Showing 22 results for Fusarium
Vahid Rahjoo , Majid Zamani ,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (9-2012)
Abstract
Fusarium ear rot is one of the most important diseases of corn in Iran. This disease cause by Fusarium moniliforme fungus. Its symptoms are pink to red spots on ear, cause it completely rot and eventually loss of yield quantity and quality. Identification and cultivation resistant or semi-resistant corn hybrids is the best management method of this disease. Artificial infection of maize hybrids with fungal suspension of causal agent is an affective method to study their reactions, determine base on disease severity index (%DS). According to research conducted in Iran, between 12 planting hybrids, 2 hybrids K3493 / 1 × K18 and KLM 77029/8-1-2-3-2-3 × MO17 are resistant, and 9 are semi- resistant . With extension, cultivation of these hybrids, can manage the disease and increase the quality and quantity of maize hoped.
Elmira Abutorabi,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (9-2013)
Abstract
Management of soil borne disease of tomato with the aim of reducing the use of chemical pesticides and produce healthy products needs to provide appropriate policy. Grafting is one of the most effective control measures of soil borne pathogens result in healthy crop production and is an excellent substitute for chemical control. According to some investigations, grafting the commercial varieties on resistant rootstocks results in higher yield as well as the better quality. In addition to obtain higher product quality and optimize plant growth, disease management can be achieve by minimum application of pesticides.
Eisa Nazerian, Seyed Saeid Modares Najaf Abadi , Mekameh Mahdavi,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (9-2013)
Abstract
Fusarium yellows causing yellow, brown and wilted leaves. The gladiola bulbs rot and reduce quantity, quality and marketability of flowers. Four Fusarium species, especially F. oxysporum. f.sp. gladioli cause this disease. These fungi can survive as microconidia, macroconidia, clamydospore and mycelium, in the soil. Bulb discoloration is the most common symptom of the disease. In storage, the diseased corms get softened, mummified and wrinkled. Many researches have been carried on to investigate the methods of disease control, but all were unsuccessful so far. Disease management is based on resistant varieties, chemicals, cultural and biological measures. However, a combination of several methods provides a better opportunity to manage this disease.
Omid Shenavar, Reza Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract
Shenavar O. & Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa R. 2015. Computerized interactive keys for identification of fungi. Plant Pathology Science 4(2):41-52
Accurate identification of fungi and fungus-like organisms is one of the most important steps for finding an approach to employ or control them. Nevertheless, this process is usually laborious and slow. Application of interactive keys is one of the ways to save the time and have an accurate identification of the species. An interactive key is a computer program in which the user enters morphological or molecular attributes of the specimen and the program compares them with the data of its database to find a match species with the highest similarity. Such keys also allocate separate images and other data for any known species. In this paper some of the interactive identification keys and their function is discussed.
Najmeh Gharacheh , Mehdi Sadravi,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract
Gharacheh N. & Sadravi M. 2015. Five important fungal diseases of pulse crops in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 4(2):17-25.
Bean, pea, lentil, vetch and broad bean grains are rich in protein. Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad (a province in the southwest Iran) is one of the cultivation area of the pulses. In this province, five important fungal diseases included Fusarium wilt, Fusarium root rot, Ascochyta blight, Alternaria blight, and charcoal rot, are common on these plants. Symptoms of these diseases, key morphological characteristics of the pathogens and their distribution areas in Iran and the world is described.
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Mehdi Sadravi, Mahya Rahimizadeh,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (2-2016)
Abstract
Sadravi M. & Rahimizadeh M. 2016. Ten useful Penicillium species. Plant Pathology Science 5(1):1-13.
Penicillium species have saprophytic live on plants debris, in the soil and also on some plant products, fresh and juicy damaged fruits as well as the storage fruit and grains. They can characterized by studying the features of their colony, conidiophores, phialids and conidia on selective culture media. The ability of some isolates of P. aurantiogriseum, P. bilaiae, P. chrysogenum, P. citrinum, P. funiculosus, P. glabrum, P. griseofulvum, P. oxalicum, P. purpurogenum and P. simplicissimum to control plants diseases such as Fusarium and Verticillium wilt of tomato, pulse white and gray molds, brown rot and blight twig of peach, late blight and cyst of potato has been proved. They also can act as plant growth promoter. Key morphological characteristics of these ten species of Penicillium is described in this paper. Most of these species are reported from Iran, thus identification and use of the efficient isolates of them can be suggested in management of plants diseases or in enhancement of plants growth programs.
