In order to investigate the effects of boron, zinc and sulfur on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rapeseed (Hyola 401 cultivar), an experiment was conducted at Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht province in 2011. A field experiment with completely randomized block design was performed with eight treatments in three replications. Treatments consisted of control, zinc was added as Zn 15% EDTA at the rate of 1.5 kg ha^−1 were applied to the soil, Boron was added as Borax at the rate of 1.5 kg ha^−1, sulfur treatment added at the rate 100 kg ha^-1 before of sowing, B+Zn, B+S, Zn+S and B+Zn+S. Maximum grain yield (4157.6 kg ha^-1) was obtained from S+B+Zn treatments that increased the seed yield by 48.7% compared to the control. Maximum and minimum oil content obtained from B+Zn+S (42.58%) and control (38.37%). Maximum protein (24.62%) was obtained from zinc fertilizer. The highest leaf boron, zinc and sulfur content were obtained in treatments B+Zn+S of 15.7, 26.38 and 577.4 mg kg^-1 respectively, and minimum nutrients content was obtained in control. Regards to the experiment results, the application of B+S fertilizer increased the seed yield and oil content and is suggested in Rasht reign conditions.

Utilization of multipurpose plants in cultivation patterns can reduce production risks. Medicinal and oilseed plants such as Niger seed and black cumin are multipurpose plants. In order to evaluate the possibility of extensive cultivation of Niger seed as a new plant and comparison of its oil and minerals with two genotypes of black cumin seed, Iranian and Indian, A randomized complete block with three replications was conducted in Isfahan in 2011. Seeds of black cumin cultivated in autumn as an alternative for cereals and seed of Niger seed cultivated in summer after harvesting of cereals. Cultivation of all of three plants were successful. Seed yield of Niger seed was 880kg/ha. It was much more than world record. It's oil seed content (about 47%), and it's worth (in competition with sunflower) can be considered as valuable parameters. The differences of minerals in Niger seed and black seed genotypes were significant, especially in Fe. The Fe content of Niger seed was 1.2 ppm (2-3 times more than Indian and Iranian black cumin).

Niger seed (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) is a multipurpose plant that has imported to Iran as a bird seed and doesn't have any scientific report in Iran. In order to evaluate the agronomic and physiological characters of Niger seed (as an oil seed and medicinal plant) in different seasons and sowing dates, some acts such as authentication of this species was done. Niger seed has been sown in autumn, spring and summer. Also in summer the effect of sowing date in a completely randomized design with 4 replications and 3 treatments (9 June, 21 June and 3 July) was evaluated in Isfahan province in 2010. According to the results, autumn and spring were not suitable season of cultivation of this plant and it can be grown in summer successfully. The effect of various summer sowing date, on most of the measured traits were significant. The best planting date was about the third planting date in Isfahan climatic conditions. The highest value of the number of capitula per plant (59.07), 1000 seed weight (3.39), seed yield per hectare (874.7 kg), number of seeds per plant (1510), seed oil (47.33) were obtained from the third sowing date. While the highest plant height (150.1cm), days to 50% flowering (67), days to 80% maturity (110) was recorded from the first sowing date.

In order to study the effect of sulfur and Thiobacillus on some qualitative and quantitative traits of sunflower (cv. Hisun 25), an experiment was conducted as factorial based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications on research farm of the Gonbad Kavous University in 2013. The sulfur rate factor was in four levels: 0, 200, 400 and 600 kg sulfur per hectare and Thiobacillus bacteria factor was in four levels: 0, 10, 20 and 30 kg Thiobacillus per hectare. Results showed that the sulfur had a significant effect on plant height, 1000-seed weight and seed yield at 5% and on plant dry weight, oil percentage and oil yield at 1% probability. Effect of Thiobacillus on 1000-seed weight and seed yield at 5% and on plant height, plant dry weight, oil percentage and oil yield at 1% was significant. The maximum values of all traits were obtained from the highest amounts of sulfur and Thiobacillus. The highest plant height, 1000-seed weight, plant dry weight, seed yield, oil percentage and oil yield obtained from consumption of 600 kg S/ha. The maximum plant height, 1000-seed weight, plant dry weight, seed yield, oil percentage and oil yield belonged to consumption of 30 kg Thiobacillus/ha. The results of this study showed that effect of sulfur and Thiobacillus on some morphological traits, seed yield and yield components was less than percentage and yield of oil. This maybe has happened because of the sulfur role in oil production.

