Plant Pathology Science

Bagheri  A. 2017. Situation of  potato common scab disease in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 6(1):47-56.

Common scab disease of potato has been reported from all of the potato growing regions of the world. Potato scab is one of the serious diseases of potato in Iran. Integrated disease management program on reducing the potato scab in the country, needs to verify the key factors affecting the occurrence and spread of the disease. Growing the potato plants in a soil with a neutral pH with a constant moisture, sprinkler irrigation, crop rotation and a good weed control program, especially against convolvulus, are effective methods for disease control. The use of organic fertilizers and the use of resistant varieties are recommended also. The importance of the bacterial scab of potato, distribution and intensity of infection, disease symptoms, factors affecting the disease severity, disease cycle, response of the common potato cultivars to the disease, the dominant causal bacterial species in Iran and integrated management of disease that were carried out in Iran and other countries, are described in this article.

Mirtalebi M. & Mostowfizade-Ghalamfarsa R. Integrated management of gray mold disease. Plant Pathology Science 6(2):43-54.
 
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most important postharvest diseases on fresh fruits and vegetables worldwide. The disease may start in the field and remain as a latent infection and then develop after harvest, during transportation, packaging, storage and marketing. Nowadays, application of fungicides is the main strategy to control the gray mold disease in conventional agriculture. The presence of fungicide residues in edible fruits and vegetables is a concern for consumers because pesticides are known to have potential harmful effects. Therefore, the search on finding the safe and effective disease control strategies has been accelerated. Integrated management of the disease by using some methods like optimal method of irrigation and fertilization, biological control, use of bioagents, disinfection of fresh fruits and vegetables after harvesting, storing and shipping in a cool and dry condition with low humidity and suitable ventilation are suggested.

Keshavarzi M. 2018. Olive  quick  decline  syndrome  disease. Plant Pathology Science 7(1):40-50.

Quick Decline Syndrome of Olive caused by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, is currently spread in some European countries in Mediterranean Sea area and there is a risk of its spread beyond the Middle East. The initial symptom is marginal leaf blight, then fruit drop and shoot dieback appears. Growing multiple suckers and finally death of whole tree are the other symptoms. In addition to olive, almond and oleander are also susceptible to this pathogen. The characteristics, biology, host range, transmission and distribution routes of the causal agent are described. In addition, disease prevention and management methods are proposed here. 

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Ghasemi K. 2018. Sulfur role in plant diseases management. Plant Pathology Science 7(1):63-72.

Sulfur (S), as a promoter of plant defense system and fungicidal effect, can have a critical role in organic farming. Presence of sulfuric defense compounds including elemental sulfur, H₂S, glutathione, اسیدیتهytochelatins, secondary metabolites and S-rich proteins are vital under stress conditions. As a soil disinfectant, carbon disulfide is widely used against soil-borne pathogens. This is used for controlling the root and crown rot disease caused by Armillaria. Sulfur fumigation is used against powdery mildew in greenhouse production. Fumigation and application of sulfur pad are methods for controlling the grape and some other fruits rot in storage. Besides, sulfur is effective in control of mites, psyllids, and thrips.

Fatemi E. and Charehgani H. 2018. Root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei. Plant Pathology Science 7(1):28-39.

Root lesion nematodes are one of the most important and fatal plant parasites. They often move between soil and host plants roots, during all stages of their life. Root lesion nematodes migrate and feed within the roots, therefore they cause necrotic lesions on the surface and throughout the cortex of infected roots. Their attack to the root can result stunting of plant root system as well as reduction in plants growth and eventually host kill. Different management methods such as the planting of resistant genotypes, crop rotation, fallow periods and use of biological control agents are successfully practiced against these nematodes. In this paper a brief discussion of economic damages, importance, taxonomy, biology and symptoms of Pratylenchus thornei attack and the most efficient management methods are presented.

Bagheri A. 2018. Bacterial canker of tomato. Plant Pathology Science 7(2):14-21.
DOI: 10.2982/PPS.7.2.14

Bacterial canker of tomato caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is one of the most important and economical diseases of tomato. Pale, yellow, dry leaves and shoots with colorless strips are the main symptoms on infected plants. The canker is formed in the last stages of the disease. Use of pathogen-free seeds or seedlings, implementation of quarantine regulations in infected areas‎, fallow and rotation with plants out of the Solanaceae family, plowing after tomatoes harvesting and drip irrigation are the main management strategies for disease control. Spraying copper chemicals can also help disease control.

Bacterial canker disease is one of the most destructive diseases of walnut trees that causes die back and plant decline and also great damages to quality and quantity of fruits. The disease can be observed in two forms, at depth and the surface of the bark which cause by two bacteria, Brenneria nigrifluens and B. rubrifaciens, respectively. The most important way of the pathogen penetration is the wounds in the trunk and branches which are occurred due to human ‎activities or mechanical harvesting equipment. The disease becomes severe with the deep irrigation and when the nutrition is insufficient and ‎temperature and humidity are high.‎ Current paper explains history, importance, symptoms, biology, host range, sampling and isolation method also differential characteristics of bacteria and methods of disease management.

Davoodi Z, Heidarnejad J and Masoumi H (2019) Next generation sequencing technique and its application in plant virology. Plant Pathology Science 8(2):77-85. DOI:10.2982/PPS.8.2.77

DNA sequencing is used by virtually all branches of biological research. Among the first advanced sequencing technologies, scientists were able to elucidate genetic information from any particular biological system using the Sanger sequencing method. Although Sanger sequencing generates high quality sequencing data, its limitations such as scalability, speed and resolution often preclude scientists from obtaining the essential information. To overcome these barriers, next generation sequencing technique (NGS) was introduced at the beginning of the 21^st century. This technique provided a highly efficient, rapid, and low cost DNA sequencing platform beyond the reach of the standard and traditional DNA sequencing technologies that developed in late 1970s. In 2009, NGS technologies began to be applied to several areas of plant virology including virus/viroid genome sequencing, discovery and detection, ecology, epidemiology and replication. It is expected that NGS plays very significant roles in many plant virology researches.