Mahya Rahimizadeh, Mehdi Sadravi,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (2-2017)
Abstract
Rahimizadeh M. & Sadravi M. 2016. Eight useful Aspergillus species. Plant Pathology Science 6(1): 22-32.
Aspergillus species are saprophytic fungi which can live on plant debris in the soil and water and also on some plant products, stored fruits and grains. They can be identified by studying the features of colonies, conidiophores, vesicles, phialids and conidia, on selective culture media. The biocontrol potential of some isolates of A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. piperis, A. repens, A. tamarii, A. terrus and A. tubingensis, against some plant diseases such as cocoa black pod, root galls and Fusarium root rot of tomato, Alternaria leaf spot, Fusarium dry rot, potato pink and soft rot of tubers has been proven. They also can act as plant growth promoter and aflatoxin reducer agent in seeds and nuts. Key morphological characteristics of these eight species of Aspergillus is described in this paper. Most of these species are reported from Iran, thus identification and application of their efficient isolates can be suggested in plant diseases management as well as the plant growth enhancement programs.
Abolghasem Hosseinzadeh, Mahdi Davari, Aziz Habibi-Yangjeh,
Volume 6, Issue 2 (9-2017)
Abstract
Hoseinzadeh A., Davari M. and Habibi-Yangjeh A. 2017. Applications of nanomaterials in the fungal plant diseases management. Plant Pathology Science 6(2):68-77.
The use of nanotechnology in plant disease management has been seriously considered by researchers in recent years. Some of these reteaches have shown the antifungal effects of nano zinc oxide on Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum; nano copper oxide on Aspergillus flavus; silver nanocomposite compounds (SiO₂/Ag₂S) on Aspergillus niger; Fe₃O₄/ZnO/AgBr on Fusarium graminearum, F. oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea, and carbon nanomaterials on F. graminearum. Their antifungal mechanisms are including: degradation of lipid and protein, damage to cell membranes, water channels blocking by nanomaterials and loss of spore water and plasmolysis and the inhibition of growth or destruction of fungal hyphae and prevent the sporulation.
Malihe Erfani, Mahdi Davari,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Erfani M. and Davari M. 2018. Protease inhibitors and their application against plant pathogens.
Plant Pathology Science 7(2):60-72. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.7.2.60
Proteases cleave the peptide bonds in proteins and in this way prevent protein activity by degrading them. Proteases are classified into four categories: serine proteases, cysteine proteases, aspartic proteases and metalloproteases. Plant pathogens utilize these vital molecules in plant infecting process. In the other hand,
the activity of proteases is inhibited by
protease inhibitors of plants.
Serine is one of the protease inhibitors
. The plants produce the materials inhibiting pathogenic proteases. These molecules are produced in plant cells during pathogenic microorganisms and viruses attack. Protease inhibitors are divided into several families based on sequence similarity and structure. Because the risk of pathogen resistance to this defense strategy is low, it seems these molecules could be use for biological control against plant pathogens.
Mousa Najafiniaya, Mehdi Azadvar,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Najafiniya M , Azadvar M (2020) Review of durable management of soil-borne plant pathogens. Plant Pathology Science 9(1):68-77. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.1.68.
Plant diseases play a critical and limiting role in crop production and their control by using pesticides cause serious problems regarding food safety and environmental health and increase the need for other sustainable disease management techniques. Some of plant pathogens may infect the aerial parts of plants, but spent part of their life cycle in the soil and maintained their survival. In such cases, part of the life cycle of the plant pathogen in soil may be very important, even if that microorganism does not infect the roots. Mono culturing and cultivation of crops belonging to the same family increase the potential of disease incidence. Using and applying the suitable and correct cultural practices that limit damage of root diseases is necessary for sustainable management of soil-borne pathogens. Cultural operations, including the use of cover green crops, crop rotation, organic composts, certified seeds and propagative materials, amended organic material to soil, proper tillage systems, soil solarization, resistant cultivars, mycorrhizal fungi, all are reported and confirmed as management options for long time saving soil quality and good sustainable management of soil borne diseases.
