Showing 89 results for Type of Study: Research
Seyed Moslem Hosseini, Mostafa Darvishnia, H R Hossein Rezaeinejad, Eidi Bazgir, Fatemeh Darvishnia,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Hosseini SM, Darvishnia M, Rezaei Nejad A, Bazgir E, Darvishnia F (2022) The effect of essential oils of thyme, peppermint, savory and two fungicides on the growth of three plant pathogenic fungi. Plant Pathology Science 11(2):52-60. Doi:10.2982/PPS.11.2.52
Introduction: Some plant essential oils have antifungal properties. This study was conducted to determine the effect of three plant essential oils and two chemical fungicides on the growth of three plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. Materials and methods: The effect of different concentrations of three essential oils of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), peppermint (Mentha piperata L.) and khuzestani savory (Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad), compared to two chemical fungicides; mancozeb and carbendazim were investigated on the growth of three fungi Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium solani by dilution in Yeast Extract Sucrose Broth medium method and their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were calculated. Results: Thyme essential oil had the greatest inhibitory effect on A. solani and F. solani among these essential oils, and savory essential oil had the greatest inhibitory effect on B. cinerea. Among the chemical fungicides, mancozeb had the most inhibitory effect on A. solani and carbendazim had the most inhibitory effect on B. cinerea and F. solani. Conclusion: Thyme and khuzestani savory essential oils have a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of these three plants pathogenic fungi.
Mohammad Hosein Poor, Ramin Heydari, Ahmad Drakhshan, Somayeh Baadl Chery,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Hoseinpoor M, Heydari R, Drakhshan A, Baadl Chery S (2022) The effect of ferula and rosemary extracts on tomato root knot nematode. Plant Pathology Science 11(2):83-91. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.2.83
Introduction: Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) is considered as one of the limiting factors in the cultivation of greenhouse crops, including tomatoes. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of rosemary and ferula extracts compared to chemical nematicides of rugby and volum to find an environmentally friendly method for disease management. Materials and Methods: The effect of rosemary and ferula extracts with rugby and volum nematicides on tomato root-knot nematode was investigated in a completely randomized design under greenhouse conditions. Seedlings of Mobil variety were inoculated with second instar larvae of M. javanica at the 4-6 leaf stage and the effects of plants extracts and nematicides were investigated. After 60 days, the plants were removed from the pot and their growth indicators and disease severity were measured. Results: The simultaneous use of rosemary and ferula extracts had the greatest effect in reducing pathogenicity indicators such as gall index, number of larvae and number of eggs and increasing plant growth indicators such as fresh and dry weight of root and fresh weight of stem compared to control infected with nematode and nematicides treatments. Conclusion: The good effect of the combination of ferula and rosemary extracts compared to chemical nematicides shows the appropriate potential of its use as an environmentally friendly method for disease management.
Fariba Ghaderi, Seyed Ali Asghar Hashemi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Ghaderi F, Hasehemi SAA (2022) Phytophthora citricola as the causal agent of persimmon root rot in Fars province of Iran. Plant Pathology Science 11(2): 1-10.
Introduction: Phytophthora species are a serious threat to plant products worldwide. Therefore, identifying them is the first step in finding a way to treat the disease. The aim of this study was to identify Phytophthora species causing root and crown rot of persimmon trees in Fars province. Materials and methods: Samples were taken from the crowns and roots of diseased persimmon trees, in the summer of 2018-2019. Infected root and crown tissues were cultured in CMA-PARPH medium. Isolates of Phytophthora species were purified by single spore method and morphological and molecular characteristics were used to identify them. Results: Six isolates were obtained from the roots of diseased persimmon trees and identified as Phytophthora citricola based on their morphological characteristics. Phylogenetic studies based on beta-tubulin (βtub) and 28S rDNA genes showed that all isolates (Iran-Pc1 to Iran-Pc6) were grouped into clade 2 with a validation scale of 100 and confirmed the identification of P .citricola. Conclusion: This is a new report of persimmon root and crown rot caused by Phytophthora citricola in Fars Province.
