Showing 122 results for Type of Study: Extentional
Mostafa Nasiri, Mohammad Mehdi Faghihi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Nasiri M, Faghihi M M (2022) Bacterial mosaic disease of wheat. Plant Pathology Science 11(2):103-111.
Bacterial mosaic of wheat is caused by the gram positive bacterium Clavibacter tessellarius. The symptoms of the disease are uniformly distributed small chlorotic spots with mosaic pattern on the entire leaf surface resemble those symptoms of nutrient deficiencies and some viral diseases, and it may be difficult to determine. Due to the seed-borne nature of the disease, use of healthy and certified pathogen free seeds is the most important strategy for managing this disease. The wheat bacterial mosaic has been reported in wheat fields in several provinces of Iran and it seems to be widespread in different wheat growing areas. In order to better understand the disease, its various aspects including the symptoms, pathogen biology and its host ranges, and management of the disease are reviewed in this article.
Mr Noorallah Hasanpour, Mahdi Arzanlou,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Hasanpour, N., & Arzanlou M. (2023). Application of yeasts in plant diseases management. Plant Pathology Science 12(1), 94-104.
Yeasts are widely distributed on earth.They play role in industries such as bakery, fermentation, protein production, the synthesis of chemicals such as riboflavin and citric acid, agriculture and plant diseases management. They are effective in reducing plant diseases. through a variety of mechanisms, such as competition for food and space, parasitic relationship with the pathogen, induction of plant resistance, mycoparasitism, ecological niche occupation, mycotoxin detoxification and production of cell wall degradation enzymes. The superior characteristics of yeasts are greater tolerance and adaptation to thermal fluctuations at low and high temperatures, adaptation in a wide range of relative humidity, pH fluctuations, low oxygen levels, high proliferation rate, limiting the pathogen population and tolerance to UV radiation. Due these characteristics, yeasts are considered as one of the best choices to use in the process of biological control. In this paper, the positive aspects of yeasts compared to other microbial agents, their role in agriculture and management mechanisms of plant diseases are discussed.
Azadeh Goudarzi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Goudarzi, A. (2023). Fusarium wilt disease of date palm. Plant Pathology Science, 12(1), 64-73.
Abstract
Fusarium wilt disease is known as one of the most destructive and fatal diseases of date trees in many date-producing areas of the world, especially date-producing countries in Africa. Currently, a significant portion of date orchards in Morocco and the western and central Sahara of Algeria are affected by Fusarium wilt disease. The economic losses caused by Fusarium wilt disease of dates, especially in the incidence of severe epidemics, are significant. Over the past century, the disease has killed more than 12 million palm trees in Morocco and about three million palm trees in Algeria. Fusarium oxysporum (Schltdl.) f. sp. albedinis, a soil-borne vascular pathogen, is known to cause Fusarium wilt disease of dates. The economic losses caused by this disease are very significant, especially in the incidence of severe epidemics, and in some areas, the Fusarium wilt epidemic has destroyed more than 70% of the date fruits. Integrated disease management strategies include the use of resistant or tolerant cultivars, prevention of introduction of the disease causal agent into disease-free areas, eradication of the disease, biological control and chemical control. This disease has not been reported from date-producing areas of Iran, although similar symptoms to Fusarium wilt have been observed in some date orchards of Hormozgan province.
Aminallah Tahmasebi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Tahmasebi, A. (2023). The role of translation initiation factors in plants recessive resistance to viruses. Plant Pathology Science, 12(1), 113-121.
Abstract
Plant viruses are important pathogens that cause quantitative and qualitative decline of agricultural products all over the world. Plants resistance is the most effective way to control plant viruses. Viruses as obligate parasites to complete their infection cycle, such as the processes of protein synthesis, replication, and movement, are dependent on the compatibility of cellular factors of host plants. Absence or mutation in these essential factors for the virus infection cycle or mutation in the regulator of plant defense responses may cause the host's recessive resistance to the virus. Recessive genes identified in virus-plant interactions include eukaryotic translation initiation factors eIF4E, eIF4G, and their isoforms. A number of translation factors have been identified in plants, such as eIF3, eEF1A, and eEF1B, which are essential in interacting with viral RNAs and regulating various processes in the virus infection cycle. More awareness of molecular mechanisms of these factors as well as their interaction with other host and viral factors can be used in the development of new management methods such as silencing or genome editing against viruses.
