Zeinab Sharafi , Mehdi Sadravi,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (3-2015)
Abstract
Sharafi Z. & Sadravi M. 2015. Ten seed borne pathogenic fungi. Plant Pathology Science 4(1):34-45.
Most crops are propagated by seed. A large number of pathogenic fungi can transmitted by seed and cause epidemy of destructive plant diseases. Treatment of seeds has been shown to prevent plant disease epidemics caused by seedborne fungal pathogens. In this paper, morphological characteristics of ten pathogenic fungi belong to the genera, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Bipolaris, which can decay or reduce the germination of seeds or cause the brown leaf spot disease of cereals, has been described.
Ali Baradar, Roohallah Saberi Riseh, Ebrahim Sedaghati, Abdolreza Akhgar,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (3-2015)
Abstract
Baradar A., Saberi Riseh R., Sedaghati E. & Akhgar A. 2015. Mycorrhiza helper bacteria.
Plant
Pathology Science 4(1):46-53.
Mycorrhizal fungi increase water and nutrient elements absorption to the plant and plant provide carbohydrates for the fungus and this is beneficial for both parties . Many plants need to these fungi for absorption some mineral elements and resistance to environmental stresses such as drought, soil contamination to heavy metals such as lead, zinc and cadmium. Some soil borne bacteria have been identified as third part of the mycorrhiza, which cause improving the performance of this symbiotic relationship, and have been named as mycorrhiza helper bacteria.
Farideh Farahbakhsh, Amir Massah,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract
Farahbakhsh F. & Massah A. 2015. Genetic of resistance to plant diseases. Plant Pathology Science 4(2):64-73.
With studying the function and co evolution of the plant resistance genes with virulence genes in the pathogens, the knowledge of molecular genetics is in progress and creates a new opportunity to produce durable resistance against plant diseases. This article explains the new findings about the different varieties of genetic resistance, performance and evolution of resistance genes involved in detecting, signaling and responding to plant pathogens.
Samaneh Fuladvand , Seyedeh Atefeh Hosseini ,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract
Fuladvand S. & Hosseini S.A. 2015. Fungi and fungal-like organisms vectors of plant viruses. Plant Pathology Science 4(2):53-63.
The fungi Olpidium brassica and O. boronovanus , and two fungal-like species, Polymyxa beta and P. graminis, are known as important vectors of plant viruses. All of these microorganisms are obligate parasite of root and transmit the viruses belong to at least 12 genera and four families of plant viruses. In this paper, these vectors and their life cycle, transmitted viruses, methods of the acquiring and transmission of them are described.
Omid Shenavar, Reza Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract
Shenavar O. & Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa R. 2015. Computerized interactive keys for identification of fungi. Plant Pathology Science 4(2):41-52
Accurate identification of fungi and fungus-like organisms is one of the most important steps for finding an approach to employ or control them. Nevertheless, this process is usually laborious and slow. Application of interactive keys is one of the ways to save the time and have an accurate identification of the species. An interactive key is a computer program in which the user enters morphological or molecular attributes of the specimen and the program compares them with the data of its database to find a match species with the highest similarity. Such keys also allocate separate images and other data for any known species. In this paper some of the interactive identification keys and their function is discussed.
Zahra Tanha Maafi, Ramin Heidari,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract
Tanha Maafi Z. & Heidari R. 2015. Review on incidence of soybean cyst nematode in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 4(2):1-16.
Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, is widespread in major soybean producing countries and is considered as the most suppressed agent of soybean yield in the world. This nematode was reported from northern Iran in 1999 for the first time. Presently SCN is widely distributed in Golestan and Mazandaran provinces and infestation rate is a remarkable showing broad range of infestation. In most fields, the population density is above the damage threshold level reported for this nematode in the literatures. The HG Type 0 (race 3) has been defined as the dominant type in the region and Katoul (DPX) is the only resistant cultivar to this type of SCN in Iran. Importance of soybean cyst nematode, distribution and severity of infection, nematode morphology, symptoms, race/Hg Type, life cycle, reaction of Iranian cultivars against the dominant SCN Hg Type in Iran, and its management, based on the researches conducted in Iran and in the world are presented in this paper.
Najmeh Gharacheh , Mehdi Sadravi,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract
Gharacheh N. & Sadravi M. 2015. Five important fungal diseases of pulse crops in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 4(2):17-25.