Keywords: Beta-tubulin, Gene, Persimmon, Phytophthora, 28S rDNA
Farzad Moradi, Hojatolah Mazaheri-Laghab, Leila Kashi, Seid Saied Mosavi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Moradi F, Mazaheri-laghab H, Kashi L, Moosavi SS (2022) Impact of raw and pure saponins of six alfalfa ecotypes on Ditylenchus dipsaci egg hatching. Plant Pathology Science 11(2):61-72. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.2.61
Introduction: The stem and bulb nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci, is an important and damaging pathogen in a number of agricultural and ornamental plants, including alfalfa. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of raw and pure saponins of six alfalfa ecotypes on the hatching of this nematode's eggs in order to find a biological method for its management. Materials and Methods: The effect of raw and pure saponins of six alfalfa ecotypes on the hatching of stem nematode eggs was investigated in a completely randomized factorial design with two factors of alfalfa ecotypes (six ecotypes) and their saponins (raw and pure) in vitro. Results: Analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect between two factors, ecotype and saponin, is statistically significant. At concentrations of 50 and 90 microliters of crude saponin from different ecotypes, 30-42% and 33-59% of the nematode eggs did not hatch, respectively. The Nishaburi ecotypes caused the most and the Shiraz and Khrisari polycross caused the least number of egg hatching. Concentrations of 10 and 50 microliters of pure saponin resulted in between 56 and 69% and 61 and 79% of total nematode eggs failing to hatch, respectively. The local ecotypes Miandoab and Nishaburi had the highest and Shiraz Polycross the lowest number of egg hatches. Conclusion: Pure saponins of alfalfa ecotypes have a greater effect on nematode egg hatching than raw saponins. Saponins of Shiraz Polycross alfalfa ecotype have a better effect than other ecotypes.
Farzaneh Talaei, Mehdi Sadravi, Ebrahim Adhami,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Talaei F, Sadravi M, Adhami E (2022) Correlation between arbuscular mycorrhiza in wheat and physicochemical characteristics of soil. Plant Pathology Science 11(2):32-41. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.2.32
Introduction: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in symbiosis with plant roots help to absorb more phosphorus, and increase the growth and development of plants. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between population and diversity of AMF, and physicochemical characteristics of soil in wheat fields of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province in southwestern Iran. Materials and Methods: Thirty wheat fields in this province, were visited near harvest time, and their rhizosphere and aerial organs were sampled. AMF spores were isolated by sieving the rhizosphere suspension in water and centrifuging in Sucrose solution. The spore population of these fungi was count. The percentage of root length colonization by these fungi was calculated in every sample. The morphological characteristics of the isolated spores were studied and the collected information was compared with the descriptions of AMF and the fungi present in each sample were identified. Texture, soil dispersion, soil and plant phosphorus content were determined and the correlation coefficient between AMF population and diversity with physical and chemical characteristics of soil and wheat plant were calculated. Results: Fifteen arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi belonging to nine genera: Acaulospora, Archaeospora, Entrophospora, Gigaspora, Claroideumglomus, Funeliformis, Rhizoglomus, Septoglomus and Scutellospora were identified. The diversity of these fungi in the samples was (2-)2.9(-5) and F. mosseae was dominant species with 90% relative frequency. The population of these fungi had a negative correlation with soil pH, but with soil soluble phosphorus and plant phosphorus content had a positive correlation. The diversity of these fungi had a positive correlation with soil soluble phosphorus. There was a positive correlation between the amount of sand in the soil and the root length colonization. Conclusion: AMF have a greater population and diversity in soils with light texture, less moisture along with low amounts of soluble phosphorus and organic matter. The positive correlation between the population of these fungi and plant phosphorus indicates their usefulness for the plant.
Engineer Maryam Fouladi, Eidi Bazgir, Mostafa Darvishnia, Kourosh Azizi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Fouladi M, Bazgir E, Darvishnia M, Azizi K (2022) Plant parasitic nematodes associated with cucumber cultivation in Lorestan province of Iran. Plant Pathology Science 11(2):73-82. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.2.73
Introduction: Nematodes are one of the harmful factors for cucumber production in the world. This research was conducted to identify plant parasitic nematodes in cucumber fields and greenhouses in Lorestan province in western Iran. Materials and Methods: Eighty-five soil samples containing cucumber roots were collected from different cities of Lorestan province in western Iran. Extraction of nematodes, their fixation and the production of permanent microscopic slides and species identification were carried out using scientific references. Results: Twenty plant-parasitic nematode species from 12 genera of the order Tylenchina have been identified. The morphological characteristics of Amplimerlinius globigerus and Meloidogyne incognita have been described as the most harmful cucumber nematodes in the province. Conclusion: Eleven new species of cucumber root-associated nematode for Iran are reported here.