Fereshteh Esmaeilzadeh, Dr. Davoud Koolivand,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Esmaeilzadeh, F., & Koolivand, D. (2022). Tomato brown rogue fruit virus. Plant Pathology Science 12(1), 84-93.
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is an emerging pathogen that generally causes disease in greenhouses. This virus causes yellow areas, malformation and brown necrotic lesions on tomato fruits. This virus, which has a global distribution, has recently been reported using molecular methods in the greenhouses of few provinces of Iran. According to the report of this virus from Iran, the characteristics of the ToBRFV, its symptoms, host range, mode of transmission and spread, and its management methods have been described based on previous studies.
Maryam Khezri, Mahmoud Reza Karimi Shahri, Abolghasem Ghasem,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Khezri, M., Karimi Shahri, M. R., & Ghasemi, A. (2023). Bacterial rot disease of saffron corm and leaf. Plant Pathology Science, 12(1), 74-83.
Saffron is one of the valuable agricultural products and its dried stigma is used as medicine and is known as a precious spice. Infection of the plant's reproductive organs plays an important role in the spread of pathogens. The saffron is reproduced via corms, and using healthy and pathogen-free corms is the best and most effective strategy to prevent the spread of soil-borne pathogens in new areas and fields. Saffron corm rot disease is caused by some fungal and bacterial pathogens. Burkholderia gladioli pv. gladioli is the causal agent of saffron leaf and corm rot disease. The bacterium survives in the soil for a long time, and it is transmitted through the infected soil, farming tools, and corms. In recent years, this disease has been reported from Khorasan Razavi province. In this article, along with introducing the bacterial disease of saffron leaves and corms rotting, strategies to prevent the occurrence and spread of the disease have been presented.
Azadeh Goudarzi,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Goudarzi A (2023) Anthracnose disease of citrus. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):117-129.
Colletotrichum species are the causal agents of diseases including leaf spots, fruit rots and dieback in a wide range of plant hosts such as citrus, banana, strawberry, avocado, papaya, mango and apple. In citrus, important diseases including anthracnose, post harvest anthracnose, key lime anthracnose and postbloom fruit drop are caused by different species of Colletotrichum which are of the major limitations of citrus production in many citrus producing countries worldwide. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides has been identified as the main cause of citrus anthracnose. The disease symptoms include dieback of branches and twigs, leaf spot, fruit rot and abscission of leaves and small fruits. In the case of epidemic occurrence, the damage caused by the disease on different species and cultivars of citrus is very significant. The economic losses caused by the disease is mainly related to damage to the vegetative parts of citrus trees, as well as decay and reduction of market value of the fruits. So far, citrus anthracnose and postharvest anthracnose caused by C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola, C. siamense, C. karstii and C. novae-zelandiae have been reported from Iran. In addition, dieback and postbloom fruit drop caused by C. gloeosporioides are of the common challenges of citrus production in the north of the country. Sanitation, management of irrigation and nutrition, control of pests, diseases and weeds and use of chemical fungicides, especially strobilurins, are effective approaches of the disease management. In order to prevent the emergence of resistant populations of the causal agents, the use of fungicides should be carried out with periodicity.
Azadeh Goudarzi,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Goudarzi A (2023) Black scorch disease of date palm. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):66-75.
Black scorch disease is considered one of the important and damaging diseases of date palm in many regions of the world, including Oman, Iraq, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. The disease was first reported in Iran in 2014 from Tabas in South Khorasan Province, and in the following years, symptoms of the disease were observed scattered in Kerman, Hormozgan, Fars and Bushehr provinces. Two fungi, Thielaviopsis paradoxa and T. radicicola, are known as causal agents of the disease. Disease symptoms include tissue dieback, wilting, canopy bowing, terminal meristem rot, and tree dieback. The disease is commonly observed on trees suffering from environmental stress, particularly salt and drought stress. Although the susceptibility of different cultivars to the disease varies, the disease has been reported in 21 date palm cultivars worldwide to date. This article describes integrated disease management methods, including preventing diseases from entering the area, preventing damage to date palms, adhering to plant health principles, managing environmental stress, and proper ventilation in the grove, as well as biological and chemical control.
