode diseases as well as pests has been proven. Seaweeds are used as a powder or extract mixed with soil, or foliar spray to control of plant diseases. They are usually involved in controlling plant pathogens by inducing plant resistance, antagonistic activity by induced activity of other microorganisms, and enhancing plant growth. In general, seaweeds can be applied as biofertilizers, biostimulators and soil amendments in integrated plant diseases management programs.
Zahra Mohammadi, Farhad Nazarian-Firouzabadi, Ziba Nazari,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
Mohammadi Z, Nazarian-Firouzabadi F, Nazari Z (2020). The expression level of genes encoding LysM-RLKs of potato after stimulation with chitin. Plant Pathology Science 9(2):37-50. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.2.37.
Introduction: Lysine motif receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs) play an important role in the defense reaction of plants to diseases and environmental stresses. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of chitin as a stimulus for the expression of genes that encode LysM-RLKs. Materials and Methods: The expression levels of three genes PGSC0003DMP400010799, PGSC0003DMP400010800 and PGSC0003DMP400061331, which encoded LysM-RLKs due to chitin treatment (150 μg / ml) in young seven-week potato leaves of Jely cultivar, were examined in treated and control leaves. Results: Analysis of the gene expression data showed that the expression of all three genes increased significantly due to the use of chitin compared to the control. Conclusion: Increasing the expression of genes encoding LysM-RLKs using chitin can be effective to induce systemic resistance to plant diseases and environmental stresses.
Ali Rostami, Mehdi Sadravi, Mr Rasool Rezaee, Mohammad Abdollahi,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
Rostami A, Sadravi M, Rezaei R, Abdollahi M (2020) Biological control of Fusarium root rot of bean with two
Trichoderma species and
Pseudomonas fluorescens. Plant Pathology Science 9(2): 14-27. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.9.2.14
Introduction: Fusarium root rot with damage reported up to 85% of the crop yield, caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli, is one of the most important bean diseases in the world. Biological control is a healthy and environmentally friendly way to manage this soil-borne disease. Materials and Methods: Bean farms in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province were visited and the rotten roots of diseased plants were sampled. Two isolates of the pathogen were isolated, purified and identified. The pathogenicity of these two isolates was tested on two bean varieties Drakhshan and Pak under greenhouse conditions. The colony growth inhibition rate of the hypervirulant isolate of the pathogen was assessed by 14 native isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, four isolates of Trichoderma virens, two isolates of Trichoderma atroviridae, and five native isolates of Pseudomonas florescens and P. florescens CHAO with hyperparasitic ability and production of antibiotics in vitro. Finally, the effect of four superior T. harzianum isolates, one T. atroviridae isolate and two P. florescens isolates on disease severity were examined in a completely randomized design in the greenhouse. Results: All isolates of three species of Trichoderma had the ability to hyperparasite and destroy pathogenic hyphae. Four T. harzianum isolates showed a more significant ability to produce non-volatile and volatile antibiotic materials. All treatments significantly reduced the disease severity, but a T. harzianum isolate was more effective in vivo. Conclusion: Fusarium root rot is also found in bean fields in southwestern Iran. Native isolates of T. harzianum, T. virens and T. atroviridae have the hyperparasitic ability on the pathogen. These fungi and isolates of P. florescens have the ability to inhibit the growth of the pathogen colony by producing antibiotic substances. Isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, T. atroviridae and P. florescens CHAO have the ability to reduce the severity of the disease in vivo.
Zahra Salimi, Maryam Mirtalebi,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (2-2021)
Abstract
Salimi Z, Mirtalebi M (2021) Plant diseases management in organic agriculture. Plant Pathology Science 10(1):128-140. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.1.128.
Today the ecological, ecological and sociological problems of conventional agriculture are of great concern. Accordingly, organic farming should be viewed as an alternative approach that provides safe and healthy nutrition by eliminating synthetic pesticides and fertilizers with the least loss of nutrients and energy and the least negative impact on the environment. Organic farming is guided by the idea that all processes within an agro-ecosystem are interdependent and it aims to achieve efficiency, diversity, self-sufficiency, self-regulation and resilience through natural processes using the ecological possibilities of the agricultural system. Disease management in organic farming is based on maintaining biodiversity and soil health. In this review, a brief description of organic farming is given first. The next other practices used in organic farming to control disease include sanitation, organic soil improvement, long-term crop rotations, reduced tillage, the right harvesting time, the selection of crops and varieties, and the use of catch crops and also, catch crop cultivation. In conclusion, organic farming has the potential to improve the recycling of biomass and optimize the availability of nutrients and ensure favorable soil conditions for plant growth.