In order to study the effects of different levels of sulfur along with Thiobacillus and zinc on qualitative and quantitative growth of canola cv RGS003, a factorial experiment was conducted based on an RCBD with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Gonbad in 2013. The first factor was the application of sulfur with Thiobacillus at four levels, i.e. without sulfur and Thiobacillus (S0), 500 kg sulfur ha^-1 + 10 kg Thiobacillus ha^-1 (S1), 1000 kg sulfur ha^-1 + 20 kg Thiobacillus ha^-1 (S2) and 2000 kg sulfur ha^-1 + 40 kg Thiobacillus ha^-1 (S2). The second factor consisted of two levels of zinc: without zinc (control) and 20 kg zinc sulfate ha^-1. The results showed that all traits studied were significantly affected by sulfur with the exception of pod length. The effect of zinc was significant at 0.01 probability level of biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, straw yield, oil percent and oil yield. With an increase in application of sulfur mixed with Thiobacillus up to 1000 kg sulfur ha^-1 + 20 kg Thiobacillus ha^-1 (S2), all yield components increased except oil percent, but their further increase resulted in reduction of seed yield and yield components of canola cv RGS003. With the exception of oil content, the other traits studied were not affected by the interaction of sulfur by zinc.

In order to evaluate the land equivalent ratio based on forage yield, oil content and some elements of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grain in intercropping with corn (Zea mays L.), an experiment was carried out during 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the experimental field of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in Guilan province, Rasht, Iran. Sole cropping of corn and peanut, corn and peanut intercropping patterns with the ratio of 1:1, 2:1, 1:2 and 2:2 planting rows comprised the experimental treatments. The highest corn forage yield was obtained in corn-peanut intercropping pattern with the ratio of 2:1 planting rows. In this research, corn-peanut intercropping pattern with the ratio of 1:2 planting rows had superiority for forage yield, grain yield, oil and protein yield of peanut grain to other corn-peanut intercropping patterns. The lowest forage and grain yield of peanut was shown in corn-peanut intercropping pattern with the ratio of 2:2 planting rows. Results showed that forage and protein yield related to grain yield of peanut. There was a positive and significant correlation between oil and protein yield with grain yield of peanut. But, inversely relationship was shown between nitrogen and phosphorus content in peanut grain. Based on the results of this experiment, corn-peanut intercropping patterns with the ratio of 1:2 and 1:1 planting rows could be recommendable for peanut, grain yield and land equivalent ratio enhancement under climatic condition of the region, respectively.

Most crops are sensitive to salt stress, however, this sensitivity was differ in different growth stages. In current research, the effect of varied salt stress levels (0.4, 4, 7 and 10 dS m^-1) in different growth stages (5 leaf, stem elongation and flowering) was examined on morpho-physiological, and content of sodium and potassium in rape seed Sarigol cultivar in a controlled experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications at College of Agriculture, Shiraz University in 2014. Salt stressed plants had the lowest amount of plant height (27%), leaf number (30%), leaf area (31%), shoot (45%) and root dry weight (40%) and shoot (47%), and root K⁺ concentrations (54%) and had the greatest amount of chlorophyll content index (20%) and shoot (5 flod) and root Na⁺ (1.8 flod) concentrations; which this change was intensified by increasing in salinity level. Salt stress changed sodium distribution, so that in saline conditions shoot/root Na⁺ was significantly more than non-saline conditions. With the delay in stress applying, the negative effect of salinity was reduced; 10 dS m^-1 salinity at 5 leaves and flowering were respectively associated with 78.8 and 30.2 percent reductions in shoot dry weight and with 68.6 and 26.7 percent reduction in root dry weight, compared to control. Although salt stress at 5 leaves had more and at flowering had less impact; however, increasing in stress level in all three stages intensified negative effects of salinity. If the current results were confirmed in complementary and long term researches, rape seed could be irrigated with relative saline water at late of the growing season under limited fresh water regions.