Saeedeh Dehghanpour Farashah,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Dehghanpour Farashah S (2023) Defense responses by nitric oxide in plant-pathogen interaction. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):130-142.
The control of diseases in agriculture often relies on pesticides and chemical fertilizers, which negatively affect the rhizosphere natural microflora and ecosystem balance. Today, researchers are looking to replace these chemicals with other environment friendly agents to improve agricultural production and control plant pathogens. Research on the interaction of nitric oxide (NO) with plant pathogens has shown that NO is a key messenger in the response of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. Due to the role of NO in the regulation of plant defense genes, especially through programmed cell death, it has attracted the attention of many plant pathologists. Although NO plays an important role in the hypersensitive reaction in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses, it has been found that NO also plays a role in regulating the expression of genes related to non-specific resistance. In this review, the role of nitric oxide in plant-pathogens interaction has been investigated.
Maryam Mirtalebi, Donya Abshang,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Abshang, A., & Mirtalebi, M. (2024). The role of fungal volatile organic compounds in plant disease management. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1), 65-74.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon-based organic chemicals derived from primary or secondary metabolism which are released as gases from different solids and liquids. Many intra- and inter-kingdom ecological interactions between living organisms take place through VOCs. The volatile organic compounds released by pathogenic fungi have a negative effect on the growth of plants. The release of volatiles by these fungi in the soil inhibits growth and results in a decrease in shoot length, root surface area, and plant biomass. In addition to negatively impacting plant development, these compounds generated by pathogenic fungi can also serve as growth regulators, modifying plant architecture and stimulating growth. The promotion of plant growth can, consequently, be beneficial for pathogens by offering a larger habitat for surface colonization and increasing their survival.
These compounds also increase the biosynthesis of strigolactones and root growth in interaction with fungi, facilitating the identification of mycorrhizal fungi for the roots, increasing the colonization of fungi on the roots. The antibiotic effects of VOCs are involved in the inhibition of many plant pathogens. Some of these fungal compounds have inhibitory activity in the soil and some have insect repellent and nematicidal properties.
Dr. Mina Rastgou, Siroos Honarvar,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Rastgou, M., & Honarvar, S. (2024). Application of phages for biological control of plants pathogenic bacteria. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1),55-64.
Pathogenic bacteria are one of the most important factors in reducing the yield of plant products. In the past, the management of these pathogens was limited to the use of antibacterial compounds or resistance inducers, but with the discovery of bacteriophages in recent decades, attention to their use has increased. Bacteriophages or phages are viruses that specifically affect bacterial cells. Currently, hundreds of bacteriophages have been isolated and tested against plant pathogenic bacteria, and there are still many more that need to be investigated. This approach requires special protocols to identify new phages, understand the emergence of phage-resistant clones and the infectivity of other bacterial species. Phage therapy or the use of phages to biological control plant pathogenic bacteria due to its cheapness, very high specificity of phages against bacteria, no negative effect on humans or animals, and no environmental pollution, as a suitable method to control these pathogens can be considered.
Arezoo Pakdel, Mohammad Khanjani,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Pakdel, A., & Khanjani, M. (2024). Management methods of whiteflies that transmit plants pathogenic viruses. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1),27-41.
Most of the plant viruses that have recently spread in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions and have limited the production of important plant products are transmitted by whiteflies. Three important whitefly species Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Trialeurodes abutiloneus are known as carriers of most plant viruses. Plant viruses transmitted by whiteflies are in the genera: Begomovirus, Crinivirus, Ipomovirus, Carlavirus, Torradovirus and Polerovirus. Management of whiteflies is difficult because of their wide host range, high reproduction rate, large population size, and also their resistance to insecticides, but new methods of chemical, biological control and the production of resistant transgenic plants have been developed to manage them, which are described in this article.
Seyyedehatefeh Hosseini, Zahra Anvari,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Hosseini, S. A., & Anvari, Z. (2024). Application of new information technologies in plant pathology. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1),135-148.
