Musa Mohammadi, Ahmad Hosseini, Ebrahim Sedaghati , Samin Hosseini,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (3-2018)
Abstract
Mohammadi M., Hosseini A., Sedaghati E. and Hosseini S. 2018. Mycoviruses application in biocontrol of fugal pathogens. Plant Pathology Science 7(1):51-62.
Mycoviruses or fungal parasitic viruses have dsDNA, dsRNA or ssRNA genome. Some of these viruses have a restricted host range and can infect certain strains of host species. In contrast, some other viruses have wider host range and can infect different species of a fungal family. In most cases these viruses are transmitted by anastomosis of mycelium. In a phenomenon called hypovirulence, most of these viruses decrease the virulence of their host fungus. Discovery of hypovirulence revealed the biocontrol ability of mycoviruses. In summary, mycoviruses could be implemented as powerful agents for biocontrol of fungal pathogens and induction of resistance in plants.
Raana Dastjerdi, Solmaz Nadi, Sima Damyar,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (3-2018)
Abstract
Dastjerdi R., Nadi S. and Damyar S. 2018. Sooty canker of fruit trees in Iran.
Plant Pathology Science 7(1):15-27.
Neofusicoccum mangiferae is the causal agent of branch wilt, blossom blight, canker and dieback on a variety of fruit trees such as almond, hazelnut, apricot, peach, citrus, grape and apple. Cracking and peeling of thin outer layer of bark and exposing black sooty mass of spores is a characteristic feature of disease. Pathogen causes gradual declining and sometimes complete death of trees. The fungus infects the hosts through wounds, created by pruning, frost damage, drought stress, or bark cracks caused by sunburn and develops under hot and sunny weather in summer. Good sanitation, fertilization of trees, adequate irrigation, appropriate pest control, preventing wounds, and avoiding unnecessary pruning are the methods for disease management.
Kamran Ghasemi,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (3-2018)
Abstract
Ghasemi K. 2018. Sulfur role in plant diseases management. Plant Pathology Science 7(1):63-72.
Sulfur (S), as a promoter of plant defense system and fungicidal effect, can have a critical role in organic farming. Presence of sulfuric defense compounds including elemental sulfur, H2S, glutathione, اسیدیتهytochelatins, secondary metabolites and S-rich proteins are vital under stress conditions. As a soil disinfectant, carbon disulfide is widely used against soil-borne pathogens. This is used for controlling the root and crown rot disease caused by Armillaria. Sulfur fumigation is used against powdery mildew in greenhouse production. Fumigation and application of sulfur pad are methods for controlling the grape and some other fruits rot in storage. Besides, sulfur is effective in control of mites, psyllids, and thrips.
Ehsan Fatemi , Habiballah Charehgani,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (3-2018)
Abstract
Fatemi E. and Charehgani H. 2018. Root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei. Plant Pathology Science 7(1):28-39.
Root lesion nematodes are one of the most important and fatal plant parasites. They often move between soil and host plants roots, during all stages of their life. Root lesion nematodes migrate and feed within the roots, therefore they cause necrotic lesions on the surface and throughout the cortex of infected roots. Their attack to the root can result stunting of plant root system as well as reduction in plants growth and eventually host kill. Different management methods such as the planting of resistant genotypes, crop rotation, fallow periods and use of biological control agents are successfully practiced against these nematodes. In this paper a brief discussion of economic damages, importance, taxonomy, biology and symptoms of Pratylenchus thornei attack and the most efficient management methods are presented.
Mounes Bakhshi,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (3-2018)
Abstract
Bakhshi M. 2018. Important criteria for identification of the Cercospora species. Plant Pathology Science 7(1):1-14.
Species of the genus Cercospora are important plant pathogenic fungi with worldwide distribution. They are often associated with leaf spots, occurring on a wide range of hosts in almost all major families of dicots, most monocot families, and even some gymnosperms and ferns. Different characteristics, such as morphology, toxin production and host specificity were used to distinguish species. New research findings have shown that a polyphasic approach, combining morphological, ecological and phylogenetic species concepts, which are discussed in this article, proved the most effective method to distinguish species of the genus Cercospora. Accurate identification of these plant pathogens is the first step to adopt the appropriate management strategies for their disease control. Therefor, it is recommended that, in order to accurate identification of the species of the genus Cercospora, they should be studied and reviewed on the basis of these criteria.
Aziz Bagheri,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Bagheri A. 2018. Bacterial canker of tomato. Plant Pathology Science 7(2):14-21.
