Showing 116 results for Type of Study: Extentional
Kayvan Farri, Maryam Khezri,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
Farri K, Khezri M (2021) Integrate management method of plants crown gall disease. Plant Pathology Science 10(2):116-127.
Doi: 10.2982/PPS.10.2.116.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is capable of causing distractive disease of crown gall in a wide range of dicotyledonous plants and causes great economic impact in its hosts. This soil-dwelling bacterium can survive as a saprophyte in soil and plant debris for a long time. When the host plant is present, the bacterium is absorbed into the plant through the root secretions from the wounds and enters the plant through it. The pathogenic bacteria introduce a part of its Ti plasmid, called T-DNA, into the plant cell. Integration of the T-DNA to plant cell genome results in expression of the encoded oncogenes and an increasing the production of phytohormones in cells. Overproduction of auxin and cytokinin leads to cells hyperplasia and hypertrophy, which results in the gall formation on the root, crown, and branches of infected plants. As regards the wide host range, high economic impact, and difficult control of this disease, in this article phenotypic, genetic and pathogenicity characteristics of bacteria have been studied, as well as biology and effective strategies of integrated disease management are presented.
Hoda Taheri , Eidi Bazgir,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Taheri H, Bazgir E (2022) The role of autophagy in plants protection against pathogens. Plant Pathology Science 11(1):133-145. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.1.133.
Autophagy plays an important role in the process of plant development and interaction with pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, and plant viruses. Autophagy is linked to immunity and disease resistance through inhibition of programmed cell death (PCD) and is recognized as an important defense component in plants. Autophagy also helps selectively eliminate pathogens through specific interactions. A number of pathogens have acquired the ability to cope with or evade autophagy and use it to develop the disease. Some other pathogens also use the autophagy system as pathogenic factors. Therefore, understanding cellular processes such as responses related to autophagy genes are very important for studying pathological physiology and plant immunity. The role of autophagy in the immune system and the plant's defense response to pathogens is described in this article.
Meysam Bakhshi Ganje,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Bakhshi Ganje M (2022) Acute oak decline disease. Plant Pathology Science
11(1):122-132. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.1.122.
Abstract
Acute oak decline with signs of canker and colored discharge on the trunks of old trees has been reported in northern Iran for the past two decades. Several bacteria of the order Enterobacterales, the family Pectobacteriaceae and the genus Brenneria were isolated and identified from diseased trees. Although oak possesses several genes whose products are responsible for plant resistance to fungal pathogens, bio-trophic pathogens, hemibiotrophic pathogens, and water stress, it does not show resistance to these necrotrophic pathogenic bacteria. The mechanism of the occurrence and epidemic of acute oak decay is the predisposition of trees to successive droughts, the outbreak of some pests, and the relatively low rate of development of oak defense genes against the high rate of evolution of pathogenic genes of necrotrophic bacteria such as Brenneria species. Due to the many climate changes in recent years, there may be an epidemic of the disease in the forests of other parts of the country in the future. This article describes research into the disease to pave the way for an appropriate method of disease management.
Samaneh Samavat, Mahdiyeh Salehi Vozhdehnazari, Pegah Sayyad-Amin,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Samavat S, Salehi Vozhdehnazari M, Sayyad-Amin P (2022) Inhibitory effects of essential oils and extracts of medicinal plants on plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Plant Pathology Science 11(1):113-121. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.1.113.
The use of essential oils and extracts of medicinal plants is one of the environmentally friendly methods in the management of plant diseases caused by fungi and bacteria. The antimicrobial effect of essential oils and extracts of various medicinal plants such as thyme, cloves, savory, garlic, licorice and fennel has been proven and their active ingredient has also been identified. Based on these studies, the possibility of introducing, formulating and using essential oils and extracts of medicinal plants or any of their components with antimicrobial properties, as an alternative method of using chemical toxins in the management of fungal and bacterial diseases of plants can be provided.
Parmida Aleahmad, Leila Ebrahimi,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Aleahmad P. Ebrahimi L (2022) The role of endophyte fungi in plant disease management. Plant Pathology Science 11(1):100-112.
Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.1.100.
Plant diseases usually cause economic damage and reduce growth and crop yield. Treatment of plant diseases with chemical toxins can result in environmental side effects, the emergence of resistance in pathogens, and loss of beneficial soil microorganisms, so the search for alternative methods such as identification and use of antagonistic microorganisms for disease treatment has been considered by researchers. A set of endophyte fungi that grow without damage or symptoms in host plant tissues and are known to be biological control agents of some plant diseases. Endophyte fungi with different mechanisms such as the production of antibiotic metabolites, competition, induction of resistance, and hyperparasitism of the pathogen weaken or eliminate the pathogens. These fungi can also help increase the growth and resistance of host plants to various stresses by producing antioxidant and antitumor compounds, as well as various growth hormones.
Maryam Mirtalebi, Javad Shafienia,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Shafienia J, Mirtalebi M (2022) Plants growth promoting fungi. Plant Pathology Science 11(2):112-124. Doi:10.2982/PPS.11.2.112
The world's population is growing rapidly. To feed this large population, more crops must be produced. The broad use of fertilizers, pesticides and other inputs increases the productivity of existing agricultural lands and the amount of food production, but this increase in yield causes damage to the environment, soil degradation and the destruction of its natural microbial population. To prevent these harmful effects of the chemicals, an eco-friendly approach is needed to ensure human health and the environment. In the innovative view of agricultural production, there is a growing demand for the use of biofertilizers instead of agrochemicals. The use of beneficial microorganisms can be a new strategy to improve plant health and productivity. Natural microbial populations play an important role in the solubilizing and mineralizing of soil nutrients, which is very important for plant growth and development. Among the various microbial populations, fungi known as plants growth promoting fungi (PGPF) have recently received increasing attention. For decades, plant growth promoting fungi such as Trichoderma, Penicillium, Phoma, Aspergillus and Fusarium have been studied. Studies have shown that these fungi, regulate plant growth without environmental pollution and increase plant tolerance to plant pathogens. In this review a brief description of plant growth promoting fungi is given first. In the following, the nature and composition of these fungi as well as the mode of actions, formulation and related challenges will be concidered.
Mostafa Nasiri, Mohammad Mehdi Faghihi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Nasiri M, Faghihi M M (2022) Bacterial mosaic disease of wheat. Plant Pathology Science 11(2):103-111. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.2.103
Bacterial mosaic of wheat is caused by the gram positive bacterium Clavibacter tessellarius. The symptoms of the disease are uniformly distributed small chlorotic spots with mosaic pattern on the entire leaf surface resemble those symptoms of nutrient deficiencies and some viral diseases, and it may be difficult to determine. Due to the seed-borne nature of the disease, use of healthy and certified pathogen free seeds is the most important strategy for managing this disease. The wheat bacterial mosaic has been reported in wheat fields in several provinces of Iran and it seems to be widespread in different wheat growing areas. In order to better understand the disease, its various aspects including the symptoms, pathogen biology and its host ranges, and management of the disease are reviewed in this article.
Mr Noorallah Hasanpour, Mahdi Arzanlou,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Hasanpour, N., & Arzanlou M. (2023). Application of yeasts in plant diseases management. Plant Pathology Science 12(1), 94-104.
Yeasts are widely distributed on earth.They play role in industries such as bakery, fermentation, protein production, the synthesis of chemicals such as riboflavin and citric acid, agriculture and plant diseases management. They are effective in reducing plant diseases. through a variety of mechanisms, such as competition for food and space, parasitic relationship with the pathogen, induction of plant resistance, mycoparasitism, ecological niche occupation, mycotoxin detoxification and production of cell wall degradation enzymes. The superior characteristics of yeasts are greater tolerance and adaptation to thermal fluctuations at low and high temperatures, adaptation in a wide range of relative humidity, pH fluctuations, low oxygen levels, high proliferation rate, limiting the pathogen population and tolerance to UV radiation. Due these characteristics, yeasts are considered as one of the best choices to use in the process of biological control. In this paper, the positive aspects of yeasts compared to other microbial agents, their role in agriculture and management mechanisms of plant diseases are discussed.