Dr. Ali Alizadeh Aliabadi, Dr. Mohammad Mehdi Faghihi, Dr. Mohammad Salehi, Mr. Abolghasem Ghasemi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Alizadeh Aliabadi A, Faghihi MM, Salehi M, Ghasemi A (2022) Dynamics of emergence and spread of citrus huanglongbing disease in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 11(2):11-21. Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.2.11
Introduction: Huanglongbing or Fruit Greening is one of the major citrus diseases in Iran that has spread to most of the country's citrus growing provinces. In this study, the prevalence trend of the disease in seven provinces was investigated and analyzed. Materials and Methods: Citrus orchards in Sistan-Balochestan, Hormozgan, Bushehr, Khuzestan, Fars, Kerman and Mazandaran provinces were visited and samples suspected of having this disease were collected, in 2007-2009 and 2017-2019 years. After DNA extraction from the samples, the PCR test was performed using the specific primers OI1/OI2c and A2/J5. Results: It was found that the percentage of infected specimens, infected areas and number of hosts of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the causative agent of this disease, has increased over this period. At the end of this period, some samples of oranges, tangerines, grapefruits, bitter oranges, Lisbon lemons and Mexican limes were obtained from the provinces: Kerman, Hormozgan, Sistan-Baluchestan, and Fars were infected with the disease. Conclusion: The study of the disease during these years showed that: the infected areas and the host range of the disease have expanded a lot during this period, and the spread of the disease in citrus cultivation areas in the south of the country has been with a gentle slope. The reduction of the disease-carrying psyllium population during these years seems to have been effective in slowing down the spread of the disease.
Khadijeh Abbasi, Saeed Afzalinia,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Abbasi K, Afzalinia S (2022) Introduction of eight fungi isolated from potato golden cyst nematode in Iran. Plant Pathology Science 11(2):22-31.
Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.2.22
Introduction: The golden cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, is considered as one of the most damaging potato pathogens in the world. Considering the skin composition of cyst nematodes and the ability of some fungi to produce enzymes that decompose it, this research was conducted to identify the fungi associated with potato cyst nematode. Materials and Methods: Eighty-six fungal isolates infecting potato golden cyst nematode in Hamedan province in western Iran were isolated and purified and identified based on morphological characteristics by valid keys. Results: Eight species of fungi belonging to three genera Alternaria, Clonostachys, Fusarium were isolated and identified from potato golden cyst nematode. The highest frequency was related to different species of Fusarium. Conclusion: The morphological characteristics of these eight fungi have been described and illustrated.
Masoumeh Vakili-Ghartavol, Hossein Arouiee, Dr. Shiva Golmohammadzadeh, Mahboobeh Naseri,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Vakili-Ghartavol M, Arouiee H, Golmohammadzadeh S, Naseri M (2022) Optimal methods for the preparation of fungal mycelium for examination with the scanning electron microscope. Plant Pathology Science 11(2):42-51.
Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.2.42
Introduction: Plant-pathogenic fungi are considered a serious threat to world food security, causing spoilage in plant products and food poisoning. One of the ways to identify fungi is to examine their mycelium using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In order to take high-resolution microscopic images and obtain the surface properties of mushroom mycelium samples, it is very important to prepare the samples, i.e. the method of dehydrating and drying them. Materials and Methods: In this research, the effect of two dehydration methods and two drying methods on the mycelia of two fungi, Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizopus stolonifer, were compared to study them with SEM. Results: Microscopic observations showed that for R. stolonifer, dehydration with 100% ethanol and drying and for R. solani at room temperature and dehydration with 50% ethanol and the freezing method produce a smooth and high-resolution image compared to other methods. Conclusion: Dehydration of fungal mycelium with 50% to 100% ethanol and drying at room temperature or freezing are the optimal methods to prepare them for examination with SEM and produce a smooth and high-resolution image, and the surface features of their mycelium are preserved and well-defined.
