Volume 5, Issue 1 (9-2025)
jfer 2025, 5(1): 37-26 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Fazeli E, FALLAH A, SHABANI M, TAFAZOLI M. (2025). Estimation of Carbon Storage of Tree Cover in Urban Forest (Study area: Mazandaran Province, Sari City). jfer. 5(1), : 3
URL: http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jzfr/article-1-141-en.html
URL: http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jzfr/article-1-141-en.html
Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran , Fazelielham66@yahoo.com
Abstract: (67 Views)
Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: One of the most important factors of global warming is the phenomenon of illegal emission of greenhouse gases; The most important of which are nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4). However, due to the large amount of carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere, this gas is one of the key gases in the phenomenon of global warming. Therefore, to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide and balance the content of greenhouse gases, atmospheric carbon must be absorbed and deposited in various forms. Urban forests have a high capacity to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide and provide many environmental services in urban areas. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain correct and accurate information in this regard to optimally manage these forests in increasing carbon sequestration. This research aimed to estimate the amount of carbon stock of the urban forest in Sari City, the capital of Mazandaran province.
Materials and methods: This research Using selective sampling, 150 samples were taken (50 samples in each region) and an effort was made to distribute these samples in the three regions. First, the information related to the general characteristics of each of the samples, including the height above sea level, the slope, and the direction of measurement, were recorded. In each sample plot, species type, breast diameter, height, and small and large crown diameters of all trees were measured, and the number of each tree and shrub species was counted and harvested. The center of each sample and measured tree was recorded with a GPS device and transferred to the GIS software environment. After calculating the carbon sequestration of trees, the relationship between diameter and carbon sequestration was investigated using linear regression in SPSS software version 21. Then, a carbon sequestration zoning map was prepared in all areas of Sari using the conventional kriging method and in GS+ software.
Results: The highest and lowest amount of carbon sequestration of trees was observed in areas one (60.95 ± 31.10 tons per hectare) and three (13.68 ± 3.84 tons per hectare) of Sari city, respectively. Variance analysis of diameter and carbon deposition relationships showed that linear and power regression models were significant. The evaluation results of the linear regression model (R2=0.74) and power (R2=0.97) showed that both models are highly accurate in estimating carbon deposition on the ground of trees. According to the results, the highest potential of carbon sequestration was observed in the northeastern part and located in an area of Sari.
Conclusion: In this research, a high amount of carbon sequestration was observed in the city of Sari. It can be said that the main reason for the high amount of carbon deposition in Sari city is that, most of the trees in the green space of Sari city are old plane trees The reason for the high level of carbon deposition of the plantain tree is the high density of its wood compared to other trees. In general, young trees have a higher amount and speed of carbon deposition than old trees, but old trees also deposit carbon in a larger amount and for a longer period. Obtaining the results that the trees of Sari city can absorb 200 tons of carbon per hectare is remarkable and promising. Prioritizing the preservation and growth of larger and older trees in urban environments may have significant results for carbon sequestration. At the same time, examining the temporal dynamics of carbon sequestration, combining other environmental variables, or modifying the spatial resolution of the analysis can further increase the accuracy of carbon sequestration estimation. Therefore, obtaining more information in this direction is necessary and necessary.
Background and Objectives: One of the most important factors of global warming is the phenomenon of illegal emission of greenhouse gases; The most important of which are nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4). However, due to the large amount of carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere, this gas is one of the key gases in the phenomenon of global warming. Therefore, to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide and balance the content of greenhouse gases, atmospheric carbon must be absorbed and deposited in various forms. Urban forests have a high capacity to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide and provide many environmental services in urban areas. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain correct and accurate information in this regard to optimally manage these forests in increasing carbon sequestration. This research aimed to estimate the amount of carbon stock of the urban forest in Sari City, the capital of Mazandaran province.
Materials and methods: This research Using selective sampling, 150 samples were taken (50 samples in each region) and an effort was made to distribute these samples in the three regions. First, the information related to the general characteristics of each of the samples, including the height above sea level, the slope, and the direction of measurement, were recorded. In each sample plot, species type, breast diameter, height, and small and large crown diameters of all trees were measured, and the number of each tree and shrub species was counted and harvested. The center of each sample and measured tree was recorded with a GPS device and transferred to the GIS software environment. After calculating the carbon sequestration of trees, the relationship between diameter and carbon sequestration was investigated using linear regression in SPSS software version 21. Then, a carbon sequestration zoning map was prepared in all areas of Sari using the conventional kriging method and in GS+ software.