Masoumeh Delaramifar, Mahdi Pirnia, Mojtaba Keykhasaber, Shirahmad Sarani, Hamideh Khajeh,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Introduction: Damping-off caused by Pythium aphanidermatum is one of the major diseases of luffa. Identifying and planting of resistant varieties is an environmentally friendly solution for integrated disease management. This study was conducted to determine the reaction of eight native and non-native luffa genotypes to the disease. Materials and Methods: The pathogen (Pythium aphanidermatum IRAN597C) was obtained from the collection of fungi of the Iranian Institute of Plant Protection Researches. It was inoculated into seedlings of eight luffa genotypes. After the appearance of yellowing symptoms and seedling death, the disease index (DI) and the area under the disease progression curve (AUDPC) were calculated for each genotype. Koch's postulates were carried out to prove pathogenicity and the pathogen was isolated from diseased seedlings. Then, for molecular confirmation of the pathogen, ITS-rDNA sequencing was used. Results: The sequencing of the ITS-rDNA region of the pathogen showed a phylogenetic affinity of 99% with other isolates of P. aphanidermatum. According to the DI, the northern large and the long luffa genotypes were grouped as sensitive genotypes, and other genotypes including northern black seed, northern white seed, toori, Afghani, grooved and Brazilian were grouped as resistant genotypes. Based on the AUDPC, the northern black seed, and northern white seed genotypes showed the lowest level, toori, grooved, Afghani and Brazilian genotypes showed the medium level, and northern large and long luffa genotypes showed the highest AUDPC level. Conclusion: Considering the low values of the DI and AUDPC in the northern black seed and northern white seed genotypes, planting these two genotypes is suggested for management of the disease in luffa.
Samaneh Dashtipoor, Doustmorad Zafari,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Dashtipoor, S., & Zafari, D. (2024). Two Fusarium species pathogenic to sugarcane in Khuzestan Province, Iran. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1), 14-26.
Sugarcane is an important commercial product that is used for sugar production and many industrial uses. This research was conducted to identify Fusarium species causing sugarcane pokabong disease in plants with symptoms of vascular wilting and red veins in the leaves. This disease is one of the most important and spreading diseases of sugarcane in the world, which leads to a significant decrease in the sugarcane crop. The purpose of this research was to identify Fusarium species causing this disease in Khuzestan province of Iran. The sugarcane fields of this province were visited and samples were taken from the diseased tissues of the plants. The diseased tissues were cultured on potato dextrose agar medium after washing and surface disinfection. Morphological identification of the species was done using valid identification keys, and the combined analysis method of the data of tef 1α and rpb2 gene regions was used to confirm their identity. The pathogenicity test was performed and the results indicated that the identified species were pathogenic. Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium oxysporum species were identified as sugarcane pathogens. This is the first report of F. culmorum and F. oxysporum species as pathogens of sugarcane in Iran.
Hamid Alvanipour, Mohammad Javan-Nikkhah, Heshmatollah Aminian, Khalil Alami-Saeid, Karim Sorkheh,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
The fungus Mauginiella scaettae is the causative agent of the destructive Khamej disease (inflorescence rot) common in various date palm cultivation areas. UP-PCR is one of the DNA fingerprinting methods with high reproducibility and specificity. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of DNA amplification with UP-PCR primers and the feasibility of studying the genetic diversity of M. scaettae isolates using this marker. Date palm inflorescences with Khamej disease symptoms were sampled in Khuzestan and Fars provinces. The purified isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics and confirmed by amplification and sequencing of the ITS-nrDNA genomic region. Three primer pairs UP-15/19, UP-21 and UP-45 were used to investigate the possibility of amplification and determine the genetic diversity among the fungal isolates. Five isolates of M. scaettae were obtained from three cities: Abadan, Karun and Behbahan in Khuzestan province and one sample from Kazerun in Fars province. The isolates were obtained from four date palm cultivars: Sayer, Khazravi, Khasi and Zahedi. Constructing of phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences confirmed that the isolate belonged to M. scaettae fungus with 100% bootstrap values. Examination of the UP-PCR marker amplification results showed that the highest number of observed bands was related to the UP15 primer and the lowest number of bands was related to the UP45 primer. Band diversity was observed between the UP-PCR primers used, but genetic diversity was not observed among the five M. scaettae isolates in any of the three UP-PCR primers and the banding pattern of the isolates was similar for each primer. The reason for the failure to detect genetic diversity between isolates of this pathogen using these primers and the marker could be due to their close genetic relationship.