Soghra Ghasemi-Doodaran, Mahdi Davari,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
Ghasemi-Doodaran S, Davari M (2020) Fungal diseases of hazelnut in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 9(2):85-94. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.2.85.
Hazelnut tree has natural habitats in northwestern Iran in the forests of Ardabil and Gilan provinces. Decline disease is a threatening agent of hazelnut trees in these areas. Symptoms of the disease include weakness, reduced growth, leaf fall and dieback of the branches, branch and trunk canker and root rot that eventually lead to the gradual death or decline of the tree. In Iran the fungi cause hazelnut decline disease, Diaporthe amygdali, and Cytospora fuckelii as canker and Fusarium semitectum, F. lateritium, F. anthophilum and Armillaria mellea as root rot causative agents. This article describes symptoms of hazelnut decline in Iran, pathogenic fungi and management strategies.
Ali Rostami, Mehdi Sadravi, Mr Rasool Rezaee, Mohammad Abdollahi,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
Rostami A, Sadravi M, Rezaei R, Abdollahi M (2020) Biological control of Fusarium root rot of bean with two
Trichoderma species and
Pseudomonas fluorescens. Plant Pathology Science 9(2): 14-27. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.9.2.14
Introduction: Fusarium root rot with damage reported up to 85% of the crop yield, caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli, is one of the most important bean diseases in the world. Biological control is a healthy and environmentally friendly way to manage this soil-borne disease. Materials and Methods: Bean farms in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province were visited and the rotten roots of diseased plants were sampled. Two isolates of the pathogen were isolated, purified and identified. The pathogenicity of these two isolates was tested on two bean varieties Drakhshan and Pak under greenhouse conditions. The colony growth inhibition rate of the hypervirulant isolate of the pathogen was assessed by 14 native isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, four isolates of Trichoderma virens, two isolates of Trichoderma atroviridae, and five native isolates of Pseudomonas florescens and P. florescens CHAO with hyperparasitic ability and production of antibiotics in vitro. Finally, the effect of four superior T. harzianum isolates, one T. atroviridae isolate and two P. florescens isolates on disease severity were examined in a completely randomized design in the greenhouse. Results: All isolates of three species of Trichoderma had the ability to hyperparasite and destroy pathogenic hyphae. Four T. harzianum isolates showed a more significant ability to produce non-volatile and volatile antibiotic materials. All treatments significantly reduced the disease severity, but a T. harzianum isolate was more effective in vivo. Conclusion: Fusarium root rot is also found in bean fields in southwestern Iran. Native isolates of T. harzianum, T. virens and T. atroviridae have the hyperparasitic ability on the pathogen. These fungi and isolates of P. florescens have the ability to inhibit the growth of the pathogen colony by producing antibiotic substances. Isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, T. atroviridae and P. florescens CHAO have the ability to reduce the severity of the disease in vivo.
Mrs. Mahsa Samiee, Mahdi Davari,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
Samiee M, Davari M (2020) Important diseases of turf in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 9(2):119-128. DOI: 10.2982/PPS.9.2.119.
Turf grass is the most important grown plant in urban green space, which functions such as temperature adjustment, increase in relative humidity, air softness and dust absorption. Fungal and fungal-like diseases are the most common lawn diseases in Iran, affecting this plant at all stages of growth, causing its decline. Pythium, Fusarium, Microdochium, Rhizoctonia, Bipolaris, Pyricularia and Colletotrichum species are known as damping-off, root and crown rot, leaf spot and anthracnose pathogens of lawns in Iran. The symptoms of these diseases, the morphological characteristics of pathogens and the methods for their management are described.
Maryam Mirderikvand, Mostafa Darvishnia, Eidy Bazgir, Samira Pakbaz,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (2-2021)
Abstract
Mirderikvand M, Darvishnia M, Bazgir E, Pakbaz S (2021) Introduction of
Fusarium species associated with crown and root of canola in Lorestan Province of Iran. Plant Pathology Science 10(1):64-75. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.1.64.