Results: The highest and lowest amount of carbon sequestration of trees was observed in areas one (60.95 ± 31.10 tons per hectare) and three (13.68 ± 3.84 tons per hectare) of Sari city, respectively. Variance analysis of diameter and carbon deposition relationships showed that linear and power regression models were significant. The evaluation results of the linear regression model (R2=0.74) and power (R2=0.97) showed that both models are highly accurate in estimating carbon deposition on the ground of trees. According to the results, the highest potential of carbon sequestration was observed in the northeastern part and located in an area of Sari.
Conclusion: In this research, a high amount of carbon sequestration was observed in the city of Sari. It can be said that the main reason for the high amount of carbon deposition in Sari city is that, most of the trees in the green space of Sari city are old plane trees The reason for the high level of carbon deposition of the plantain tree is the high density of its wood compared to other trees. In general, young trees have a higher amount and speed of carbon deposition than old trees, but old trees also deposit carbon in a larger amount and for a longer period. Obtaining the results that the trees of Sari city can absorb 200 tons of carbon per hectare is remarkable and promising. Prioritizing the preservation and growth of larger and older trees in urban environments may have significant results for carbon sequestration. At the same time, examining the temporal dynamics of carbon sequestration, combining other environmental variables, or modifying the spatial resolution of the analysis can further increase the accuracy of carbon sequestration estimation. Therefore, obtaining more information in this direction is necessary and necessary.
Article number: 3
References
1. Alazmani, M., Hojati, S.M., Waez-Mousavi, S.M., & Tafazoli, M. 2021. Effect of alder plantation age on soil carbon sequestration. Forest Research and Development, 7(2): 279-291. [In Persian]
2. Ariluoma, M., Ottelin, J., Hautamäki, R., Tuhkanen, E.M., & Mänttäri, M. 2021. Carbon sequestration and storage potential of urban green in residential yards: A case study from Helsinki. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 57: 126939.
3. Asadi, H., Jalilvand, H., Tafazoli, M., & Hosseini, S.F. 2024. Modeling Suitable Habitats of Parrotia persica (DC.) CA Mey. in the Hyrcanian Forests Using Environmental Factors. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research.
4. Cannell, M.G. 2003. Carbon sequestration and biomass energy offset: theoretical, potential and achievable capacities globally, in Europe and the UK. Biomass and Bioenergy, 24(2): 97-116.
5. Chave, J., Andalo, C., Brown, S., Cairns, M.A., Chambers, J.Q., Eamus, D., Fölster, H., Fromard, F., Higuchi, N., Kira, T., & Lescure, J.P. 2005. Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests. Oecologia, 145: 87-99.
6. Chicco, D., Warrens, M.J., & Jurman, G. 2021. The coefficient of determination R-squared is more informative than SMAPE, MAE, MAPE, MSE and RMSE in regression analysis evaluation. Peerj Computer Science, 7: e623.
7. Coomes, D. A., Holdaway, R. J., Kobe, R. K., Lines, E. R., & Allen, R. B. 2012. A general integrative framework for modelling woody biomass production and carbon sequestration rates in forests. Journal of Ecology, 100(1): 42-64.
8. Eslamdoust, J., & Sohrabi, H. 2018. Carbon storage in biomass, litter, and soil of different native and introduced fast-growing tree plantations in the South Caspian Sea. Journal of Forestry Research, 29: 449-457.
9. Gür, T.M. 2022. Carbon dioxide emissions, capture, storage and utilization: Review of materials, processes and technologies. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 89: 100965.
10. Heidarian, Sh., & Ghasemi Aghbash, F. 2020. Study of Carbon sequestration in trees and soil in two urban parks of Kohdasht City. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 22(1): 215-225. [In Persian]
11. Hojati, S. M., Tafazoli, M., Asadian, M., & Baluee, A. 2022. Estimation of carbon sequestration and forest soil respiration using machine learning models in Eastern Forests of Mazandaran Province. Forest Research and Development, 8(4): 371-388.
12. Hojjati, S.M., Hashemi, S.A., Hosseyni, S.M., Asadiyan, M., & Tafazoli, M. 2020. The Effect of plantation with native and exotic species on soil CO2 emissions (The case study: Darabkola forest). Journal of Plant Ecosystem Conservation, 8(16): 95-110. [In persian]
13. Hojjati, S.M., Tafazoli, M., Imani, M., Alazmani, M., Fallah, A., & Pourmajidian, M.R. 2023. Variation in carbon sequestration and soil properties in relation to stand age in maple and alder plantations. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 42(6): 640-654.
14. Li, J., & Heap, A.D. 2014. Spatial interpolation methods applied in the environmental sciences: A review. Environmental Modelling & Software, 53: 173-189.
