Showing 117 results for Type of Study: Extentional
Nadia Mosharaf, Saeid Tabein, Seyed Ali Akbar Behjatnia , Atena Safi,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Mosharaf N, Tabein S, Behjatnia SAA, Safi A (2019) Role of betasatellites in interaction of viruses with plants
. Plant Pathology Science 9(1):78-90. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.1.78.
Betasatellites, as begomovirus-dependent small circular single-stranded DNAs, are multifunctional agents that trigger disease symptoms, suppress gene silencing pathways and also interact with various cellular pathways and factors. These subviral elements have a conserved genome organization that encodes only a functional open reading frame on the complementary sense strand βC1. The encoded beta satellite protein affects only the helper begomovirus cycle factor. The small size with a strong promoter sequence and the ability to replace βC1 with foreign genes made beta satellites suspected tools for the investigation of functional genes. As we expand our knowledge of begomovirus / beta satellite complexes and their interactions with host plants, we develop management approaches for the expansion of begomoviral destructive diseases.
Ali Asghar Dehghan, Reza Ghaderi,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Dehghan AA, Ghaderi R (2020) Application of seaweeds in plant diseases management. Plant Pathology Science 9(1):101-107. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.1.101.
Algae are the most important plant growth stimulants due to their high content of minerals, amino acids, vitamins and growth regulators such as auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin. Use of these stimuli in crops can improve rooting, yield, photosynthetic capacity and their resistance to pathogens. Application of algae (mainly seaweeds) against various plant diseases including bacterial, fungal, viral and nematode diseases as well as pests has been proven. Seaweeds are used as a powder or extract mixed with soil, or foliar spray to control of plant diseases. They are usually involved in controlling plant pathogens by inducing plant resistance, antagonistic activity by induced activity of other microorganisms, and enhancing plant growth. In general, seaweeds can be applied as biofertilizers, biostimulators and soil amendments in integrated plant diseases management programs.
Marzieh Mehrabioun Mohammadi, Narges Ahmadi, Mahdi Arzanlou,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Mehrabioun Mohammadi M, Ahmadi N, Arzanlou M (2020) Dutch elm disease. Plant Pathology Science 9(1):91-100. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.1.91.
Elm trees are one of the most important ornamental trees and are widely used in the design of urban green spaces. Dutch elm disease is recognized as one of the most important elm diseases in the world. The disease has become an epidemic worldwide and at least three species of Ophiostoma including O. ulmi, O. novo-ulmi and O. Himal-ulmi that differ in geographical distribution and invasion power, are involved in this disease. In Iran, O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi are known to involve in this disease, with O. novo-ulmi being more virulent. Management of the disease is mainly achieved through preventive and quarantine methods, health measures, resistant cultivars and the use of chemical compounds. Various aspects of the disease, including disease symptoms and signs, pathogen biology and ecology, disease management methods are reviewed in this paper.
Aminallah Tahmasebi, Mohamad Hamed Ghodoum Parizipour,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Tahmasebi A, GhodoumParizipour MH (2020) The role of brassinosteroid hormones in plant response to pathogens. Plant Pathology Science 9(1):108-117. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.1.108.
Plants are usually attacked by several pathogens. Different defense pathways in plants have evolved in reaction to pathogens. Plant defense responses have been shown to be regulated by various plant hormones. Brassinosteroids are plant-specific steroid hormones that play important roles in regulating growth and developmental processes. In addition to acting as a regulator of plant growth, they also play a role in defense responses to pathogens. Many researches have been done on their role in plant resistance to fungi, bacteria and viruses, which are described in this article. Further understanding of the role of these hormones in plant defense responses can be useful in inducing resistance or producing plants resistant to pathogens.
Mrs. Mahsa Samiee, Mahdi Davari,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
Samiee M, Davari M (2020) Important diseases of turf in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 9(2):119-128. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.2.119.
Turf grass is the most important grown plant in urban green space, which functions such as temperature adjustment, increase in relative humidity, air softness and dust absorption. Fungal and fungal-like diseases are the most common lawn diseases in Iran, affecting this plant at all stages of growth, causing its decline. Pythium, Fusarium, Microdochium, Rhizoctonia, Bipolaris, Pyricularia and Colletotrichum species are known as damping-off, root and crown rot, leaf spot and anthracnose pathogens of lawns in Iran. The symptoms of these diseases, the morphological characteristics of pathogens and the methods for their management are described.
Farnaz Fekrat, Reza Ghaderi,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
Fekrat F, Ghaderi R (2020) Assessment of the structure of the nematode community as an index for soil health. Plant Pathology Science 9(2):129-136. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.2.129.