Introduction: Canola is one of the most important oilseeds in the world. Fusarium species can causes of canola root and crown rot. Material and Methods: In order to identify Fusarium species associated with rapeseed, some samples of the roots and crown of infected and suspicious plants were taken from rapeseed fields in the counties of Lorestan Province during the 2018 growing season. The samples were transferred to the laboratory and pathogenic fungi isolated and purified using specific and public media and then identified with valid keys. Results: A total of 88 isolates were obtained from the collected samples, which due to the morphological characteristics as F. acuminatum, F. culmorum, F. diversisporum, F. oxysporum, F. sambucinum, and F. solani. F. culmorum with 21 isolates (23.86%) and F. solani with 7 isolates (7.95%) had the highest and lowest frequency percentage, respectively. Conclusion: Canola is reported for the first time as a new host for F. diversisporum and F. sambucinum in Iran.
Javad Yousefi Nayi, Adel Pordel, Ahmad Drakhshan, Ali Nazvar,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
Yousefi-Nayi J, Pordel A, Drakhshan A, Nazvar A (2021) Fusarium species the causal cumin wilt in the Khorasan-Razavi province of Iran. Plant Pathology Science 10(2):30-39. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.2.30.
Introduction: Cumin is the second most popular spice worldwide after black pepper. It is planted with a large acreage each year in Iran, especially in the Khorasan-Razavi province (northeastern Iran). Fungal diseases have caused great loss to this precious plant every year. This study aimed to investigate and identify the causal fungi of chlorosis and wilting of cumin in the Khorasan-Razavi province. Materials and Methods: Yellowed and wilted cumin plants were sampled from Torbat-Heydarieh, Kashmar, and Roshtkhar suburban’s farms, and fungi were isolated, purified, and identified, from their diseased tissues. The pathogenicity test of isolated fungi was carried out on a local cultivar under greenhouse conditions. Results: Two Fusarium species, including F. oxysporum with the highest frequency and F. equiseti with the lowest frequency, were isolated from diseased cumin plants. Between 43 isolates of these fungi in the pathogenicity test, twenty-four isolates of F. oxysporum caused wilt, and nine isolates of F. equiseti caused chlorosis and leaf fall, in the plant. Conclusion: F. oxysporum, and F. equiseti are known as the causal agents of cumin wilt and chlorosis in the Khorasan-Razavi province of Iran.
Mohammad Rezvanjoo, Mehdi Sadravi, Alireza Khoshroo,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
Rezvanjoo M, Sadravi M, Khoshroo A (2021) Impact of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on Fusarium wilt in three tomato cultivars. Plant Pathology Science 10(2):74-81. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.2.74.
Introduction: Wilt caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is one of the most common and harmful diseases in most tomato growing areas. The disease damage is reported up to 27% of the yield in Iran. Biological control of the disease is an effective, environmentally friendly, and consumer health management method. The ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to reduce many soil-borne diseases has been demonstrated, so this study was conducted to investigate the effect of a commercially available arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on disease severity in three tomato cultivars. Materials and Methods: The commercial inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus geosprum was obtained from the market. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized statistical design with four replicates for each treatment. Inoculum of G. geosprum was added to sterile soil in pots and then seeds of Super-Strain, Chef, and Super-Falat tomato cultivars were sown. Seedling roots were inoculated at the three to the six-leaf stage with a spore suspension of a hypervirulent isolate of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Data on the severity of the disease, stem height, root length were collected after the appearance of wilting symptoms and analyzed with the SPSS 20 software and the means values were compared. Results: The severity of the disease was significantly reduced in all cultivars treated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, and the stem height and root length were higher than those with no mycorrhizal fungus. Conclusion: The ability of G. geosporum, to reduce the severity of Fusarium wilt disease and increase the growth of tomato plants is reported for the first time.
Hoda Taheri , Eidi Bazgir,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Taheri H, Bazgir E (2022) The role of autophagy in plants protection against pathogens. Plant Pathology Science 11(1):133-145. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.1.133.