15. Ma, J., Li, X., Baoquan, J., Liu, X., Li, T., Zhang, W., & Liu, W. 2021. Spatial variation analysis of urban forest vegetation carbon storage and sequestration in built-up areas of Beijing based on i-Tree Eco and Kriging. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 66: 127413.
16. Mahmoudi, M., Ramezani Kakroudi, E., Banj Shafiei, A., Salehi, A., Pato, M., & Hoseinzadeh, O. 2021. The study of soil carbon storage in Lavizan Forest Park, Tehran. Forest Research and Development, 7(2): 327-342.
17. Mildrexler, D.J., Berner, L.T., Law, B.E., Birdsey, R.A. and Moomaw, W.R. 2020. Large trees dominate carbon storage in forests east of the cascade crest in the United States Pacific Northwest. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 3: 594274.
18. Moreno, R., Nery, A., Zamora, R., Lora, Á., & Galán, C. 2024. Contribution of urban trees to carbon sequestration and reduction of air pollutants in Lima, Peru. Ecosystem Services, 67: 101618.
19. Naderi, M., Kialashaki, A., Veisi, R., Sheykheslami, A., & Tafazoli, M. 2021. Effect of Site on Soil Properties and Carbon Sequestration in Populus deltoids Stand in Sari. Ecology of Iranian Forest, 9(18): 187-195. [In Persian]
20. Naghipour Borj, A. A., Haidarian Aghakhani, M., Dianati, G. A., & Tavakoli, H. 2008. Role of Iran’s gangelands in gbsorption of greenhouse gasses. In Abstracts (pp. 219-220). [In Persian]
21. Namiranian, M. 2007. Measurement of tree and forest biometry. Tehran University Publications, 574p. [In Persian]
22. Nowak, D.J. 2010. Sustaining America's urban trees and forests (No. 62). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
23. Nowak, D.J., & Crane, D.E. (2002). Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA. Environmental pollution, 116(3): 381-389.
24. Oliver, M. A., & Webster, R. 1990. Kriging: a method of interpolation for geographical information systems. International Journal of Geographical Information System, 4(3), 313-332.
25. Osabohien, R., Matthew, O. A., Aderounmu, B., & Olawande, T. (2019). Greenhouse gas emissions and crop production in West Africa: Examining the mitigating potential of social protection. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(1): 57-66.
26. Panahi, P., Pourhashemi, M., & Hassani Nejad, M. 2011. Estimation of leaf biomass and leaf carbon sequestration of Pistacia atlantica in National Botanical Garden of Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest, 3(1): 1-12. [In Persian]
27. Quigley, M.F. 2004. Street trees and rural conspecifics: Will long-lived trees reach full size in urban conditions? Urban Ecosystems, 7: 29-39.
28. Ramachandra, T.V., Aithal, B.H., & Sanna, D.D. 2012. Insights to urban dynamics through landscape spatial pattern analysis. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 18: 329-343.
29. Rossi, L., Menconi, M.E., Grohmann, D., Brunori, A., & Nowak, D.J. 2022. Urban planning insights from tree inventories and their regulating ecosystem services assessment. Sustainability, 14(3): 1684.
30. Srivastava, A. K., Gaiser, T., Paeth, H., & Ewert, F. (2012). The impact of climate change on Yam (Dioscorea alata) yield in the savanna zone of West Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 153: 57-64.
31. Stephenson, N.L., Das, A.J., Condit, R., Russo, S.E., Baker, P.J., Beckman, N.G., ... & Zavala, M.A. 2014. Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size. Nature, 507(7490): 90-93.
32. Strohbach, M.W., Arnold, E., & Haase, D. 2012. The carbon footprint of urban green space—A life cycle approach. Landscape and Urban Planning, 104(2): 220-229.
33. Tafazoli, M., Hojjati, S.M., Jalilvand, H., Lamersdorf, N., & Tafazoli, M. 2021. Effect of nitrogen addition on soil CO 2 efflux and fine root biomass in maple monocultures of the Hyrcanian region. Annals of Forest Science, 78: 1-11.
34. Valizadeh, E., Asadi, H., Jaafari, A., & Tafazoli, M. 2023. Machine learning prediction of tree species diversity using forest structure and environmental factors: a case study from the Hyrcanian forest, Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(11): 1334.
35. Varamesh, S., Hoseini, S.M. & Abdi, N. 2011. Estimating potential of urban forests for atmospheric carbon sequestration. Journal of Environmental Studies, 37(57): 113-120.