Bean, pea, lentil, vetch and broad bean grains are rich in protein. Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad (a province in the southwest Iran) is one of the cultivation area of the pulses. In this province, five important fungal diseases included Fusarium wilt, Fusarium root rot, Ascochyta blight, Alternaria blight, and charcoal rot, are common on these plants. Symptoms of these diseases, key morphological characteristics of the pathogens and their distribution areas in Iran and the world is described.
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Kaivan Karimi, Asadollah Babai-Ahari, Mahdi Arzanlou,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract
Karimi K., Babai-Ahari A. & Arzanlou M. 2015. Strawberry anthracnose disease. Plant Pathology Science 4(2):26-40.
Anthracnose disease is one of the most destructive diseases of strawberry which caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, C. gloeosporioides and C. fragariae. C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides species complexes possess wider host range. According to the latest multi-gene phylogenetic evaluation, different strains of the causal agent of strawberry anthracnose disease which have been collected from different regions of the world, belong to these two species and are divided into several clusters, related to cryptic species. Despite infecting various parts of the plant, C. acutatum is mostly responsible for fruit rot and in comparison with two other species, causes crown rot and is more prevalent and destructive. Dispersal of pathogen inoculums mainly takes place by rain splash and sprinkler irrigation as well as by movement of human beings and animals. Integrated management of this disease is mainly achieved through cultural, chemical, biological and the use of resistant cultivars. Giving the importance of strawberry anthracnose disease in terms of damage rate and its recent incidence in many strawberry growing areas in Iran, different aspects of the disease, including diagnosis of the causal agent, biology and efficient management methods are discussed in the present review.
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Hamidreza Rahmani, Ebrahim Mohamadi Goltapeh, Naser Safaie,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (2-2016)
Abstract
Rahmani H. R., Mohammadi Goltapeh E. & Safaie N. 2015. The role of endophytic fungus Pirifomospora indica in plant disease management. Plant Pathology Science 5(1):48-61.
Piriformospora indica as the one of the most important soil endophytic microorganism, can increase yield of plants per unit area, by modifying the physiological characteristics of the host plants. It also provide the possibility of crop production in saline and arid soils or even in some conditions with biotic and abiotic stresses. It grants resistance to plant against diseases, through the induction of systemic resistance. Also the fungus can cause an increase in resistance to salinity and drought, through the increase in antioxidant capacity of root cells and levels of resistance proteins in their host plants. In order to adopt organic farming and achieve sustainable agriculture, this fungus can be used as a suitable alternative for chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
Cobra Moslemkhani, Javad Mozafari,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (2-2016)
Abstract
Moslemkhani K. & Mozafari J. 2016. Management of bacterial wilt disease of potato by health assay of seed tubers. Plant Pathology Science 5(1): 62-75.
Ralstonia solanacearum is an important phytopathogen which reduces quantity and quality of potato. Due to its wide distribution and broad host range and in soil of different regions through irrigation water or latent infected tubers. It is generally difficult to control the damage of this bacterium. It has widely distributed in most of potato growing regions of Iran and by causing wilt and brown rot disease of potato, is a serious treat for cultivation of this crop in the country. Providing and sowing the healthy and certificated seed tubers is the most effective method of controlling the disease. For a successful strategy of disease management, a clear understanding of mode of disease distribution and epidemiology of causal agent is necessary. In this paper, recent scientific findings on this disease are described and new methods of bacterium detection and health assay of seed tubers are introduced.
Mehdi Sadravi, Mahya Rahimizadeh,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (2-2016)
Abstract
Sadravi M. & Rahimizadeh M. 2016. Ten useful Penicillium species. Plant Pathology Science 5(1):1-13.
Penicillium species have saprophytic live on plants debris, in the soil and also on some plant products, fresh and juicy damaged fruits as well as the storage fruit and grains. They can characterized by studying the features of their colony, conidiophores, phialids and conidia on selective culture media. The ability of some isolates of P. aurantiogriseum, P. bilaiae, P. chrysogenum, P. citrinum, P. funiculosus, P. glabrum, P. griseofulvum, P. oxalicum, P. purpurogenum and P. simplicissimum to control plants diseases such as Fusarium and Verticillium wilt of tomato, pulse white and gray molds, brown rot and blight twig of peach, late blight and cyst of potato has been proved. They also can act as plant growth promoter. Key morphological characteristics of these ten species of Penicillium is described in this paper. Most of these species are reported from Iran, thus identification and use of the efficient isolates of them can be suggested in management of plants diseases or in enhancement of plants growth programs.