Azadeh Habibi, Fariba Ghaderi, Ziaeddin Banihashemi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Habibi A, Ghaderi F, Banihashemi Z (2023) Coevolution of Polystigma amygdalinum through a process of host tracking. Plant Pathology Science 12(1):36-45.
Introduction: The almond tree (Prunus dulcis) and its wild relative, the mountain almond tree (Amygdalus scoparia), grew up together in the province of Fars in Iran over decades. Red leaf blotch disease caused by Polystigma amygdalinum is one of the most important almond diseases in the world. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the evolution of this pathogen on its wild and domestic hosts. Materials and Methods: Ascospores suspension of P. amygdalinum isolates obtained from almond in Fars province was inoculated to almond and mountain almond seedlings in a greenhouse. The progress of the disease in the diseased leaves of mountain almond compared to almond was investigated by sectioning with a freezing microtome from the spots created on the leaves. Results: Red leaf blotch spots appeared on the leaves of both types of almonds. Statistical analysis of test data showed that P. amygdalinum isolates from almond are able to cause disease in mountain almond with significantly lower severity, and longer incubation period. Conclusion: The results of this research show that P. amygdalinum, the cause of red leaf blotch disease, have coevolved on cultivated almond through a process of host tracking.
Elmira Abootorabi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Abootorabi E (2023) The reaction of 32 tomato genotypes to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Plant Pathology Science, 12(1):25-35.
Introduction: This research was conducted with the aim of determining the reaction of 32 tomato genotypes from the plant gene bank of Iran to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, to identify resistant genotypes during two years under greenhouse conditions. Materials and Methods: After purifying the nematode population and planting the seeds of 32 tomato genotypes and reaching the stage of 3-4 leaves, each treatment was inoculated with 6000 eggs and larvae of M. javanica in five replicates, and 60 days after inoculation, vegetative traits and traits related to nematode population were determined in each treatment, and based on gall index (GI) and nematode reproductive factor (Rf), the reaction of genotypes to nematode was determined. Results: Eighteen genotypes with Rf>1 and GI>2, 23 genotypes with Rf<1 and GI>2, and three genotypes TN-72-938, TN-72-1041 and TN-72-1012 with Rf≤1 and GI≤2, were identified as susceptible, moderately resistant, and resistant to this destructive nematode respectively. Conclusion: These three resistant genotypes can be used in the M. javanica management program.
Former Ms.c. Saeed Sharify Rostam-Abady, Dr. Mahdieh Rostami, Dr. Farahnaz Jahanshahi Afshar, Fariba Ardeshir,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Sharify Rostam-Abadi, S., Rostami, M., Jahanshahi Afshar, F., Ardeshir, F. (2023). Three plant-parasitic nematodes of the family Longidoridae from orchards of Rafsanjan county, Iran. Plant Pathology Science 12(1),12-24.
Introduction: Longidoridae is a family of plant-parasitic nematodes belonging to the order Dorylaimida, that cause damage to most agricultural crops especially fruit trees by direct damage and also transmitting some plant pathogenic viruses. Considering the lack of prior research studies on this topic in the fruit orchards of Rafsanjan region, identifying and monitoring their population is important. Materials and Methods: In a study that was conducted to identify plant-parasitic nematodes of horticultural products in Rafsanjan city, some soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of various fruit trees, in 2020. The nematodes were extracted from the soil samples using two methods, centrifugal flotation-sieving and tray technique, fixed and transferred to the anhydrous glycerin. After preparing permanent slides, the nematodes were studied using a light microscopy. The nematode species were identified based upon morphological and morphometric data using relevant valid references. Results: In this study, three species of Dorylaimida order belonging to the Longidoridae family including the two genera: Longidorus (L. africanus) and Xiphinema (X. vuittenezi and X. index) were obtained from the rhizosphere. Also, in order to confirm the traditional identification of X. vuittenezi, this species was molecularly studied using D2-D3 extension fragment of LSU rDNA. The obtained sequence of the species was 100% identical to the sequences of the other populations of X. vuittenezi in the GenBank. Conclusion: This study shows that regional nematode population monitoring needs more attention.
Arman Kamgar, Saghar Ketabchi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Kamgar, A. & Ketabchi, S. (2023). The effect of three biofertilizers on growth indices of tomato and severity of bacterial wilt disease. Plant Pathology Science 12(1), 105-112.
