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The reaction of four pumpkin varieties to cucumber mosaic virus by analyzing the expression of PAL and PR2 genes
Mahsa Jahandideh, Sevil Nematollahi, Farshad Rakhshandehroo,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Jahandideh M, Nematollahi S, Rakhshandehroo F (2023) The reaction of four pumpkin varieties to cucumber mosaic virus by analyzing the expression of PAL and PR2 genes. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):11- 26.  
Introduction: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the most important pathogenic cucurbit viruses. Identifying and growing resistant or tolerant varieties is the best method for disease control. The present study was conducted to investigate the response of four pumpkin varieties to CMV by assessing the expression of genes involved in resistance (PAL, PR2). Materials and Methods: Forty samples of pumpkin leaves with suspected disease were collected from the farms in northwestern Iran and analyzed using the TAS-ELISA test. To study the response of the four pumpkin varieties Asma, Pars, Prof and PS grown in this region, a CMV isolate was inoculated into the plants in a greenhouse experiment after its biological purification. TAS-ELISA and semi-quantitative (Sq) RT-PCR tests were used to examine the virus concentration in pumpkin varieties. The disease severity index was evaluated 30 days after inoculation. The expression level of PAL and PR2 genes was also checked by quantitative real-time PCR technique. Results: Of the 40 samples, 16 samples were infected with CMV. The study of virus titer revealed that the virus concentration and disease severity index were higher in Pars and Proof varieties than in PS and Asma varieties. The expression of PAL and PR2 genes was increased in all varieties compared to control but was higher in PS cultivar followed by Asma. Conclusion: PS and Asma varieties have higher CMV tolerance and their wider cultivation is recommended for disease control.

 
Management methods of whiteflies that transmit plants pathogenic viruses
Arezoo Pakdel, Mohammad Khanjani,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Pakdel, A., & Khanjani, M. (2024). Management methods of whiteflies that transmit plants pathogenic viruses. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1),27-41.

Most of the plant viruses that have recently spread in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions and have limited the production of important plant products are transmitted by whiteflies. Three important whitefly species Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Trialeurodes abutiloneus are known as carriers of most plant viruses. Plant viruses transmitted by whiteflies are in the genera: Begomovirus, Crinivirus, Ipomovirus, Carlavirus, Torradovirus and Polerovirus. Management of whiteflies is difficult because of their wide host range, high reproduction rate, large population size, and also their resistance to insecticides, but new methods of chemical, biological control and the production of resistant transgenic plants have been developed to manage them, which are described in this article.

The application of biopolymers in the management of plants viral diseases
Parastoo Pouraziz, Dr. Davoud Koolivand,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Pouraziz, P., & Koolivand, D. (2024). The application of biopolymers in the management of plants viral diseases. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1),125-134.
Polymers with natural origin are known as biopolymers. Due to their biocompatibility and biodegradable properties, biopolymers have a wide range of applications in various fields such as agriculture, medicine, and industry. Biopolymers limit the activities of plant pathogens by increasing the immune system of plants by influencing resistance genes and also activating resistance mechanisms. Therefore, the use of these substances to combat plant pathogens has found a wide application in agriculture. The use of biopolymers to deal with plant pathogens such as fungi and bacteria is a suitable solution to reduce their damage. Also, treatment of the virus-infected plant with biopolymers reduces the symptoms and damage of the disease. The molecular antiviral mechanisms of some biopolymers such as chitosan, chitin, oligochitosan, β-glucans, lentine, alginate, hydrogel and their compounds in the management of plants viral diseases are described in this article.

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