Azadeh Goudarzi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Goudarzi, A. (2023). Fusarium wilt disease of date palm. Plant Pathology Science, 12(1), 64-73.
Abstract
Fusarium wilt disease is known as one of the most destructive and fatal diseases of date trees in many date-producing areas of the world, especially date-producing countries in Africa. Currently, a significant portion of date orchards in Morocco and the western and central Sahara of Algeria are affected by Fusarium wilt disease. The economic losses caused by Fusarium wilt disease of dates, especially in the incidence of severe epidemics, are significant. Over the past century, the disease has killed more than 12 million palm trees in Morocco and about three million palm trees in Algeria. Fusarium oxysporum (Schltdl.) f. sp. albedinis, a soil-borne vascular pathogen, is known to cause Fusarium wilt disease of dates. The economic losses caused by this disease are very significant, especially in the incidence of severe epidemics, and in some areas, the Fusarium wilt epidemic has destroyed more than 70% of the date fruits. Integrated disease management strategies include the use of resistant or tolerant cultivars, prevention of introduction of the disease causal agent into disease-free areas, eradication of the disease, biological control and chemical control. This disease has not been reported from date-producing areas of Iran, although similar symptoms to Fusarium wilt have been observed in some date orchards of Hormozgan province.
Aminallah Tahmasebi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Tahmasebi, A. (2023). The role of translation initiation factors in plants recessive resistance to viruses. Plant Pathology Science, 12(1), 113-121.
Abstract
Plant viruses are important pathogens that cause quantitative and qualitative decline of agricultural products all over the world. Plants resistance is the most effective way to control plant viruses. Viruses as obligate parasites to complete their infection cycle, such as the processes of protein synthesis, replication, and movement, are dependent on the compatibility of cellular factors of host plants. Absence or mutation in these essential factors for the virus infection cycle or mutation in the regulator of plant defense responses may cause the host's recessive resistance to the virus. Recessive genes identified in virus-plant interactions include eukaryotic translation initiation factors eIF4E, eIF4G, and their isoforms. A number of translation factors have been identified in plants, such as eIF3, eEF1A, and eEF1B, which are essential in interacting with viral RNAs and regulating various processes in the virus infection cycle. More awareness of molecular mechanisms of these factors as well as their interaction with other host and viral factors can be used in the development of new management methods such as silencing or genome editing against viruses.
Fereshteh Esmaeilzadeh, Dr. Davoud Koolivand,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Esmaeilzadeh, F., & Koolivand, D. (2022). Tomato brown rogue fruit virus. Plant Pathology Science 12(1), 84-93.
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is an emerging pathogen that generally causes disease in greenhouses. This virus causes yellow areas, malformation and brown necrotic lesions on tomato fruits. This virus, which has a global distribution, has recently been reported using molecular methods in the greenhouses of few provinces of Iran. According to the report of this virus from Iran, the characteristics of the ToBRFV, its symptoms, host range, mode of transmission and spread, and its management methods have been described based on previous studies.
Maryam Khezri, Mahmoud Reza Karimi Shahri, Abolghasem Ghasem,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Khezri, M., Karimi Shahri, M. R., & Ghasemi, A. (2023). Bacterial rot disease of saffron corm and leaf. Plant Pathology Science, 12(1), 74-83.
Saffron is one of the valuable agricultural products and its dried stigma is used as medicine and is known as a precious spice. Infection of the plant's reproductive organs plays an important role in the spread of pathogens. The saffron is reproduced via corms, and using healthy and pathogen-free corms is the best and most effective strategy to prevent the spread of soil-borne pathogens in new areas and fields. Saffron corm rot disease is caused by some fungal and bacterial pathogens. Burkholderia gladioli pv. gladioli is the causal agent of saffron leaf and corm rot disease. The bacterium survives in the soil for a long time, and it is transmitted through the infected soil, farming tools, and corms. In recent years, this disease has been reported from Khorasan Razavi province. In this article, along with introducing the bacterial disease of saffron leaves and corms rotting, strategies to prevent the occurrence and spread of the disease have been presented.