Population growth has put significant pressure on the food supply chain, making it even more challenging to ensure that everyone has access to adequate, healthy, and nutritious food. The use of new information technologies based on artificial intelligence in agriculture can play a significant role in increasing the production of healthy plant products and ensuring food security for humans. All plant crops are highly vulnerable to diseases and timely and correct management of diseases is essential to optimize their production. New information technologies such as remote sensing, analysis of plant absorption light spectra, and the use of specialized Internet software for the diagnosis of plant diseases on mobile phones can help in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of diseases, the implementation of a forecasting program and their monitoring to prevent their spread, and the timely implementation of their management methods. The unique applications of these new information technologies in the identification, monitoring and management of plant diseases are described in this article.
Parastoo Pouraziz, Dr. Davoud Koolivand,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Pouraziz, P., & Koolivand, D. (2024). The application of biopolymers in the management of plants viral diseases. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1),125-134.
Polymers with natural origin are known as biopolymers. Due to their biocompatibility and biodegradable properties, biopolymers have a wide range of applications in various fields such as agriculture, medicine, and industry. Biopolymers limit the activities of plant pathogens by increasing the immune system of plants by influencing resistance genes and also activating resistance mechanisms. Therefore, the use of these substances to combat plant pathogens has found a wide application in agriculture. The use of biopolymers to deal with plant pathogens such as fungi and bacteria is a suitable solution to reduce their damage. Also, treatment of the virus-infected plant with biopolymers reduces the symptoms and damage of the disease. The molecular antiviral mechanisms of some biopolymers such as chitosan, chitin, oligochitosan, β-glucans, lentine, alginate, hydrogel and their compounds in the management of plants viral diseases are described in this article.
Ms. Kimia Hasani, Dr. Fatemeh Shahryari,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2024)
Abstract
The genus Streptomyces belongs to the actinomycetes, which is an aerobic, gram-positive and multicellular bacterium. The members of this genus are mostly known as soil-dwelling bacteria. However, they are found in various environments such as marine sediments, freshwater ecosystems, symbiotic with insects and sponges, and plant endophytes. In particular, only a few pathogenic species of this genus have been identified that cause disease in plants and humans. Beyond the range of distribution, specific genomic features, unusual mushroom-like growth mode, impressive metabolic capabilities, including the ability to produce diverse antibiotics and other bioactive natural products, have made members of this genus attractive organisms for study. They are also among the most promising microorganisms for improving the overall health of the soil and increasing agricultural productivity. Approximately two-thirds of all known actinomycete antibiotics are produced primarily by members of this genus. The metabolites of this genus have a wide spectrum including cyclic and linear peptides, terpenoids, macrolactams, macrolides, glycosides, polyaromatics and linear polyketides. The discovery of numerous and different compounds shows the high potential of Streptomyces as a source of new and interesting natural products.
Azadeh Goudarzi,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (2-2025)
Abstract
Fusarium root and crown rot disease of tomato is one of the most important and destructive soil-borne diseases of this crop, and one of the factors limiting production of tomato in the world. Disease symptoms include yellowing and necrosis of leaves and petioles, defoliation, formation of brown wounds on the roots and tissues adjacent to the soil surface, necrosis and discoloration of internal tissues of crown and basal stem, reduction in the quantity and quality of fruits, wilting and plant death. Eleven Fusarium species with names; F. solani, F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici , F. moniliforme, F. culmorum, F. commune, F. redolens, F. chlamydosporum, F. semitectum, F. lateritium, F. acuminatum and F. equiseti has been reported as the causatives of the disease in the world. The disease occurrence in farms and commercial greenhouses, if disease management strategies are not implemented, usually leads to great economic losses to the tomato yield and in some cases, complete crop destruction. The disease has been reported from East-Azarbaijan, Semnan, Fars, Hormozgan and Kerman Provinces, in Iran. This article discusses integrated disease management strategies, emphasizing preventive measures such as pathogen exclusion, use of resistant cultivars, prevention of root and crown injuries, sanitation, salt stress management, as well as cultural, biological, and chemical control methods.
