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In order to study the effect of foliar application of zinc and iron on yield quantity and quality of canola (Brassica napus cv. Talaye) an experiment was conducted in Zarghan region of Fars in 2008- 2009 crop season. Iron and zinc solutions were sprayed twice (first in stem elongation and then in early flowering) treatments, including concentration of zinc sulfate in three levels: (0, 2, 4 gr lit-1) and Iron sulfate in three levels: (0, 2, 4 gr lit-1). This experiment was arranged as factorial using randomized complete block design in four replications. Significant interaction between zinc and iron foliar application was observed for grain yield, seed protein percentage and oil yield. Maximum grain yield (4905.3 kg ha-1), Seed protein percentage (37.7%) and oil yield (2124.5 kg ha-1) was obtained from foliar application of combined zinc and iron at 4 g lit-1. Increasing of zinc from 0 to 4 gr lit-1 significantly increased 1000 seed weight (from 4.24 to 4.69 gr), number of seed per pod (from 19.12 to 22.88), seed oil percentage (from 38.67 to 43.17) and seed zinc concentration (from 33.28 to 22.07 mg kg-1). Increasing iron from 0 to 4 gr lit-1 significantly increased 1000 seed weight (from 4.24 to 4.64 gr) and seed iron concentration (from 64.29 to 79.18 mg kg-1). Finally, with respect to this research, foliar application of zinc and iron sulfate together and twice, at 4 g lit-1 was suggested to get more quantity and quality of canola (Talaye) in Zarghan.

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Management of organic fertilizers in terms of environmental impact and crop yield is important, especially in arid and semiarid regions. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of drought stress and organic fertilizer on some morphological and yield components of safflower. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randumaized complet block design with three drought stresses: irrigation at 35, 55 and 75% of ready available water (RAW) depletion comprising the main-plot, and four fertilization systems: non-application (control), application of 40 tons of compost ha-1, humic acid spraying (1.5 g per litr) and combining compost and humic acid as sub-plot that were applied with three replications. The experiment was conducted in 2013 at the Zabol University research farm in Zabol, south Iran. Drought stress reduced oil yield, chlorophyll fluorescence and membrane stability. Delays in irrigation by 75% RAW depletion reduced oil yield by 68.6% compared with the control. Organic fertilizer application increased oil content and oil yield, membrane stability, carbohydrates, peroxidase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activiteis. Integrated application of compost and humic acid increased oil yield by 99.7% over the control. Application of humic acid and compost can be combined to develop safflower cultivation in Sistan, especially in mild stress conditions.

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In order to study the effect of limited-irrigation stress on canola cultivars, an experiment was conducted in 2007-2008 at the Safiabad agricultural research center. The design was a split plot in a completely randomized block basis with three replications. Main plots were consisted of 4 levels of limited-irrigation, irrigation based on 60 mm cumulative evaporation (Control), withholding irrigation in flowering stage, withholding irrigation in pod initiation and irrigation withholding in grain filling period, and subplots were 5 canola cultivars (Hyola308, Hyola330, Hyola401, Hyola420 and RGS003). The mean comparison of interaction showed that the highest (3155.55 kg.ha-1) grain yield appointed to Hyola420 cultivar in optimum irrigation (control treatment), and the lowest (1491.66 kg.ha-1) belonged to RGS003 cultivar at withholding irrigation in pod initiation period. The maximum (161.42) number of pods observed on Hyola330 cultivar at optimum irrigation (irrigation after 60 mm cumulative evaporation), and the minimum (78.1) ones appointed to RGS003 cultivar at withholding irrigation in pod initiation period. Results showed that there was no significant difference among withholding irrigation, cultivars and the interaction effect of them for oil content. By considering the results of this experiment, withholding irrigation at flowering, pod initiation and grain filling periods leads to decrease grain yield by 24.72%, 14.33% and 11%, respectively. Reduction of grain yield due to the withholding irrigation during flowering, podding and grain filling stages was along with a decrease in the number of pods per plant and thousand seed weight. By considering the results of experiment, withholding irrigation in flowering stage has to be avoided.

