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Impact of raw and pure saponins of six alfalfa ecotypes on Ditylenchus dipsaci egg hatching
Farzad Moradi, Hojatolah Mazaheri-Laghab, Leila Kashi, Seid Saied Mosavi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 ((Spring and Summer) 2022)
Abstract
Moradi F, Mazaheri-laghab H, Kashi L, Moosavi SS (2022) Impact of raw and pure saponins of six alfalfa ecotypes on Ditylenchus dipsaci egg hatching. Plant Pathology Science 11(2):61-72.    Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.2.61
 
Introduction: The stem and bulb nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci, is an important and damaging pathogen in a number of agricultural and ornamental plants, including alfalfa. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of raw and pure saponins of six alfalfa ecotypes on the hatching of this nematode's eggs in order to find a biological method for its management. Materials and Methods: The effect of raw and pure saponins of six alfalfa ecotypes on the hatching of stem nematode eggs was investigated in a completely randomized factorial design with two factors of alfalfa ecotypes (six ecotypes) and their saponins (raw and pure) in vitro. Results: Analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect between two factors, ecotype and saponin, is statistically significant. At concentrations of 50 and 90 microliters of crude saponin from different ecotypes, 30-42% and 33-59% of the nematode eggs did not hatch, respectively. The Nishaburi ecotypes caused the most and the Shiraz and Khrisari polycross caused the least number of egg hatching. Concentrations of 10 and 50 microliters of pure saponin resulted in between 56 and 69% and 61 and 79% of total nematode eggs failing to hatch, respectively. The local ecotypes Miandoab and Nishaburi had the highest and Shiraz Polycross the lowest number of egg hatches. Conclusion: Pure saponins of alfalfa ecotypes have a greater effect on nematode egg hatching than raw saponins. Saponins of Shiraz Polycross alfalfa ecotype have a better effect than other ecotypes.

 
The effect of three Trichoderma species and organic sulfur on root-knot nematode of cucumber
Mrs Fatemeh Soltani Tale, Dr. Leila Kashi, Dr. Doostmorad Zafari,
Volume 13, Issue 2 ((Spring and Summer) 2024)
Abstract
Today, with the increase in cucumber cultivation in greenhouses and fields, their contamination with root-knot nematodes is observed in some areas. The effect of three Trichoderma species (T. crassum, T. harzianum and T. afroharzianum) with liquid organic sulfur of Raskood company on the control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) on cucumber (Nagin variety) was investigated with two separeted tests under greenhouse conditions, in this research. Both tests were done with eight treatments (the use of each of the mushrooms together with sulfur, each of the fungi alone and sulfur alone and the infected control) in five repetitions and the form of Completely Randomized Design with Duncan's test at 5% level. In order to infect the plants, 2500 second-stage larvae and nematode eggs were added to each kilogram of potting soil containing cucumber seedlings at the four-leaf stage.  Then, depending on the type of treatment, one milliliter of Trichoderma suspension (106 spores per milliliter) and sulfur were added to each seedling, and the pots were investigated after 45 and 60 days for the first and second tests, respectively. Data analysis was done using SAS 9.4 software. The results of this study showed that in both tests, the use of sulfur with each of the fungi and sulfur alone led to significant differences between the plant growth indicators of tretments (fresh and dry weight of aerial organs, lenght of the root and aerial organs) and control. Also, nematode pathogenicity factors (the number of second stage larvae in the soil, the number of female nematodes in each gall, the number of female nematodes in the whole root, the number of galls in the whole root, the number of egg mass in each gall, the number of egg mass in the whole The root and reproduction factor) of the treatments that with both of Tricoderma and sulfur together, as well as the treatment using sulfur alone showed a significant difference compared to the control. However, in the both of tests, the most effective treatments were related to the use of T. crassum together with sulfur.

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