Introduction: Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the major diseases of tomato in the world. Today, new methods based on the use of biological products for the management of plant diseases have been considered to reduce the consumption of chemical toxins and damage to the environment, to provide an organic product for consumers. Materials and Methods: The effect of three biofertilizers: Nitro Kara (containing several nitrogen-fixing bacteria), effective microorganisms (EM®: containing several species of yeasts and bacteria), and compost on tomato growth indices and severity of bacterial wilt disease were evaluated in a completely randomized design in greenhouse conditions. Results: Analysis of variance showed that, these three bio-fertilizers had significant effect on increasing tomato growth indices, but did not significantly reduce the disease severity. Compost among them had the greatest effect on tomato growth indices even in the presence of the pathogen. Conclusion: Compost can be considered as an improvement factor for tomato growth indices in the management program of bacterial wilt disease.
Zahereh Panahi, Reza Khakvar, Naser Aliasgharzad, Saeed Zehtab, Reza Farshabf Pourabad,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Panahi, Z., Khakvar, R., Aliasgharzad, N., Zehtab, S., & Farshbaf PourAbad, R. (2023). The effect of copper nanoparticles on soft rot agent of potato, carrot and onion. Plant Pathology Science, 12(1), 1-11.
Introduction: Bacterial soft rot caused by Pectobacterium species is one of the important and common diseases in Potatoes and vegetables. Disinfection of tubers or seeds with chemicals is one of the methods of disease management. Copper nanoparticles, like silver and gold nanoparticles, have a strong inhibitory effect on bacterial cells, but they are much cheaper and more accessible than them. This research was conducted to determine the effect of copper nanoparticles alone and in combination with oxytetracycline and streptomycin antibiotics on potato, carrot and onion soft rot. Materials and Methods: The pathogen was isolated from rotten tissues of potato, carrot and onion, purified and identified by studying the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the Pel-gene region using Pectobacterium specific primers (Y1 and Y2). The effect of copper nanoparticles, oxytetracycline and streptomycin, and their combination with copper nanoparticles on the pathogen growth was investigated in a completely randomized design experiment with three replications for each treatment in vitro. Results: Pectobacterium odoriferum was identified as pathogen based on phenotypic characteristics and genetic affinity. Streptomycin compared to oxytetracycline inhibited the pathogen growth more and their effect in combination with copper nanoparticles increased by 12 and 19.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Copper nanoparticles can inhibit the growth of P. odoriferum, and in combination with antibiotics increase their effect.
Mahdi Akhlaghi, Mohammad Reza Alymanesh, Abbas Rohani, Ali Reza Barjasteh, Mohammad Abedini Esfahlani, Ahmad Dezyania,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Akhlaghi, M., Alymanesh, MR., Rohani, A., Barjasteh, A., and Abedini Esfahlani, M., & Dezianian, A. (2023). The impact of two active ingredients of plant essential oils on the causative agent of apple and pear fire blight disease. Plant Pathology Science, 12(1), 53-63. Introduction: Erwinia amylovora, the cause of apple and pear fire blight disease, is one of the main factors limiting the production of these fruits in the world. Since only a limited number of copper compounds have a protective effect in controlling this disease, increasing attention has been paid to investigating the effect of plant essential oils on this pathogen. Materials and Methods: The effect of different concentrations of carvacrol (the active ingredient of thyme, oregano, etc.) and trans-anethole (the active ingredient of fennel essential oil) on the growth of E. amylovora colony, was investigated in laboratory conditions, and their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The inhibitory effect of MIC of these substances alone and the mixture of one-half of their MIC and MBC concentrations was investigated by disc method on nutrient agar medium on the growth of E. amylovora colony. The effect of the three best mixing ratios of these materials on the fruit tissue of the pear Spadona variety was evaluated on the severity of fire blight disease. Results: Carvacrol and trans-anethole both had antibacterial effects against E. amylovora, but the effect of carvacrol was greater than the other. Mixing carvacrol with trans-anethole increased its effectiveness. Among the three mixing ratios, 47 µg/ml of carvacrol + 141 µg/ml of trans-anethole caused the greatest reduction in disease severity in pear fruit tissue. Conclusion: The use of a mixture of carvacrol and trans-anethole can be considered for the management of fire blight disease.