Autophagy plays an important role in the process of plant development and interaction with pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, and plant viruses. Autophagy is linked to immunity and disease resistance through inhibition of programmed cell death (PCD) and is recognized as an important defense component in plants. Autophagy also helps selectively eliminate pathogens through specific interactions. A number of pathogens have acquired the ability to cope with or evade autophagy and use it to develop the disease. Some other pathogens also use the autophagy system as pathogenic factors. Therefore, understanding cellular processes such as responses related to autophagy genes are very important for studying pathological physiology and plant immunity. The role of autophagy in the immune system and the plant's defense response to pathogens is described in this article.
Seyed Moslem Hosseini, Mostafa Darvishnia, H R Hossein Rezaeinejad, Eidi Bazgir, Fatemeh Darvishnia,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Hosseini SM, Darvishnia M, Rezaei Nejad A, Bazgir E, Darvishnia F (2022) The effect of essential oils of thyme, peppermint, savory and two fungicides on the growth of three plant pathogenic fungi. Plant Pathology Science 11(2):52-60. Doi:10.2982/PPS.11.2.52
Introduction: Some plant essential oils have antifungal properties. This study was conducted to determine the effect of three plant essential oils and two chemical fungicides on the growth of three plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. Materials and methods: The effect of different concentrations of three essential oils of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), peppermint (Mentha piperata L.) and khuzestani savory (Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad), compared to two chemical fungicides; mancozeb and carbendazim were investigated on the growth of three fungi Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium solani by dilution in Yeast Extract Sucrose Broth medium method and their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were calculated. Results: Thyme essential oil had the greatest inhibitory effect on A. solani and F. solani among these essential oils, and savory essential oil had the greatest inhibitory effect on B. cinerea. Among the chemical fungicides, mancozeb had the most inhibitory effect on A. solani and carbendazim had the most inhibitory effect on B. cinerea and F. solani. Conclusion: Thyme and khuzestani savory essential oils have a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of these three plants pathogenic fungi.
Khadijeh Abbasi, Saeed Afzalinia,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Abbasi K, Afzalinia S (2022) Introduction of eight fungi isolated from potato golden cyst nematode in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 11(2):22-31.
Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.2.22
Introduction: The golden cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, is considered as one of the most damaging potato pathogens in the world. Considering the skin composition of cyst nematodes and the ability of some fungi to produce enzymes that decompose it, this research was conducted to identify the fungi associated with potato cyst nematode. Materials and Methods: Eighty-six fungal isolates infecting potato golden cyst nematode in Hamedan province in western Iran were isolated and purified and identified based on morphological characteristics by valid keys. Results: Eight species of fungi belonging to three genera Alternaria, Clonostachys, Fusarium were isolated and identified from potato golden cyst nematode. The highest frequency was related to different species of Fusarium. Conclusion: The morphological characteristics of these eight fungi have been described and illustrated.
Azadeh Goudarzi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Goudarzi, A. (2023). Fusarium wilt disease of date palm. Plant Pathology Science, 12(1), 64-73.
Abstract
Fusarium wilt disease is known as one of the most destructive and fatal diseases of date trees in many date-producing areas of the world, especially date-producing countries in Africa. Currently, a significant portion of date orchards in Morocco and the western and central Sahara of Algeria are affected by Fusarium wilt disease. The economic losses caused by Fusarium wilt disease of dates, especially in the incidence of severe epidemics, are significant. Over the past century, the disease has killed more than 12 million palm trees in Morocco and about three million palm trees in Algeria. Fusarium oxysporum (Schltdl.) f. sp. albedinis, a soil-borne vascular pathogen, is known to cause Fusarium wilt disease of dates. The economic losses caused by this disease are very significant, especially in the incidence of severe epidemics, and in some areas, the Fusarium wilt epidemic has destroyed more than 70% of the date fruits. Integrated disease management strategies include the use of resistant or tolerant cultivars, prevention of introduction of the disease causal agent into disease-free areas, eradication of the disease, biological control and chemical control. This disease has not been reported from date-producing areas of Iran, although similar symptoms to Fusarium wilt have been observed in some date orchards of Hormozgan province.