DOI: 10.2982/PPS.7.2.14
Bacterial canker of tomato caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is one of the most important and economical diseases of tomato. Pale, yellow, dry leaves and shoots with colorless strips are the main symptoms on infected plants. The canker is formed in the last stages of the disease. Use of pathogen-free seeds or seedlings, implementation of quarantine regulations in infected areas, fallow and rotation with plants out of the Solanaceae family, plowing after tomatoes harvesting and drip irrigation are the main management strategies for disease control. Spraying copper chemicals can also help disease control.
Malihe Erfani, Mahdi Davari,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Erfani M. and Davari M. 2018. Protease inhibitors and their application against plant pathogens.
Plant Pathology Science 7(2):60-72. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.7.2.60
Proteases cleave the peptide bonds in proteins and in this way prevent protein activity by degrading them. Proteases are classified into four categories: serine proteases, cysteine proteases, aspartic proteases and metalloproteases. Plant pathogens utilize these vital molecules in plant infecting process. In the other hand,
the activity of proteases is inhibited by
protease inhibitors of plants.
Serine is one of the protease inhibitors
. The plants produce the materials inhibiting pathogenic proteases. These molecules are produced in plant cells during pathogenic microorganisms and viruses attack. Protease inhibitors are divided into several families based on sequence similarity and structure. Because the risk of pathogen resistance to this defense strategy is low, it seems these molecules could be use for biological control against plant pathogens.
Mina Rastgou,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Rastgou M. 2018. Characteristics of Ourmia melon virus (OuMV). Plant Pathology Science 7(2): 34-46. DOI :10.2982/PPS.7.2.34
Ourmia melon virus (OuMV) is one of the viruses that cause mosaic disease in melon (Cucumis melo L.), in West-Azerbaijan Province and some other parts of Iran including Guilan, Fars and Alborz Provinces. This virus was first detected in diseased cucurbits with mosaic and ring spot symptoms, in Urmia in 1978. The virus has unique characteristics that differentiate it from other viruses that infect cucurbits. The virus particles are bacilliform with conical ends. Genome consists of three linear positive-sense single-stranded RNAs, each encoding one protein. Host range mostly limited to Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae families. Ourmia melon virus, Epirus cherry virus and Cassava virus C are three species those are placed in the genus Ourmiavirus.
Mahsa Abadkhah, Davoud Koolivand,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Abadkhah M. and Koolivand D. 2018. The biosensors and their application in plant pathology.
Plant Pathology Science 7(2):47-59. DOI:10.2982/PPS.7.2.47
Preventing plant disease damage requires the use of new, powerful, simple and portable tools to quickly diagnose pathogens. Today, biosensor technology known as a powerful tool for evaluating conventional methods in agricultural sciences. Sensitivity, selectivity and portability of biosensors made it possible to develop them as special tools for rapid analysis of compounds in samples with low concentration. Biosensors have three main components, biological element, transducer and readout system. The most important application of biosensors in plant pathology is rapid detection of plant pathogens, in order to reduce the use of expensive and environmentally-damaging chemicals. This article introduces different types of biosensors and their applications in plant pathology.
Mohammad Moradi, Seyed Reza Fani,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Moradi M. and Fani S. R. 2018. A review of aflatoxin in pistachio and control strategies.
Plant Pathology Science 7(2): 22-33. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.7.2.22
Aflatoxin contamination of pistachio nut is a health challenge that can affect the economic value of the largest Iranian non-oil exports. This potent hepatocarcinogen mycotoxin is produced by some species of Aspergillus, particularly by A. flavus, under certain conditions during fruiting, harvesting, transportation and storage. Infection of pistachio to the fungus in the orchard is the key factor in its contamination with aflatoxin. This situation occurs with the formation of early splited pistachios and mechanical damages that caused by biotic and abiotic factors. The environmental temperature and relative humidity and the moisture content of pistachio, during the different stages of pistachio production and processing, have significant roles in the incidence and distribution of fungal contamination as well as the increasing of aflatoxin production. The inhibition of these factors is possible with applying of some agronomic, mechanical, physical and biological methods. Orchard establishment based on principles of gardening like optimal plant spacing, uniformity of cultivars, good pruning, proper irrigation method and nutrition along with on time harvesting, proper processing and storage, can guarantee the production of a healthy and valuable product. Biological controls using nontoxinogenic strains of A. flavus and yeasts are also recorded as successful strategies for reducing the pistachio aflatoxin.
Abdollah Ahmadpour,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Ahmadpour A. 2018. Review of shot-hole disease of stone-fruit trees. Plant Pathology Science 7(2):1-13. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.7.2.1
Shot-hole caused by Stigmina carpophila , is an important disease of stone fruit trees worldwide including Iran. The pathogen produces sporodochia bearing sympodial conidiophores, bearing conidia which have often 3-5 cells. Pathogen has wide host range and can infect almost all species of the genus Prunus. The pathogen overwinters as mycelium in twig cankers and blighted buds or in it is associated with dormant buds. Temperature and duration of wetness are important factors on disease incidence and its severity. The pathogen penetrates the plant indirectly through stomata or directly with its appressoria. Because of the importance of shot hole disease in Iran, symptoms, morphological characteristics of the pathogen, epidemiological factors and methods of disease management are discussed in this review.