By studying the structure of the nematode community, healthy and unhealthy soils can be identified in terms of biodiversity and nutrient network. This information is useful for managing soil nutrient networks. The study of the nematode population structure as a biological indicator of soil health is based on the assessment of biodiversity indices, nutrition groups, population dynamics, soil nutrient network profile, biomass and metabolic profile. Practical applications for studying the structure of nematode populations in agricultural and natural ecosystems are described.
Fariba Ghaderi,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
Ghaderi F (2020) Glume blotch disease of wheat. Plant Pathology Science 9(2):108-118. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.2.108.
Glume blotch caused by the fungus Parastagonospora nodorum is an important disease of bread and durum wheat. The disease reduces the quantity and quality of wheat product. Disease history, pathogen morphology, and disease management methods, including crop rotation, plowing, post-harvest collection of plant debris , weed control, healthy seed culture or seed disinfection with a systemic fungicide, and cultivation of resistant cultivars are described.
Soghra Ghasemi-Doodaran, Mahdi Davari,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
Ghasemi-Doodaran S, Davari M (2020) Fungal diseases of hazelnut in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 9(2):85-94. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.2.85.
Hazelnut tree has natural habitats in northwestern Iran in the forests of Ardabil and Gilan provinces. Decline disease is a threatening agent of hazelnut trees in these areas. Symptoms of the disease include weakness, reduced growth, leaf fall and dieback of the branches, branch and trunk canker and root rot that eventually lead to the gradual death or decline of the tree. In Iran the fungi cause hazelnut decline disease, Diaporthe amygdali, and Cytospora fuckelii as canker and Fusarium semitectum, F. lateritium, F. anthophilum and Armillaria mellea as root rot causative agents. This article describes symptoms of hazelnut decline in Iran, pathogenic fungi and management strategies.
Parmida Aleahmad, Leila Ebrahimi,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
Aleahmad P, Ebrahimi L (2020) Biological control method of postharvest fungal diseases of apple. Plant Pathology Science 9(2):95-107. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.2.95.
Apple postharvest diseases are usually caused by a wide range of pathogenic fungi. Postharvest rot of this crop is one of the most important economic diseases and also one of the main factors in reducing the lifespan of this crop. In contrast, our current knowledge of the occurrence and latent contamination during storage and its epidemiology is limited. The pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum causing gray mold and blue mold, respectively, are the most common pathogens in the cultivation areas, which are usually inhibited by the use of synthetic fungicides. However, due to the growing concern over the use of synthetic fungicides, alternative control measures such as using physical treatments, natural compounds, and biocontrol agents are highly desired. Although no method has been approved as a definitive method of postharvest diseases management, the effectiveness of yeasts such as Candida saitoana, bacteria such as Rahnella aquatilis, and fungal species such as Trichoderma harzianum has been suggested.
Aminallah Tahmasebi,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (2-2021)
Abstract
Tahmasebi A (2021) The role of ubiquitin in plant-virus interactions. Plant Pathology Science 10(1):141-152. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.1.141.
Plant viruses cause major losses to agricultural crops worldwide. Plants react to the virus infections via several defense mechanisms, such as ubiquitination. Ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) play key role in the function modification and degradation of proteins in plants. Ub attachment to the cellular proteins alters the stability, the cellular establishment or activity of the target protein. The key role of UPS has been revealed in defense mechanisms and other plant processes. Viruses as obligate intracellular parasites have evolved mechanisms to interfere UPS. In some cases, it has been shown that viral proteins were targeted by this system. Ubiquitination plays an important role in plant–virus interaction which can lead to plant resistance or pathogenicity in the host plant. Therefore, further understanding of UPS and its role in plant-virus interaction can develop novel methods to increase resistance to viral infections in plants.
Eisa Nazerian, Sahar Sayad,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (2-2021)
Abstract
Nazerian E, Sayad S (2021) Control methods of plant pathogens in irrigation system. Plant Pathology Science 10(1): 117-127. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.1.117.
Many plant pathogens can spread into irrigation water in farms, gardens or greenhouses and cause disease in various crops. So far, a large number of plant pathogens including 43 fungal-like organisms, 27 fungi, eight bacteria, 26 viruses and 13 nematodes have been isolated and reported from water sources and water transmission systems. In many greenhouses, various pesticides are used to prevent the spread and control of these pathogens, which imposes costs, soil or water pollution, and the possibility of resistance in pathogens. Different methods of water treatment to control aquatic pathogens in the irrigation system using chemicals such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, copper, silver and ozone, physical methods such as water filtration, heat, ultraviolet rays and the use of biosurfactants such as rhamnolipid and nitrapyrin, are described in this article.