36. Varamesh, S., Hosseini, S.M., & Sefidi, K. 2013. Evaluation of the amount of carbon sequestration in biomass, litter and soil of acacia and silver cedar stands around Tehran. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(4): 396-404.
37. Vieira, S., Trumbore, S., Camargo, P.B., Selhorst, D., Chambers, J.Q., Higuchi, N., & Martinelli, L.A. 2005. Slow growth rates of Amazonian trees: consequences for carbon cycling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(51): 18502-18507.
38. Yang, Y., Ma, J., Liu, H., Song, L., Cao, W., & Ren, Y. 2023. Spatial Heterogeneity analysis of urban forest ecosystem services in Zhengzhou City. Plos One, 18(6): e0286800.
39. Alazmani, M., Hojati, S.M., Waez-Mousavi, S.M., & Tafazoli, M. 2021. Effect of alder plantation age on soil carbon sequestration. Forest Research and Development, 7(2): 279-291. [In Persian]
40. Ariluoma, M., Ottelin, J., Hautamäki, R., Tuhkanen, E.M., & Mänttäri, M. 2021. Carbon sequestration and storage potential of urban green in residential yards: A case study from Helsinki. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 57: 126939.
41. Asadi, H., Jalilvand, H., Tafazoli, M., & Hosseini, S.F. 2024. Modeling Suitable Habitats of Parrotia persica (DC.) CA Mey. in the Hyrcanian Forests Using Environmental Factors. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research.
42. Cannell, M.G. 2003. Carbon sequestration and biomass energy offset: theoretical, potential and achievable capacities globally, in Europe and the UK. Biomass and Bioenergy, 24(2): 97-116.
43. Chave, J., Andalo, C., Brown, S., Cairns, M.A., Chambers, J.Q., Eamus, D., Fölster, H., Fromard, F., Higuchi, N., Kira, T., & Lescure, J.P. 2005. Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests. Oecologia, 145: 87-99.
44. Chicco, D., Warrens, M.J., & Jurman, G. 2021. The coefficient of determination R-squared is more informative than SMAPE, MAE, MAPE, MSE and RMSE in regression analysis evaluation. Peerj Computer Science, 7: e623.
45. Coomes, D. A., Holdaway, R. J., Kobe, R. K., Lines, E. R., & Allen, R. B. 2012. A general integrative framework for modelling woody biomass production and carbon sequestration rates in forests. Journal of Ecology, 100(1): 42-64.
46. Eslamdoust, J., & Sohrabi, H. 2018. Carbon storage in biomass, litter, and soil of different native and introduced fast-growing tree plantations in the South Caspian Sea. Journal of Forestry Research, 29: 449-457.
47. Gür, T.M. 2022. Carbon dioxide emissions, capture, storage and utilization: Review of materials, processes and technologies. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 89: 100965.
48. Heidarian, Sh., & Ghasemi Aghbash, F. 2020. Study of Carbon sequestration in trees and soil in two urban parks of Kohdasht City. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 22(1): 215-225. [In Persian]
49. Hojati, S. M., Tafazoli, M., Asadian, M., & Baluee, A. 2022. Estimation of carbon sequestration and forest soil respiration using machine learning models in Eastern Forests of Mazandaran Province. Forest Research and Development, 8(4): 371-388.
50. Hojjati, S.M., Hashemi, S.A., Hosseyni, S.M., Asadiyan, M., & Tafazoli, M. 2020. The Effect of plantation with native and exotic species on soil CO2 emissions (The case study: Darabkola forest). Journal of Plant Ecosystem Conservation, 8(16): 95-110. [In persian]
51. Hojjati, S.M., Tafazoli, M., Imani, M., Alazmani, M., Fallah, A., & Pourmajidian, M.R. 2023. Variation in carbon sequestration and soil properties in relation to stand age in maple and alder plantations. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 42(6): 640-654.
52. Li, J., & Heap, A.D. 2014. Spatial interpolation methods applied in the environmental sciences: A review. Environmental Modelling & Software, 53: 173-189.
53. Ma, J., Li, X., Baoquan, J., Liu, X., Li, T., Zhang, W., & Liu, W. 2021. Spatial variation analysis of urban forest vegetation carbon storage and sequestration in built-up areas of Beijing based on i-Tree Eco and Kriging. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 66: 127413.
54. Mahmoudi, M., Ramezani Kakroudi, E., Banj Shafiei, A., Salehi, A., Pato, M., & Hoseinzadeh, O. 2021. The study of soil carbon storage in Lavizan Forest Park, Tehran. Forest Research and Development, 7(2): 327-342.