Habiballah Charehgani,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (2-2016)
Abstract
Charehgani H. 2016. Application of microarray technology in plant nematology. Plant Pathology Science 5(1):76-89.
During a compatible interaction, root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) induce the root cells dedifferentiation into multinucleate feeding cells, known as giant cells. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the cells surrounding the head of nematode lead to the formation of a root gall. Different studies showed that the transformation of root cells into hypertrophied feeding structures, with unique morphology and functions, require some changes in the expression of a large number of genes. Previous approaches, based on differential gene expression between healthy and infected plants, analyses of known candidate genes by promoter GUS fusion or in situ hybridization and promoter trap strategies, have resulted in the characterization of about 50 genes of plant that are up regulated and 10 genes that are down regulated in giant cells. Microarray technology makes it possible to generate large-scale information about patterns of gene expression during plant–nematode interactions. A DNA microarray is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Each DNA spot contains 10−12 moles of a specific DNA sequence, which are known as probes. These can be a short section of a gene or other DNA element that are used to hybridize a cDNA or cRNA sample that called as target. Probe-target hybridization is usually detected by detection of fluorophore or silver labeled targets.
Mousa Najafiniya,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (2-2016)
Abstract
Najafiniya M. 2016. Management of citrus die-back disease. Plant Pathology Science 5(1):26-36.
Citrus trees are very important plants with high economic value and significant cultivation area in south of Iran. During the recent years, citrus die-back disease caused by Neofusicoccum mangiferae became one of the main treats for citrus production in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Iran. The symptoms of die- back disease are including wilting and declining of branches which start from the tip and then develop to down part of the trunk of infected tree, which sometimes has longitudinal cracks with gum exudation. Cortical layers of infected branches are sloughing off and the mass of fungal spores can be observe easily. Based on some investigations, pathogen is inactive during the winter months and its activity starts from spring and terminates at the end of summer season. The disease is more sever when it occurs in the orchards with poor disease management as well as water and nutrient deficiency. Some cultural practices like a well-managed irrigation and enough fertilizing with no pruning during the summer months, are good disease control measures, which in this paper are discussed.
, Rasool Rezaei,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (2-2016)
Abstract
Parad M. & Rezaei R. 2015. Citrus greening disease. Plant Pathology Science 5(1):37-47.
Citrus greening or Huanglongbing, is one of the most devastating disease of citrus worldwide. It is common in the southeast of Asia and is also recently reported from south provinces of Iran. It is caused by Liberibacter sp. that tend to colonize in phloem vessels of the host. This bacterium affects all of the main types of citrus plants and reduces fruit production. One of the identifying challenges is that some of the disease symptoms are similar to deficiency of some nutrient such as zinc. The most important vectors of the disease causal agent are some psylla species. The only worthwhile control measure is removing the microbial inoculums from the affected tissues. Management of the disease described in this paper.
Nahid Gerayeli, Sareh Baghaee Ravari,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (8-2016)
Abstract
Gerayeli N. & Baghaee-Ravari S. 2016. The biological role of bacteriocins of gram-negative bacteria. Plant Pathology Science 5(2): 63-70.
Bacteriocins are a kind of antimicrobial peptides or proteins, produced by some gram-negative bacteria, for competition for space and resources, which can kill or inhibit closely-related bacteria. The producer bacterium is immune to these material by specific immunity proteins. Bacteriocins vary in size, microbial targets, mode of action and immunity mechanism. So far lots of bacteriocins that produced by specific isolates of gram-negative bacteria have been identified, which often have a high molecular weight. In this paper, mode of production, and mechanisms of action of bacteriocins, and their role in management of plants bacterial diseases, described.
Leila Sadeghi, Salar Jamali,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (8-2016)
Abstract
Sadeghi L. & Jamali S. 2016. Molecular plants defense mechanisms against nematodes. Plant Pathology Science 5(2):90-100.