Kavous Keshavarzi, Hadi Karimipour Fard,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (2-2021)
Abstract
Keshavarzi K, Karimipourfard H (2021) Bacterial diseases of walnut trees in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 10(1):107-116. Doi:10.2982/PPS.10.1.107.
Walnut is one of the most important fruit trees in Iran, which is always exposed to pathogens, especially bacteria. The three most important bacterial diseases of walnut in Iran are bacterial blight (Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis), skin cankers (Brenneria nigrifluens, Brenneria rubrifacians) and crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens). Bacteriological characteristics and pathogenicity of pathogenic bacteria, methods of managing these diseases, along with suggestions for identifying resistant genotypes of walnut trees by molecular methods are described in this article.
Zahra Salimi, Maryam Mirtalebi,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (2-2021)
Abstract
Salimi Z, Mirtalebi M (2021) Plant diseases management in organic agriculture. Plant Pathology Science 10(1):128-140. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.1.128.
Today the ecological, ecological and sociological problems of conventional agriculture are of great concern. Accordingly, organic farming should be viewed as an alternative approach that provides safe and healthy nutrition by eliminating synthetic pesticides and fertilizers with the least loss of nutrients and energy and the least negative impact on the environment. Organic farming is guided by the idea that all processes within an agro-ecosystem are interdependent and it aims to achieve efficiency, diversity, self-sufficiency, self-regulation and resilience through natural processes using the ecological possibilities of the agricultural system. Disease management in organic farming is based on maintaining biodiversity and soil health. In this review, a brief description of organic farming is given first. The next other practices used in organic farming to control disease include sanitation, organic soil improvement, long-term crop rotations, reduced tillage, the right harvesting time, the selection of crops and varieties, and the use of catch crops and also, catch crop cultivation. In conclusion, organic farming has the potential to improve the recycling of biomass and optimize the availability of nutrients and ensure favorable soil conditions for plant growth.
Saeedeh Dehghanpour Farashah, Mehrdad Salehzadeh,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (2-2021)
Abstract
Dehghanpour Farashah S, Salehzadeh M (2021) Situation of Fusarium root and crown rot disease of wheat in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 10(1):97-106. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.1.97.
Fusarium root and crown rot is one of the most important wheat diseases in the world, which causes a significant reduction in yield. The disease is also common in many wheat production areas in Iran. F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. solani, F. semitectum, F. equiseti, F. crookwellense, F. lateritium, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. pseudograminearum, F. sambucinum, F. subglutinans,F. proliferatum, F. longipes, F. nygamai, F. compactum, F. diversisporum, F. fujikuroi, F. javanicum, F. flocciferum and F. tricinctum have been reported from rotten tissues of wheat root and crown in Iran and F. culmorum and F. pseudograminearum are known as the most important disease agents. Disease management methods including crop rotation, removal of diseased plant debris, setting planting date, biological control, seed disinfection with protective fungicides and cultivation of relatively resistant cultivars are described in this article.
Parvin Zare, Habiballah Hamze Zarghani,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
Zare P, HamzeZarghani H (2021) Rose dieback disease. Plant Pathology Science 10(2):105-115. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.2.105.
Rose is the most important cut flower in the world. Dieback is one of the most devastating rose diseases in greenhouses. The main symptom of the disease is dryness of the branch tips and lack of flower formation. The disease causal agents are Coniothyrium fuckelii, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Botrytis cinerea, Trichothecium roseum, Acremonium sclerotigenum, Diplodia rosarum, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, Phomopsis sp., and Pestalotia funereal. Disease management methods include cutting the top of the knot at an angle with the least remaining of the deadwood tissue to accelerate the formation of callus tissue, chemical protection of pruning wounds with fungicides, disinfection of the garden knife after each cut, avoiding wounds on the stems and compliance with greenhouse sanitation are described in this article.
Saeedeh Javar,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
Javar S (2021) Basic nutritional requirements of fungi for mass production under liquid fermentation conditions. Plant Pathology Science 10(2):128-138.
Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.2.128.