55. Mildrexler, D.J., Berner, L.T., Law, B.E., Birdsey, R.A. and Moomaw, W.R. 2020. Large trees dominate carbon storage in forests east of the cascade crest in the United States Pacific Northwest. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 3: 594274.
56. Moreno, R., Nery, A., Zamora, R., Lora, Á., & Galán, C. 2024. Contribution of urban trees to carbon sequestration and reduction of air pollutants in Lima, Peru. Ecosystem Services, 67: 101618.
57. Naderi, M., Kialashaki, A., Veisi, R., Sheykheslami, A., & Tafazoli, M. 2021. Effect of Site on Soil Properties and Carbon Sequestration in Populus deltoids Stand in Sari. Ecology of Iranian Forest, 9(18): 187-195. [In Persian]
58. Naghipour Borj, A. A., Haidarian Aghakhani, M., Dianati, G. A., & Tavakoli, H. 2008. Role of Iran’s gangelands in gbsorption of greenhouse gasses. In Abstracts (pp. 219-220). [In Persian]
59. Namiranian, M. 2007. Measurement of tree and forest biometry. Tehran University Publications, 574p. [In Persian]
60. Nowak, D.J. 2010. Sustaining America's urban trees and forests (No. 62). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
61. Nowak, D.J., & Crane, D.E. (2002). Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA. Environmental pollution, 116(3): 381-389.
62. Oliver, M. A., & Webster, R. 1990. Kriging: a method of interpolation for geographical information systems. International Journal of Geographical Information System, 4(3), 313-332.
63. Osabohien, R., Matthew, O. A., Aderounmu, B., & Olawande, T. (2019). Greenhouse gas emissions and crop production in West Africa: Examining the mitigating potential of social protection. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(1): 57-66.
64. Panahi, P., Pourhashemi, M., & Hassani Nejad, M. 2011. Estimation of leaf biomass and leaf carbon sequestration of Pistacia atlantica in National Botanical Garden of Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest, 3(1): 1-12. [In Persian]
65. Quigley, M.F. 2004. Street trees and rural conspecifics: Will long-lived trees reach full size in urban conditions? Urban Ecosystems, 7: 29-39.
66. Ramachandra, T.V., Aithal, B.H., & Sanna, D.D. 2012. Insights to urban dynamics through landscape spatial pattern analysis. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 18: 329-343.
67. Rossi, L., Menconi, M.E., Grohmann, D., Brunori, A., & Nowak, D.J. 2022. Urban planning insights from tree inventories and their regulating ecosystem services assessment. Sustainability, 14(3): 1684.
68. Srivastava, A. K., Gaiser, T., Paeth, H., & Ewert, F. (2012). The impact of climate change on Yam (Dioscorea alata) yield in the savanna zone of West Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 153: 57-64.
69. Stephenson, N.L., Das, A.J., Condit, R., Russo, S.E., Baker, P.J., Beckman, N.G., ... & Zavala, M.A. 2014. Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size. Nature, 507(7490): 90-93.
70. Strohbach, M.W., Arnold, E., & Haase, D. 2012. The carbon footprint of urban green space—A life cycle approach. Landscape and Urban Planning, 104(2): 220-229.
71. Tafazoli, M., Hojjati, S.M., Jalilvand, H., Lamersdorf, N., & Tafazoli, M. 2021. Effect of nitrogen addition on soil CO 2 efflux and fine root biomass in maple monocultures of the Hyrcanian region. Annals of Forest Science, 78: 1-11.
72. Valizadeh, E., Asadi, H., Jaafari, A., & Tafazoli, M. 2023. Machine learning prediction of tree species diversity using forest structure and environmental factors: a case study from the Hyrcanian forest, Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(11): 1334.
73. Varamesh, S., Hoseini, S.M. & Abdi, N. 2011. Estimating potential of urban forests for atmospheric carbon sequestration. Journal of Environmental Studies, 37(57): 113-120.
74. Varamesh, S., Hosseini, S.M., & Sefidi, K. 2013. Evaluation of the amount of carbon sequestration in biomass, litter and soil of acacia and silver cedar stands around Tehran. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(4): 396-404.
75. Vieira, S., Trumbore, S., Camargo, P.B., Selhorst, D., Chambers, J.Q., Higuchi, N., & Martinelli, L.A. 2005. Slow growth rates of Amazonian trees: consequences for carbon cycling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(51): 18502-18507.
76. Yang, Y., Ma, J., Liu, H., Song, L., Cao, W., & Ren, Y. 2023. Spatial Heterogeneity analysis of urban forest ecosystem services in Zhengzhou City. Plos One, 18(6): e0286800.
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