Azadeh Goudarzi,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Goudarzi A (2023) Anthracnose disease of citrus. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):117-129.
Colletotrichum species are the causal agents of diseases including leaf spots, fruit rots and dieback in a wide range of plant hosts such as citrus, banana, strawberry, avocado, papaya, mango and apple. In citrus, important diseases including anthracnose, post harvest anthracnose, key lime anthracnose and postbloom fruit drop are caused by different species of Colletotrichum which are of the major limitations of citrus production in many citrus producing countries worldwide. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides has been identified as the main cause of citrus anthracnose. The disease symptoms include dieback of branches and twigs, leaf spot, fruit rot and abscission of leaves and small fruits. In the case of epidemic occurrence, the damage caused by the disease on different species and cultivars of citrus is very significant. The economic losses caused by the disease is mainly related to damage to the vegetative parts of citrus trees, as well as decay and reduction of market value of the fruits. So far, citrus anthracnose and postharvest anthracnose caused by C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola, C. siamense, C. karstii and C. novae-zelandiae have been reported from Iran. In addition, dieback and postbloom fruit drop caused by C. gloeosporioides are of the common challenges of citrus production in the north of the country. Sanitation, management of irrigation and nutrition, control of pests, diseases and weeds and use of chemical fungicides, especially strobilurins, are effective approaches of the disease management. In order to prevent the emergence of resistant populations of the causal agents, the use of fungicides should be carried out with periodicity.
Azadeh Goudarzi,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Goudarzi A (2023) Black scorch disease of date palm. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):66-75.
Black scorch disease is considered one of the important and damaging diseases of date palm in many regions of the world, including Oman, Iraq, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. The disease was first reported in Iran in 2014 from Tabas in South Khorasan Province, and in the following years, symptoms of the disease were observed scattered in Kerman, Hormozgan, Fars and Bushehr provinces. Two fungi, Thielaviopsis paradoxa and T. radicicola, are known as causal agents of the disease. Disease symptoms include tissue dieback, wilting, canopy bowing, terminal meristem rot, and tree dieback. The disease is commonly observed on trees suffering from environmental stress, particularly salt and drought stress. Although the susceptibility of different cultivars to the disease varies, the disease has been reported in 21 date palm cultivars worldwide to date. This article describes integrated disease management methods, including preventing diseases from entering the area, preventing damage to date palms, adhering to plant health principles, managing environmental stress, and proper ventilation in the grove, as well as biological and chemical control.
Saeedeh Dehghanpour Farashah,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Dehghanpour Farashah S (2023) Defense responses by nitric oxide in plant-pathogen interaction. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):130-142.
The control of diseases in agriculture often relies on pesticides and chemical fertilizers, which negatively affect the rhizosphere natural microflora and ecosystem balance. Today, researchers are looking to replace these chemicals with other environment friendly agents to improve agricultural production and control plant pathogens. Research on the interaction of nitric oxide (NO) with plant pathogens has shown that NO is a key messenger in the response of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. Due to the role of NO in the regulation of plant defense genes, especially through programmed cell death, it has attracted the attention of many plant pathologists. Although NO plays an important role in the hypersensitive reaction in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses, it has been found that NO also plays a role in regulating the expression of genes related to non-specific resistance. In this review, the role of nitric oxide in plant-pathogens interaction has been investigated.
Maryam Mirtalebi, Donya Abshang,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Abshang, A., & Mirtalebi, M. (2024). The role of fungal volatile organic compounds in plant disease management. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1), 65-74.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon-based organic chemicals derived from primary or secondary metabolism which are released as gases from different solids and liquids. Many intra- and inter-kingdom ecological interactions between living organisms take place through VOCs. The volatile organic compounds released by pathogenic fungi have a negative effect on the growth of plants. The release of volatiles by these fungi in the soil inhibits growth and results in a decrease in shoot length, root surface area, and plant biomass. In addition to negatively impacting plant development, these compounds generated by pathogenic fungi can also serve as growth regulators, modifying plant architecture and stimulating growth. The promotion of plant growth can, consequently, be beneficial for pathogens by offering a larger habitat for surface colonization and increasing their survival.