Plant parasitic nematodes can devastate a wide range of crop plants. They are obligate parasites and have evolved compatible parasitic relationship with their host plants to obtain nutrients that are necessary to support their development and reproduction. Suppression of host defense is a key step for pathogenesis in the compatible interaction. Plant defense response is activated from the moment a nematode penetrates the plant root. Stylet and secretions of esophageal glands play central roles at during invasion to host, migration inside the roots and establishment of feeding site on host cells. New findings demonstrate that secretions of esophageal glands of some nematodes as effectors deliver into the apoplast and cytoplasm of host cells to active plant defense responses in resistant host. Molecular plants defense mechanisms against nematodes described in this paper.
Faegheh Etminani, Adibeh Etminani, Behrouz Harighi,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (8-2016)
Abstract
Etminani F., Etminani A. & Harighi B. 2016. Role of endophytic bacteria in sustainable agriculture. Plant Pathology Science 5(2):71-80.
Food security is one of the most challenges in the world. This problem is more important in regions with unsuitable agricultural system conditions. Use of chemical pesticides to protect crops against plant pathogens and insects has been increasing over the last decades. Chemical fertilizers increase the yield but usually reduce soil fertility and harm to environment. Therefore, application of endophytic bacteria as alternative fertilizers can be used in sustainable agriculture without affecting environment. Endophytic bacteria use various mechanisms to enhance plant growth such as nitrogen fixation, solubilization of phosphate, production of phytohormones like auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin, production of Hydrogen cyanide and Siderophore as an antimicrobial compounds to control of soilborne disease and increasing plant resistance to abiotic disorders. Knowledge about endophytic bacteria- plant interaction can provide effective strategy to develop sustainable agriculture in order to ensure yield improvement without affecting environment.
Seyyed Taha Dadrezaei, Mohammed Torabi,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (8-2016)
Abstract
Dadrezaei S. D. & Torabi M. 2016. Management of wheat rusts. Plant Pathology Science 5(2):81-89.
Wheat is the most important crop in the world and rust diseases cause the most damage to wheat all over the years. There are so many ways to control the disease that the use of resistant cultivars is the most effective and economic way for disease control. Rust has high pathogenicity diversity and evolutionary aptitude. On the other hand, migration and mutation leads to the emergence of non-native races of rusts in a region so virulent pathotypes with the new structures and violence on resistance genes in commercial resistant cultivars were incidence and cause disease in resistant varieties and spread in the wheat fields. Development of effective and sustainable control methods against plant diseases is very much dependent on our knowledge of the disease in our country. This paper introduces wheat important rusts diseases and explains Factors affecting the prevalence, distribution, and relation of air currents in the transmission of rusts and strategies for monitoring and management of rusts in the country.
Bita Naseri,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (8-2016)
Abstract
Naseri B. 2016. Integrated management of Rhizoctonia root rot of bean. Plant Pathology Science 5(2):42-51.
Rhizoctonia root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn seriously reduces bean yield. Restricting wide distribution of the disease in main bean growing regions requires identification of factors effect on the disease occurrence and prevalence. Due to the lack of resistant cultivars and ineffective chemical control measures, cultural practice management plays an important role in disease control. According to the findings, increasing soil organic matter, improving rhizoobial nodule formation on root, not planting beans in sandy soils, maintaining nuteral pH of field soil, following 7-9 days irrigation interval throughout growing season, planting standard density of 30 plants per square meter, seeding at less than five cm depth under warm and dry climatic conditions, using sprinkler irrigation, growing red bean in infected fields, appropriate rotation program, applying maximum 50 kg/ha urea, weed control, and seed treatment with proper systemic fungicide should be considered in an integrated management program.
Somayeh Mousavi, Mahdi Arzanlou,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (8-2016)
Abstract
Mousavi S. & Arzanlou M. 2016. Cercospora leaf spot disease of sugar beet. Plant Pathology Science 5(2):13-22.
Cercospora leaf spot disease is one of the most important foliar diseases of sugar beet. Over one third of the sugar beet cultivation areas of the world has been affected by this disease. Cercospora beticola is the causal agent of this disease and a high level of interspecific variation of its morphology and genetics has been reported. Disease management is mainly achieved by a combination of cultural practices, cultivation of resistant varieties and application of fungicides. Due to the economic importance of the disease in Iran, some of the different aspects of Cercospora leaf spot disease, including the introduction of disease as well as the biology of the fungus, disease cycle and the efficient measures of disease management, has been reviewed in this paper.