Amirreza Amirmijani,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Abstract
Amirmijani, A. M. 2019. Important characters in identification of
Cladosporium spp.
Plant Pathology Science 8(1):50-59. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.8.1.50.
The genus Cladosporium is one of the largest genera of fungi. Its species live in different ways: as plant pathogens, as saprobes in the soil or on decaying plant materials, or as hyperparasitic on other fungi. Morphological characteristics of conidia such as shape, formation and surface ornamentation, the features of conidiophores including shape, ramification and conidiogenous loci, and sequencing data from different regions of DNA are very important for identification of Cladosporium species. In this article the important morphological characteristics and genomic regions which are useful for identification of closely related or cryptic species of this genus, are illustrated.
Hadi Karimipour Fard, Karim Saeidi,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Abstract
Karimipour Fard H. and Saeidi K. 2019. Biopesticides from entomopathogenic nematodes
Plant Pathology Science 8(1): 60-73. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.8.1.60.
In the recant decade, biopesticides with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been developed with using different methods and materials. But the production of such biopesticides has always accompanied by some limitations such as low quality of the final product, and reducing the efficacy under field conditions. Recently, significant progress has been made in increasing in the survival time of these products. Applying two types of formulations, water dispersible granules and calcium alginate capsules, has increased the EPN survival time from 7 days to 180 days. As compare to aqueous formulation, the formulations based on the use of insect cadavers with EPNs, showed higher efficiency in pest control. New methods of the mass production of EPNs, using automated production lines and the use of new additives with better properties for field applications and methods in increasing the infectivity of these nematodes in pests are discussed in this article.
Mohammad Abbasi Domshahri, Reza Ghaderi,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Abstract
Abbasi Domshahri M. and Ghaderi R. 2019. Causal agents of citrus trees decline in Fars province .
Plant Pathology Science 8(1):15-23. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.8.1.15.
During recent years, citrus trees decline has becoming one of the most important factors of limiting the area of citrus orchards in the south of Iran including Fars province. Different biotic and abiotic agents were attributed to citrus decline worldwide, but it appears that some abiotic stresses including soil drought, and soil or water salinity, as well as some infectious diseases including gummosis, dieback, citrus nematode and witch’s broom are more important in Fars province. This is an attempt to gather information of the potential agents of complex diseases known as “citrus trees decline”, as well as, discussion on management strategies of citrus decline in Fars province.
Banafsheh Safaiefarahani, Reza Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Abstract
Safaei-Farahani B. and Mostowfizade-Ghalamfarsa R. 2019. Fungal plant disease management by natural essential oils. Plant Pathology Science 8(1):24-37.
DOI: 10.2982/PPS.8.1.24.
Essential oils are hydrophobic, volatile and aromatic compounds that have been used as fragrances and flavors for a long time. Recent studies have shown that some plant essential oils have fungicidal effects against some important plant pathogens. For instance, the essential oil of thyme inhibits the mycelial growth of Penicillium italicum and the essential oil of lavender shows the fungistatic effect on Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger. The essential oil of thyme has also been used to control the black rot of orange caused by Alternaria citri and grey mold of strawberry fruits caused by Botrytis cinerea. Antifungal activities of essential oils are mainly related to their effects on fungal cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria and nitric oxide level. As a result of increased concern about harmful chemical pesticides, essential oils can have a good place in the market as natural fungicides. In this paper, application of essential oils as natural fungicides, their mode of actions and some safety aspects of their application have been discussed.
Mounes Bakhshi,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Abstract
Bakhshi. M. 2019. A revision on the taxonomy of the genus
Pseudocercospora.
Plant Pathology Science 8(1):1-14. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.8.1.1.
Pseudocercospora species are plant pathogenic fungi occurring on a wide range of herbaceous and woody plants. Since its early description of the genus, its taxonomy has always been challenging. In recent years, Multi-gene DNA sequence data have provided significant information on the accurate taxonomy of the genus Pseudocercospora. These data revealed that the species of Pseudocercospora are polyphyletic and evolved in more than one approach within family Mycosphaerellaceae, order Capnodiales, class Dothideomycetes, phylum Ascomycota. Also those species from different geographic regions but with the same morphology, symptomatology and host range, may reside in different phylogenetic clades. Accurate identification of the plant disease agent is the first step to adopt the appropriate management strategies of the diseases related to these plant pathogens. Key features of morphology and new genetic data for identifying the species of the genus are described in this article.