Leila Rasouli , Mehdi Sadravi , Kavoos Keshavarz ,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Rasouli, L., Sadravi, M., & Keshavarz, K. (2023). Screening eight tomato varieties for resistance to Fusarium wilt disease. Plant Pathology Science, 12(1), 46-52.
Introduction: Fusarium wilt caused by soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is one of the most important diseases of tomatoes in the world. Identification and cultivation of resistant varieties is an environmentally friendly method of disease management that leads to the production of a chemical-free and clean yield. This research was conducted to evaluate the reactions of eight tomato varieties to the disease and their correlation with peroxidase enzyme. Materials and Methods: Wilted tomato plants were sampled in the greenhouses of southwestern Iran and after isolation and purification and studying the morphological characteristics, two Fol isolates were identified. The reactions of eight varieties vs. Kingston, Dafnis, Super chef, Karnak, CHpooya, Earlypooya, Superpooya, and CH to these two isolates were investigated in a factorial experiment with a completely randomized statistical design with four replications for each treatment under greenhouse conditions. The disease severity index and the vegetative and reproductive indices of the plant were determined. The level of peroxidase enzyme in the leaves of plants of each treatment was measured by spectrophotometric method at 470 nm wavelength and its correlation coefficient was determined with the disease severity index. Results: Analysis of the variance of these experimental data revealed a significant difference between Fol isolates in pathogenicity and interaction between Fol isolates and varieties. Fol2 isolate was more aggressive than Fol1 and CH was moderately susceptible, and Earlypooya, Karnak, Superpooya, Dafnis, CHpooya, were moderately resistant, while Kingston and Super chef were completely resistant to this hyper-virulent isolate of the pathogen and disease. The peroxidase level had negatively correlated with the disease severity index. Conclusion: Among these varieties, Kingstone and Super chef are resistant to the disease. Peroxidase levels can be used as a resistance marker to assess how different tomato varieties react to the disease.
Former Ms.c. Saeed Sharify Rostam-Abady, Mahdieh Rostami, Farahnaz Jahanshahi Afshar, ,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Sharify Rostam-Abadi S, Rostami M, Jahanshahi Afshar F, Ardeshir F (2023) Report of six plant parasitic nematodes from the orchards of Rafsanjan region, Kerman Province, Iran. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):41-52.
Introduction: In the suburban area of Rafsanjan city in Kerman Province, Iran, there are many orchards infested with plant parasitic nematodes. Therefore, it was necessary to identify the plant parasitic nematodes in the orchards of this region. Materials and Methods: In 2018 and 2019, some soil samples were taken around the roots of apricot, peach, pomegranate, apple, cherry and persimmon trees in this area. Nematodes were extracted by two methods, tray and sieve-centrifuge, and after fixation, they were transferred to pure glycerin. Permanent slides were examined with a bright field microscope and extracted nematodes were identified using diagnostic keys and original descriptions. Results: Seven nematodes from the infraorder Tylenchomorpha, belonging to five families including: Tylenchidae, Pratylenchidae, Tylenchulidae, Criconematidae and Anguinidae were identified. Root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans), pin-nematode (Paratylenchus neoamblycephalus) and Criconematid (Mesocriconema xenoplax) were the most important plant parasitic nematodes in fruit orchards of this region. Conclusion: Due to the presence of some important and damaging nematodes in the orchards of Rafsanjan, it is recommended to implement appropriate management methods and monitor the population of important plant parasitic nematodes.
Forough Kazemian, Salar Jamali, Zohreh Alipour, Seyed Mohsen Nasaj Hosseini,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Kazemian F, Jamali S, Alipour Z, Nasaj Hosseini SM (2023) The effect of four herbal compounds on root-knot nematode of kiwi. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):27-40.