Zahra Amjadi,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (2-2025)
Abstract
Humic acid (HA) is the most important and widely used biostimulants in agriculture. As a powerful, multifaceted tool in increasing soil health and plant resistance, HA has significant effects for sustainable agriculture and plant disease management. This safe organic compound controls diseases through direct and indirect mechanisms. In the indirect dimension, HA creates an unfavorable environment for the development of pathogens by improving the physical structure of the soil by increasing porosity and ventilation, enhancing the cation exchange capacity and chemical fertility of the soil, as well as stimulating the population of beneficial soil microorganisms. In addition, HA strengthens the plant by stimulating the development of the root system, facilitating the absorption of water and nutrients, and especially by activating the mechanisms of inducing systemic resistance in the plant, leading to the production and accumulation of defensive metabolites increasing the activity of defensive enzymes, and the proteins associated with pathogenesis. This article provides a summary of the effectiveness of HA as a plant stimulant on plant pathogens and the prospects for its use to reduce the use of chemical pesticides or even replace them in controlling plant diseases. A good understanding of the function of biostimulants, including humic acid, will help farmers and agricultural scientists in their better use.
Zahra Amjadi, Farideh Farahbakhsh, Zahra Zinati, Habiballah Hamzezarghani,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (2-2025)
Abstract
Date fruits are rich in carbohydrates, energy, fiber, vitamins, nutritional elements, and are consumed as a staple or supplementary food in several countries. Iran is the second-largest producer of dates globally, and this fruit serves as a significant source of income for orchard owners and exporters. Numerous limiting factors affect date production, among which fungi, oomycetes, and phytoplasmas are the most critical biological agents causing damage. Effective management of these pathogens requires modern and sustainable approaches. The most important date palm diseases reported from Iran and other countries in the Middle East and North Africa include: Decline, black scorch, Pestalotiopsis and Graphiola leaf spots, spathe rot or Khamj, and yellow stripe disease. The symptoms of these diseases and novel integrated management methods, such as orchard sanitation, optimized fertilization, the use of AI-equipped drones for diseases monitoring, advanced technologies like genome editing to develop resistant cultivars, and biological and chemical control strategies, are illustrated and discussed in this article.
Niloufar Taiebikhah, Maryam Mirtalebi,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (2-2025)
Abstract
The management of plant diseases using eco-friendly approaches has gained particular importance in sustainable agriculture for reducing dependence on chemical inputs. Vermicompost and its derivatives, including vermicompost tea and vermiwash, improve soil health and plant growth through bioactive compounds derived from earthworms and large populations of beneficial microorganisms, which effectively suppress plant pathogenic fungi, bacteria, and nematodes. Research evidence has demonstrated that these products can reduce the severity of diseases such as Fusarium wilt, bacterial canker, and root-knot nematodes while enhancing seedling growth parameters. The quality of vermicompost and its derivatives is influenced by factors such as raw materials, degree of maturation, and production methods; appropriate selection of these factors enhances their efficacy in pathogen control. The synergistic benefits of bioactive compounds and beneficial microbiota make vermicompost an effective tool for reducing chemical pesticide use and increasing agricultural productivity. Expanding production, farmer education, and supportive policies can further strengthen the role of these products in promoting sustainable agriculture by providing a practical strategy to improve plant health, mitigate diseases, and protect the environment.
Mehdi Sadravi,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (2-2025)
Abstract
Diseases are a serious threat to the sustainable and healthy production of plant yields and the food security of the world's people, and annually reduce a significant part of their production in terms of quantity and quality. Classical methods of diagnosing plant diseases based on pathogen isolation in the laboratory and visual field monitoring of disease progression and implementation of management methods are very time-consuming, require specialized personnel and expensive. Artificial intelligence-based software uses image analysis, environmental sensors and disease forecasting modeling to quickly diagnose diseases at the farm level, integrate meteorological data, soil and crop parameters to predict the time of disease outbreak, provide appropriate suggestions for disease management based on previously available data and implement management methods quickly and accurately using the Internet of Things, drones and robots. Artificial intelligence-based softwares, help to quickly and accurately diagnose plant diseases before they cause damage, establish predictive systems for diseases, predict the exact time of their occurrence and spread, and implement timely and correct management methods, enabling increased production of healthy plant products, while reducing costs to ensure food security for the world's people.