Laleh Ebrahimi, Zahra Tanhamaafi, Hossein Karbalaei Khiavi , Gorban Didehbaz Moghanlo, Yahya Azarmi, Rauf Zamani,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Ebrahimi L, TanhaMaafi Z, KarbalaeiKhiavi H, Didehbaz G, Azarmi Y and Zamani R (2019) Distribution and population density of cereal cyst nematode in Ardabil province. Plant Pathology Science 8(2):9-15. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.8.2.9
Introduction: Cereal cyst nematodes (CCN), Heterodera species, are important parasitic nematodes of cereal. Potato cyst nematodes (PCN), Globodera species, are also serious pests of potato world-wide. Continuous monitoring of these nematodes is necessary to prevent their damage to their host plants. This study was conducted to determine the distribution and density of these nematodes in Ardabil province, northwest of Iran, where potatoes are planted in rotation with cereals. Materials and Methods: One hundred and two soil samples were collected from potato fields in the suburbs of Ardebil, Nair and Namin cities in the first year, and 116 soil samples were collected from the wheat fields that were cultivated in the rotation with potato in the second year. The samples were transferred to the laboratory and examined for cyst nematodes. After isolating the cysts, identification of the species was performed based on morphological and morphometrical characteristics of the cysts and the second stage larvae. Results: Examination of the collected samples in both of two years indicated the presence of CCN in some soil samples, but PCN were not observed in none of the soil samples. The morphological and morphometrical data of isolated cereal cysts and comparison with valid identification keys led to the identification of Heterodera filipjevi. Mean numbers of the cysts with eggs and larvae in those samples that were collected in the first and second year were respectively 0.76 and 0.11 in 100 g of the soil. Wheat fields of Ardebil had the highest and fields of Nair had the least number of cyst nematode. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that some of the wheat fields in the province were infected with H. filipjevi and potato fields were not infected with any cyst nematode.
Seyed Hossein Vafaei,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Vafaei S H (2019) Blight disease of chickpea. Plant Pathology Science 8(2):45-57. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.8.2.45
Blight disease caused by Mycosphaerella rabiei is the major constraint for chickpea production worldwide. Pathogenicity of pathogen and the analysis of its genetic diversity in pathogen population are necessary for management of the disease. Different strategies such as seed treatment, application of resistant cultivars, adjustment sowing date and integration of resistant genotype with post-infection application of fungicides have been recommended to reduce the losses caused by the disease. The use of resistant cultivars is the best management strategy to minimize yield losses due to blight. But because of the considerable variation in pathogenicity of the fungal population and partial resistance in germplasm of chickpea the effectiveness of resistant cultivars is limited. Different aspects of the biology, pathogenic and genetic diversity, resistance inheritance and the management options are discussed in this paper.
Meysam Azadi, Zabihollah Azami-Sardooei, Mehdi Azadvar,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
AzadiMoghadam M, AzamiSardooei Z and Azadvar M (2019) Bacterial bark canker disease of walnut tree. Plant Pathology Science 8(2):38-44. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.8.2.38
Bacterial canker disease is one of the most destructive diseases of walnut trees that causes die back and plant decline and also great damages to quality and quantity of fruits. The disease can be observed in two forms, at depth and the surface of the bark which cause by two bacteria, Brenneria nigrifluens and B. rubrifaciens, respectively. The most important way of the pathogen penetration is the wounds in the trunk and branches which are occurred due to human activities or mechanical harvesting equipment. The disease becomes severe with the deep irrigation and when the nutrition is insufficient and temperature and humidity are high. Current paper explains history, importance, symptoms, biology, host range, sampling and isolation method also differential characteristics of bacteria and methods of disease management.
Zohreh Davoodi, Jahangir Heydarnejad, Hossein Masoomi,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Davoodi Z, Heidarnejad J and Masoumi H (2019) Next generation sequencing technique and its application in plant virology. Plant Pathology Science 8(2):77-85. DOI:10.2982/PPS.8.2.77
DNA sequencing is used by virtually all branches of biological research. Among the first advanced sequencing technologies, scientists were able to elucidate genetic information from any particular biological system using the Sanger sequencing method. Although Sanger sequencing generates high quality sequencing data, its limitations such as scalability, speed and resolution often preclude scientists from obtaining the essential information. To overcome these barriers, next generation sequencing technique (NGS) was introduced at the beginning of the 21st century. This technique provided a highly efficient, rapid, and low cost DNA sequencing platform beyond the reach of the standard and traditional DNA sequencing technologies that developed in late 1970s. In 2009, NGS technologies began to be applied to several areas of plant virology including virus/viroid genome sequencing, discovery and detection, ecology, epidemiology and replication. It is expected that NGS plays very significant roles in many plant virology researches.