In order to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in response to starter nitrogen rates two separate experiments were performed in 2013 and 2014 cropping season as randomized complete block design with three replications, in experimental field of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Rasht, Iran. Four rates of nitrogen including of zero, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha comprised the experimental treatment. The results of this research showed that with increment of starter nitrogen application, duration of developmental stages in peanut enhanced. The greatest pod (3561 kg/ha) and seed yield (1740 kg/ha) of peanut, grain oil (49.86 percent) and nitrogen content (3.91 percent), oil yield (867 kg/ha) and protein yield (426.5 kg/ha) were obtained at 100 kg N/ha level. Application of 150 kg N/ha showed superiority for pod number per plant (21.30) and grain number per pod (1.39). Also, application of 200 kg N/ha caused to enhance plant height (73.35 cm) and grain phosphorus content (0.437 ppm) in peanut. In addition, there was negative and significant correlation between grain yield and some traits such as day number to initial flowering, day number to the end of flowering and maturity. The correlation coefficient between grain yield and oil (r= 0.99^**) and protein yield (r= 0.89^**) was positive and significant. In this experiment, oil and protein yield of peanut per unit area mostly related to grain yield. In general, results showed that the application of starter nitrogen up to 100 kg/ha enhanced pod and grain yield of peanut and oil and protein yield in Guilan province climatic condition.

Sesame is an oily and medicinal seeds adapted to tropic and semi-tropic regions of the world but cultivation of its new accessions has been developed in temperate regions. To evaluate the effect of plant density on growth indices, seed oil percentage and seed yield of three sesame genotypes, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014, in Rostam region, Fars, Iran. First factor was planted density at five levels (15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 plant m^-2) and the second factor was three sesame genotypes (Nurabad, Borazjan and Darab 14). The result showed that maximum and minimum LAI was achieved from Nurabad and Darab 14 and also from 15 and 55 plant m^-2, respectively. Growth indices analyzing showed that Nurabad was better than the two genotypes. Maximum CGR ranged from 1.96-2.62 g m^-2 GDD^-1. Nurabad and Borazjan had the maximum RGR at the beginning of the growing season. Plant density decreased oil percentage and Borazjan had the maximum seed oil percentage. Generally, regards to the results, Nurabad with 55 plant m^-2 density performed better than other genotypes in Rostam region. Borazjan in 55 plant m^-2 density can be a good alternative for Nurabad.

In order to evaluate the effect of different levels of humic acid on some quantitative and qualitative traits of cotton a factorial field experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Kashan under salinity soil condition in 2013.Treatments included three cotton cultivars of Varamin, Line 43200 and Khordad as first factor, and six foliar ‌treatment included without humic acid and chemical fertilizer‌ (T₁), without humic acid with chemical fertilizer (T₂), 3 l/ha humic acid without chemical fertilizer (T₃), 1 l/ha humic acid with chemical fertilizer (T₄), 3 l/ha humic acid with chemical fertilizer (T₅), and 6 l/ha humic acid with chemical fertilizer (T₆).The results showed that humic acid significantly increased oil and protein content, yield, seed yield, fiber yield and 1000 seeds weight. In T₅ treatment, gin, lint, and grain yields, 1000-grain weight, and oil content increased by 32.74%, 31%, 33.69%, 5.32%, and 2.7%, respectively. Using 3 liters of humic acid without the application of chemical fertilizer increased seed protein yield by 63.4%.

In order to determine the appropriate sowing dates, seed rates and their interaction effects on yield and yield components, oil and protein contents of soybean variety Sari, a split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with four replications was carried out at Qaemshahr Gharakeil Agriculture Research Station in 2009. Five sowing dates including 15^th May, 31^th May, 15^th June, 1^th July and 16^th July were considered as main plots and three different seed rates including 60, 75 and 90 kg ha^-1 as the sub-plots. The results showed that all of yield components were affected by sowing dates and also seed rates had a significant effect on the number of pods per plant. Although due to increasing seed rates, yield components, such as pods per plant were decreased, but because of the increasing number of plants per square meters, seed yield not decreased significantly. Therefore for economically saving 60 kg ha^-1 of seed rates will be preferred. In this study high mean value of seed yield, biological yield and 1000-seed weight was achieved in first sowing date and all of the yield component characters were decreased in late sowing dates. Harvest index was increased in late sowing dates and it was not significantly affected by seed rates. Sowing dates and seed rates had not significant effects on oil and protein percentages, but due to significant effects of sowing dates on seed yield, oil and protein yields were significantly affected by sowing dates. In this study higher seed yield was belonged 60 kg ha^-1 of seed rate in first and second sowing dates which have not significant statistically differed.