Fungi lack chlorophyll and are not able to photosynthesize and obtain the required energy from the decomposition of organic matter in the environment. In general, for the industrial production of biological agents, the choice of cheap and accessible food sources is very important. In this paper, the main nutritional requirements of fungi in liquid fermentation are discussed, which include carbon sources, nitrogen sources, minerals and oxygen in aerobic fungi. Carbon sources in the liquid fermentation industry are carbohydrates, animal fats, vegetable oils, hydrocarbons and alcohols, of which the major carbon sources are carbohydrates. Eight to fourteen percent of the dry weight of fungi is nitrogen, and a large number of mineral and organic compounds can be used to meet the fungus's need for nitrogen. Fungi, like other microorganisms, need certain minerals for their growth and cellular metabolism. Most commercially produced and consumed biological fungi are aerobic microorganisms and in some cases, facultative anaerobes. In the mass production of filamentous fungi, the presence of sufficient dissolved oxygen is an important and limiting factor for proper growth and sporulation.
Kayvan Farri, Maryam Khezri,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
Farri K, Khezri M (2021) Integrate management method of plants crown gall disease. Plant Pathology Science 10(2):116-127.
Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.2.116.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is capable of causing distractive disease of crown gall in a wide range of dicotyledonous plants and causes great economic impact in its hosts. This soil-dwelling bacterium can survive as a saprophyte in soil and plant debris for a long time. When the host plant is present, the bacterium is absorbed into the plant through the root secretions from the wounds and enters the plant through it. The pathogenic bacteria introduce a part of its Ti plasmid, called T-DNA, into the plant cell. Integration of the T-DNA to plant cell genome results in expression of the encoded oncogenes and an increasing the production of phytohormones in cells. Overproduction of auxin and cytokinin leads to cells hyperplasia and hypertrophy, which results in the gall formation on the root, crown, and branches of infected plants. As regards the wide host range, high economic impact, and difficult control of this disease, in this article phenotypic, genetic and pathogenicity characteristics of bacteria have been studied, as well as biology and effective strategies of integrated disease management are presented.
Hoda Taheri , Eidi Bazgir,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Taheri H, Bazgir E (2022) The role of autophagy in plants protection against pathogens. Plant Pathology Science 11(1):133-145. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.1.133.
Autophagy plays an important role in the process of plant development and interaction with pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, and plant viruses. Autophagy is linked to immunity and disease resistance through inhibition of programmed cell death (PCD) and is recognized as an important defense component in plants. Autophagy also helps selectively eliminate pathogens through specific interactions. A number of pathogens have acquired the ability to cope with or evade autophagy and use it to develop the disease. Some other pathogens also use the autophagy system as pathogenic factors. Therefore, understanding cellular processes such as responses related to autophagy genes are very important for studying pathological physiology and plant immunity. The role of autophagy in the immune system and the plant's defense response to pathogens is described in this article.
Meysam Bakhshi Ganje,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Bakhshi Ganje M (2022) Acute oak decline disease. Plant Pathology Science
11(1):122-132. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.1.122.
Abstract
Acute oak decline with signs of canker and colored discharge on the trunks of old trees has been reported in northern Iran for the past two decades. Several bacteria of the order Enterobacterales, the family Pectobacteriaceae and the genus Brenneria were isolated and identified from diseased trees. Although oak possesses several genes whose products are responsible for plant resistance to fungal pathogens, bio-trophic pathogens, hemibiotrophic pathogens, and water stress, it does not show resistance to these necrotrophic pathogenic bacteria. The mechanism of the occurrence and epidemic of acute oak decay is the predisposition of trees to successive droughts, the outbreak of some pests, and the relatively low rate of development of oak defense genes against the high rate of evolution of pathogenic genes of necrotrophic bacteria such as Brenneria species. Due to the many climate changes in recent years, there may be an epidemic of the disease in the forests of other parts of the country in the future. This article describes research into the disease to pave the way for an appropriate method of disease management.
Samaneh Samavat, Mahdiyeh Salehi Vozhdehnazari, Pegah Sayyad-Amin,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Samavat S, Salehi Vozhdehnazari M, Sayyad-Amin P (2022) Inhibitory effects of essential oils and extracts of medicinal plants on plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Plant Pathology Science 11(1):113-121. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.1.113.
The use of essential oils and extracts of medicinal plants is one of the environmentally friendly methods in the management of plant diseases caused by fungi and bacteria. The antimicrobial effect of essential oils and extracts of various medicinal plants such as thyme, cloves, savory, garlic, licorice and fennel has been proven and their active ingredient has also been identified. Based on these studies, the possibility of introducing, formulating and using essential oils and extracts of medicinal plants or any of their components with antimicrobial properties, as an alternative method of using chemical toxins in the management of fungal and bacterial diseases of plants can be provided.
