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Fusarium wilt disease of date palm
Azadeh Goudarzi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 ((Autumn & Winter) 2023)
Abstract
Goudarzi, A. (2023). Fusarium wilt disease of date palm. Plant Pathology Science, 12(1), 64-73.       
Abstract
Fusarium wilt disease is known as one of the most destructive and fatal diseases of date trees in many date-producing areas of the world, especially date-producing countries in Africa. Currently, a significant portion of date orchards in Morocco and the western and central Sahara of Algeria are affected by Fusarium wilt disease. The economic losses caused by Fusarium wilt disease of dates, especially in the incidence of severe epidemics, are significant. Over the past century, the disease has killed more than 12 million palm trees in Morocco and about three million palm trees in Algeria. Fusarium oxysporum (Schltdl.) f. sp. albedinis, a soil-borne vascular pathogen, is known to cause Fusarium wilt disease of dates. The economic losses caused by this disease are very significant, especially in the incidence of severe epidemics, and in some areas, the Fusarium wilt epidemic has destroyed more than 70% of the date fruits. Integrated disease management strategies include the use of resistant or tolerant cultivars, prevention of introduction of the disease causal agent into disease-free areas, eradication of the disease, biological control and chemical control. This disease has not been reported from date-producing areas of Iran, although similar symptoms to Fusarium wilt have been observed in some date orchards of Hormozgan province.

Black scorch disease of date palm
Azadeh Goudarzi,
Volume 12, Issue 2 ((Spring and Summer) 2023)
Abstract
Goudarzi A (2023) Black scorch disease of date palm. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):66-75. 
Black scorch disease is considered one of the important and damaging diseases of date palm in many regions of the world, including Oman, Iraq, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. The disease was first reported in Iran in 2014 from Tabas in South Khorasan Province, and in the following years, symptoms of the disease were observed scattered in Kerman, Hormozgan, Fars and Bushehr provinces. Two fungi, Thielaviopsis paradoxa and T. radicicola, are known as causal agents of the disease. Disease symptoms include tissue dieback, wilting, canopy bowing, terminal meristem rot, and tree dieback. The disease is commonly observed on trees suffering from environmental stress, particularly salt and drought stress. Although the susceptibility of different cultivars to the disease varies, the disease has been reported in 21 date palm cultivars worldwide to date. This article describes integrated disease management methods, including preventing diseases from entering the area, preventing damage to date palms, adhering to plant health principles, managing environmental stress, and proper ventilation in the grove, as well as biological and chemical control.

Anthracnose disease of citrus
Azadeh Goudarzi,
Volume 12, Issue 2 ((Spring and Summer) 2023)
Abstract
Goudarzi A (2023) Anthracnose disease of citrus. Plant Pathology Science 12(2):117-129.
Colletotrichum species are the causal agents of diseases including leaf spots, fruit rots and dieback in a wide range of plant hosts such as citrus, banana, strawberry, avocado, papaya, mango and apple. In citrus, important diseases including anthracnose, post harvest anthracnose, key lime anthracnose and postbloom fruit drop are caused by different species of Colletotrichum which are of the major limitations of citrus production in many citrus producing countries worldwide. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides has been identified as the main cause of citrus anthracnose. The disease symptoms include dieback of branches and twigs, leaf spot, fruit rot and abscission of leaves and small fruits. In the case of epidemic occurrence, the damage caused by the disease on different species and cultivars of citrus is very significant. The economic losses caused by the disease is mainly related to damage to the vegetative parts of citrus trees, as well as decay and reduction of market value of the fruits. So far, citrus anthracnose and postharvest anthracnose caused by C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola, C. siamense, C. karstii and C. novae-zelandiae have been reported from Iran. In addition, dieback and postbloom fruit drop caused by C. gloeosporioides are of the common challenges of citrus production in the north of the country. Sanitation, management of irrigation and nutrition, control of pests, diseases and weeds and use of chemical fungicides, especially strobilurins, are effective approaches of the disease management. In order to prevent the emergence of resistant populations of the causal agents, the use of fungicides should be carried out with periodicity.

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