Introduction: Root-knot nematodes damage is one of the major problems in kiwifruit production in northern Iran. This research was carried out to investigate the possibility of using dried leaves of four plants to manage kiwifruit root-knot nematode. Materials and Methods: The soil and roots of diseased kiwifruit from the gardens of Rudsar City, Gilan Province, Iran were sampled and their root knot nematode was purified using the single egg mass method on the early Urbana tomato variety. The morphological characteristics of nematode second stage larvae and females were examined and nematode species were identified. By using the single egg mass technique, the necessary nematode population was reared on the early Urbana tomato. The effect of dry leaves of chrysanthemum, parsley, guava and oleander in two rates of 50 and 75 grams per kilogram of soil was evaluated in greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replicates for each treatment on nematode-inoculated kiwi seedlings of Hayward cultivar. Nematode-related indices (number of galls, egg mass, eggs and J2s in 250 g of soil and reproductive factor) and plant growth characteristics (seedling height; root length and volume; fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots) were measured. Results: The root- knot nematode causing the disease in this region was identified as Meloidogyne incognita. In addition to controlling the nematode, the treatments used improved the growth of the kiwi seedlings. The results of the mean comparison of data showed that the treatment of 75 g of chrysanthemum leaves had a greater effect on reducing nematode population indices than other treatments. The next effective treatments were chrysanthemum at the rate of 50g, parsley at the rate of 75g, parsley at the rate of 50g, oleander at the rate of 75g, oleander at the rate of 50g, guava at the rate of 75g and guava at the rate of 50g, respectively. Treatment with 75 g of chrysanthemums also had the greatest effect on improving the growth rate of tomato seedlings. Conclusion: Adding 75g of dry chrysanthemum leaves to each kilogram of soil will help reduce root nematode damage and improve the growth of kiwi seedlings.
Zahra Mirzaeipour, Eidi Bazgir, Doustmorad Zafari, Mostafa Darvishnia,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Mirzaeipour Z, Bazgir E, Zafari D, Darvishnia M (2023) Effect of temperature and culture medium on the growth and sporulation of eight Trichoderma species. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):105-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2982/PPS.12.2.105
Trichoderma species are important agents of biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens. The growth and reproduction of these fungi are influenced by the culture medium and temperature. This study was conducted to determine the effect of temperature and culture medium on the growth and sporulation of Trichoderma species. Ten isolates of Trichoderma species were isolated from agricultural soils of different regions of Lorestan Province, Iran. The study of morphological characteristics and sequencing of ITS-rDNA, and tef1α gene regions showed that they are belong to eight species of Trichoderma. Investigating the effect of four types of culture medium and five temperatures to determine optimum culture medium and temperature for the growth and reproduction of these fungi, showed that the Potato/Dextrose/Agar (PDA) medium is the best, and the temperature of 20 to 30 degrees Celsius is optimal for the growth and reproduction of these fungi. Evaluation of their ability to inhibit the growth of the soil-borne plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani in vitro, showed that T. harzianum LT8 has the most inhibition ability. Therefore, this isolate can be used as a potential biocontrol agent for this plant pathogenic fungus in future research.
Mahsa Jahandideh, Sevil Nematollahi, Farshad Rakhshandehroo,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Jahandideh M, Nematollahi S, Rakhshandehroo F (2023) The reaction of four pumpkin varieties to cucumber mosaic virus by analyzing the expression of PAL and PR2 genes. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):11- 26.
Introduction: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the most important pathogenic cucurbit viruses. Identifying and growing resistant or tolerant varieties is the best method for disease control. The present study was conducted to investigate the response of four pumpkin varieties to CMV by assessing the expression of genes involved in resistance (PAL, PR2). Materials and Methods: Forty samples of pumpkin leaves with suspected disease were collected from the farms in northwestern Iran and analyzed using the TAS-ELISA test. To study the response of the four pumpkin varieties Asma, Pars, Prof and PS grown in this region, a CMV isolate was inoculated into the plants in a greenhouse experiment after its biological purification. TAS-ELISA and semi-quantitative (Sq) RT-PCR tests were used to examine the virus concentration in pumpkin varieties. The disease severity index was evaluated 30 days after inoculation. The expression level of PAL and PR2 genes was also checked by quantitative real-time PCR technique. Results: Of the 40 samples, 16 samples were infected with CMV. The study of virus titer revealed that the virus concentration and disease severity index were higher in Pars and Proof varieties than in PS and Asma varieties. The expression of PAL and PR2 genes was increased in all varieties compared to control but was higher in PS cultivar followed by Asma. Conclusion: PS and Asma varieties have higher CMV tolerance and their wider cultivation is recommended for disease control.