These compounds also increase the biosynthesis of strigolactones and root growth in interaction with fungi, facilitating the identification of mycorrhizal fungi for the roots, increasing the colonization of fungi on the roots. The antibiotic effects of VOCs are involved in the inhibition of many plant pathogens. Some of these fungal compounds have inhibitory activity in the soil and some have insect repellent and nematicidal properties.
Dr. Mina Rastgou, Siroos Honarvar,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Rastgou, M., & Honarvar, S. (2024). Application of phages for biological control of plants pathogenic bacteria. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1),55-64.
Pathogenic bacteria are one of the most important factors in reducing the yield of plant products. In the past, the management of these pathogens was limited to the use of antibacterial compounds or resistance inducers, but with the discovery of bacteriophages in recent decades, attention to their use has increased. Bacteriophages or phages are viruses that specifically affect bacterial cells. Currently, hundreds of bacteriophages have been isolated and tested against plant pathogenic bacteria, and there are still many more that need to be investigated. This approach requires special protocols to identify new phages, understand the emergence of phage-resistant clones and the infectivity of other bacterial species. Phage therapy or the use of phages to biological control plant pathogenic bacteria due to its cheapness, very high specificity of phages against bacteria, no negative effect on humans or animals, and no environmental pollution, as a suitable method to control these pathogens can be considered.
Arezoo Pakdel, Mohammad Khanjani,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Pakdel, A., & Khanjani, M. (2024). Management methods of whiteflies that transmit plants pathogenic viruses. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1),27-41.
Most of the plant viruses that have recently spread in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions and have limited the production of important plant products are transmitted by whiteflies. Three important whitefly species Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Trialeurodes abutiloneus are known as carriers of most plant viruses. Plant viruses transmitted by whiteflies are in the genera: Begomovirus, Crinivirus, Ipomovirus, Carlavirus, Torradovirus and Polerovirus. Management of whiteflies is difficult because of their wide host range, high reproduction rate, large population size, and also their resistance to insecticides, but new methods of chemical, biological control and the production of resistant transgenic plants have been developed to manage them, which are described in this article.
Seyyedehatefeh Hosseini, Zahra Anvari,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Hosseini, S. A., & Anvari, Z. (2024). Application of new information technologies in plant pathology. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1),135-148.
Population growth has put significant pressure on the food supply chain, making it even more challenging to ensure that everyone has access to adequate, healthy, and nutritious food. The use of new information technologies based on artificial intelligence in agriculture can play a significant role in increasing the production of healthy plant products and ensuring food security for humans. All plant crops are highly vulnerable to diseases and timely and correct management of diseases is essential to optimize their production. New information technologies such as remote sensing, analysis of plant absorption light spectra, and the use of specialized Internet software for the diagnosis of plant diseases on mobile phones can help in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of diseases, the implementation of a forecasting program and their monitoring to prevent their spread, and the timely implementation of their management methods. The unique applications of these new information technologies in the identification, monitoring and management of plant diseases are described in this article.
Parastoo Pouraziz, Dr. Davoud Koolivand,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (2-2024)
Abstract
Pouraziz, P., & Koolivand, D. (2024). The application of biopolymers in the management of plants viral diseases. Plant Pathology Science, 13(1),125-134.
Polymers with natural origin are known as biopolymers. Due to their biocompatibility and biodegradable properties, biopolymers have a wide range of applications in various fields such as agriculture, medicine, and industry. Biopolymers limit the activities of plant pathogens by increasing the immune system of plants by influencing resistance genes and also activating resistance mechanisms. Therefore, the use of these substances to combat plant pathogens has found a wide application in agriculture. The use of biopolymers to deal with plant pathogens such as fungi and bacteria is a suitable solution to reduce their damage. Also, treatment of the virus-infected plant with biopolymers reduces the symptoms and damage of the disease. The molecular antiviral mechanisms of some biopolymers such as chitosan, chitin, oligochitosan, β-glucans, lentine, alginate, hydrogel and their compounds in the management of plants viral diseases are described in this article.