In order to evaluate the effects of zinc foliar application, Rhizobium inculation and phosphorus solublizing bacteria on soybean cv. Katul an experiment was carried out as a factorial arrangement, in an RCBD with three replications at Deland (Golestan province) in 2015. The factors comprised of zinc spraying at three levels (without spraying, 1.5 and 3 g L^-1 zinc sulfate), inoculation with R. japanicum at two levels (with and without inoculation), and inoculated with phosphorus solublizing bacteria at two levels (with and without inoculation). The results revealed that the effects of phosphor solublizing bacteria were significant for plant height, stem diameter, number lateral branches, pod length, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, 1000 seed weight, grain yield and oil per cent. Seed inoculation with Rhizobium significantly affected all trails studied with the exception of protein content and pod length, Zinc significantly affected grain yield, oil and protein content. The seed yield of psb treatment had significantly higher yield (2954 kg/ha) compared to seed yield (2752 kg/ha) of non-incolation. Also, spraying with zinc at 3g/li had significantly higher yield (2990 kg/ha) than that of without sprying yield (2648 kg/ha).

A field experiment was carried out to study the yield, quality and some morphological traits responses of spring canola (Brassica napus L.) to boron application and sowing date, in Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan in 2013-2014. The experiment was carried out as a split plots design in basis of RCBD with three replications. Planting dates (18 November, 3 December, 17 December and 30 December) and boron application treatments (control, 10 kg B.ha^-1 incorporated with soil, boron spraying at 6 leaf stage and budding stages) were investigated as main and sub plots, respectively. Planting dates and boron application had significant effects on morphological traits, yield and quality of canola. The interaction effect of sowing date and boron on grain number per siliquie was significant. Late planting caused to significant decreased yield and its components. However, boron application incorporated with soil caused to compensate the negative effect of late planting. Generally, the highest grain yield (4579.7 kg.ha^-1) was obtained from sowing at 18 November and 10 kg boron.ha^-1 incorporated with soil, and lowest grain yield was obtained from planting at 30 December and without boron application. Delayed planting result in lowering morphological traits including plant height and branching. Delayed planting also caused by decreased grain oil and leaf N percentage, and increased grain N percentage. Boron application caused by significant plant boron content, but had no significant on grain oil ad N, and leaf N content. Also, boron application, in the experiment had no significant effect on alleviation of yield loss due to delayed canola sowing.

In order to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal fungi on yield and water use efficiency of eight sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes in different levels of drought stress, an experiment was conducted using a factorial split plot with three replications in the research field of the Urmia agricultural high school in 2014. The main factor was consisted of different levels of irrigation as: normal irrigation (irrigation after 70 mm evaporation of the crop (ETc), moderate drought stress (irrigation after 90 mm ETc) and severe drought stress (irrigation after 110 mm ETc), and two species of mycorrhiza fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices) and non-inoculated (control). Sub plots consisted of eight landraces of sesame names Jiroft13, Zanjan Tarom Landrace, Moghan Landrace, several branches Naz, TC-25, TS-3, Darab 14 and Dashtestan 5. Results showed that the effect of irrigation, mycorrhiza fungi and genotypes on studying traits was significant. Mean comparisons showed that with increasing severity of drought stress, grain yield, biological yield, water use economic and biotic efficiencies decreased significantly. Severe drought stress reduced water use economic and biotic efficiencies about 62 and 49 percent, respectively. Using two species of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices) in comparison with non-inoculated (control) had significant effect on all studied traits. Inoculation with G. mosseae improved seed yield, biological yield and water use economic efficiency compared to control with 33, 42 and 33 percent, respectively. Moghan landrace and Zanjan Tarom landrace based on yield and water use efficiency, had superiority on other landraces. Mycorrhiza led to improve yield of landraces and in severe drought stress conditions, sesame plants showed a higher mycorrhizal dependency.