1. Aghajanloo, F. & Akbarzadeh, P. (2025). Assessment of changes in biodiversity indices and plant species structure over a three-year period in Shirmisheh site, Tarom county. Journal of Renewable Natural Resources Research, 16(1): 85-105. [In Persian]
2. Ahmadvand, M., & Akhzari, D. (2024). Studying the effect of exclosure and pit-seeding on soil properties of rangelands (Case study: Darani rangelands, Tuyserkan city, Hamadan province). Human and Environment, 22(1): 1-13. [In Persian]
3. Akhzari, D. & Talebi, S. (2025). Effects of Bromus kopetdaghensis Drobov pit-seeding on soil and vegetation characteristics in a semi-arid rangeland. ECOPERSIA, 13(3): 243-252.
4. Al Hajj, N., Bricca, A., Caria, M.C., Gascòn, S., Piga, G., Pulina, A., Rivieccio, G. & Hassoun, G. (2024). Temporal trajectories of plant functional traits in mediterranean grasslands under different grazing regimes. Applied Vegetation Science, 27(3): e12807. [
DOI:10.1111/avsc.12807]
5. Bakhshi, J., Javadi, S. A., Tavili, A. & Arzani, H. (2020). Study on the effects of different levels of grazing and exclosure on vegetation and soil properties in semi-arid rangelands of Iran. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 40(6): 425-431. [
DOI:10.1016/j.chnaes.2019.07.003]
6. Dietrich, P., Ebeling, A., Meyer, S.T., Asato, A.E.B., Bröcher, M., Huang, Y., Roscher, C., Schmid, B., Vogel, A. & Eisenhauer, N. (2024). Plant diversity and community age stabilize ecosystem multifunctionality. Global Change Biology, 30(3): e17225. [
DOI:10.1111/gcb.17225]
7. Fakhimi, E., Shirmardi, H.A. & Asadi, S.M. (2023). Vegetation indices and species diversity monitoring under exclosure management in semi-steppe rangelands: A case study of Ghalehgharak rangelands, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Journal of Rangeland, 17(3): 382-397. [In Persian]
8. Flinn, K.M., Vellend, M. & Marks, P.L. (2005). Environmental causes and consequences of forest clearance and agricultural abandonment in central New York, USA. Journal of Biogeography, 32(3): 439-452. [
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01198.x]
9. Gao, J. & Carmel, Y. (2020). A global meta-analysis of grazing effects on plant richness. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 302: 107072. [
DOI:10.1016/j.agee.2020.107072]
10. Ghorbani, A., Dadjou, F., Moameri, M., Fekri, A., Sattarian, A., Cheraghi, M., Azarnivand, H. & Naseri, A. (2021). Effect of grazing exclusion on soil and vegetation characteristics in desert steppe rangelands: A case study from north-western Iran. Arid Land Research and Management, 35(1): 63-85. [
DOI:10.1080/15324982.2020.1850542]
11. Herrero-Jáuregui, C. & Oesterheld, M. (2018). Effects of grazing intensity on plant richness and diversity: a meta-analysis. Oikos, 127(6): 757-766. [
DOI:10.1111/oik.04893]
12. Heydari, M., Aazami, F., Faramarzi, M., Omidipour, R., Bazgir, M., Pothier, D. & Prévosto, B. (2019). Interaction between climate and management on beta diversity components of vegetation in relation to soil properties in arid and semi-arid oak forests, Iran. Journal of Arid Land, 11(1): 29-42. [
DOI:10.1007/s40333-018-0024-z]
13. Jahantab, E., Khosravi Mashizi, A. & Sharafatmandrad, M. (2024). Evaluating the success of Ferula assa-foetida planting restoration operation in semi-steppe rangelands by linking functional traits to species diversity. Desert Management, 12(2): 41-54. [In Persian]
14. Komatsu, K.J., Avolio, M.L., Lemoine, N.P., Isbell, F., Grman, E., Houseman, G.R., Koerner, S.E., Johnson, D.S., Wilcox, K.R., Alatalo, J.M. & Smith, M. D. (2019). Global change effects on plant communities are magnified by time and the number of global change factors imposed. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 116(36): 17867-17873.
15. Kumar, P., Lahon, D., Meraj, G. & Hashimoto, S. (2025). Projected trends in ecosystem service valuation in response to land use land cover dynamics in Kishtwar High Altitude National Park, India. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 21: 81-106. [
DOI:10.1007/s11355-024-00626-5]
16. Li, Y., Wang, H., Ma, Z., Xing, P., Wang, Y., Jin, Z., Zhou, Y. & Li, F.Y. (2024). Adaptive grazing enhances plant species richness and density in the soil seed bank in a semi-arid grassland. Ecological Indicators, 163: 112113. [
DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112113]
17. Mirzaee Moosivand, A. & Tarnian, F. (2020). Comparison of vegetation and soil characteristics in two tracts of rangeland, grazed and non-grazed (Case study: Northeast of Delfan County - Lorestan). Rangeland, 14(2): 171-183. [In Persian]
18. Nadaf-Fard, L., Ramezani, M., Haghverdi, K., Khorasani, N. & Homasi, A.H. (2021). Composition and biodiversity of understory plants in natural and plantation forest stands in Kelarabad, Chalous. Journal of Natural Environment, 74(1): 181-193. [In Persian]
19. Nawaz, A. & Afzal, M. K. (2025). Influence of grazing intensity and regime on soil nitrogen fixation dynamics in alpine grasslands. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 20250225847.
20. Omidipour, R., Tahmasebi, P., Ebrahimi, A. & Nadaf, M. (2021). Investigating the effect of animal grazing management on composition and spatial diversity indices (Case study: Broujen rangelands, Charmahal and Bakhtiari). Integrated Watershed Management, 1(1): 63-79. [In Persian].
21. Rahmanian, S., Hejda, M., Ejtehadi, H., Erfanzadeh, R., Pirkhezri, S.Z., Razavi, B.S. & Török, P. (2019). Effects of livestock grazing on soil, plant functional diversity, and ecological traits vary between regions with different climates in northeastern Iran. Ecology and Evolution, 9(14): 8225-8237. [
DOI:10.1002/ece3.5396]
22. Rastgar, S., Lamani, A., Jafarian, Z., Heydari, G.A. & Ghorbanpour Delivand, M. (2026). Analysis and evaluation of multipurpose range management plans in eastern Mazandaran province. Rangeland, 20(1): 14-33. [In Persian]
23. Samadi Khangah, S., Ghorbani, A., Choukali, M. A., Moameri, M., Badrzadeh, M. & Motamedi, J. (2021). Effects of grazing exclosure on vegetation characteristics and soil properties in the Mahabad Sabzepoush rangelands, Iran. Ecopersia, 9(2): 139-152.
24. Wang, C., Han, G., Jia, Y., Feng, X., Tian, X., Sha, Z. & Khaled, M. (2020). Response of soil and plant carbon, nitrogen and their stoichiometry to grazing exclusion: A global synthesis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 291: 106803.
25. Zhao, G., Zhang, Z., Tariq, A., Sabit, R., Sardans, J., Graciano, C., Li, X., Zhu, Y., Peñuelas, J., Al-Bakre, D.A. & Zeng, F. (2025). Grazing exclusion significantly reduced soil organic carbon stocks but enhanced soil inorganic carbon stocks in desert steppe of northwest China. Ecological Indicators, 172: 113341. [
DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113341]