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Sesame is an important and useful oil crop. This study was conducted to evaluate of the effects of nitrogen and biological fertilizer on sesame crop as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of the university of Zabol. Experimental factors were nitrogen (N) fertilizer at four levels (0, 160, 240 and 320 kg ha-1 N as urea) and nitroxin at two levels (inoculated and non-inoculated). Nitroxin application significantly increased plant height, number of lateral branches, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per capsule, number of capsules per plant, seed yield, oil yield, and protein content. When 240 kg ha-1 of urea was applied, number of lateral branches, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per capsule, number of capsules per plant, and protein content increased by 50, 12, 18, 45 and 11%, respectively. The interaction of treatments revealed that inoculation of seeds with nitroxin along with 75% recommended N application increases plant height, seed and oil yield, respectively, by 28, 58 and 56% compared with non-inoculated seed and non N fertilizer application. generalley the results indicated that besides improving of growth condition, seed inoculation with nitroxin can be usefull in reduction of the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizers.

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Soybean is one of the most important oil production resources in the world. In order to study of genetic diversity and relationships among quantitative and qualitative traits of 14 soybean cultivars, an experiment was conducted as a randomaized complete block design with four replications in 2013 at the Agriculture Research Farm, Shirvan Higher Education Complex. 12 traits such as seed and components yield, protein and oil content were evaluated. The results showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for all traits except protein content, which indicates the existence of genetic variations between genotypes. Zane, Century and Clombus cultivars had the highest seed yield, although, the lowest yield was achieved in Habit cultivar. Results showed that seed yield was positively and significantly correlated with number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant,100 seed weight, oil content, protein content and harvest index and there were significant and negative correlation between seed yield with number of days from planting to flowering . The Zane cultivar had the highest oil content of 515.8 kg ha-1. Based on the stepwise regression and path analysis the grain yield of soybean cultivars were explained by the direct and indirect effects 100 seed weight, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and number of seed per plant. Considering to the residual effects and the coefficient of determination (86.7 percent), the large proportion of the variation in seed yield of soybean were determined with these four traits of seed yield. Path analysis showed that the greater and lower direct positive effects on seed yield were related to 100-seed weight and seed number per plant, respectively. In general, Zane , Columbus and Cencurty cultivars due to their high oil and seed yields can be proposed cultiveting in North Khorasan.

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To study the effects of drought stress and salicylic acid and Chitosan spraying on safflower, an experiment was conducted as a split plot design as base of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The drought stress had 4 levels ascontrol and irrigation after 25, 50 and 75% of soil available water as main plots and sprayin of salicylic acid (0.424 grams per liter), chitosan solution (5 g per liter) and both of them that were considered as sub-plots. drought stress reduced the number of heads per plant, head diameter, stem diameter, number of leaves, seed weight, seed weight and increased the percentage of hollowness of the seed. Application of chitosan and salicylic acid increased the distance of the first branch from the ground, head diameter, stem diameter, number of leaves, flowers, root length and weight and yield components as number of seeds per head, seed weight per head, seed weight and unfilled seed percentage. It seems salicylic acid and chitosan spray can be sugested to develop boost crop cultivation and increase safflower yield in the province of Sistan.

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This research in order to evaluate the effect of different levels of irrigation regime on yield and yield components of soybean in Urmia region at the Urmia agricultural high school Research during 2012 using split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Drought treatments (optimum irrigation 60 mm, moderate drought stress 110 mm and severe drought stress 160 mm evaporation by evaporation pan Class A) were included in main plots and the Cultivars (Clark, Williams and Onion) were allocated in subplots. The results of variance analysis showed that the effect of drought stress on seed yield, oil and protein content was significant (P<0.01), so that the maximum and minimum oil and protein value obtained by optimum irrigation and severe drought stress conditions, respectively. However, for relative water content and leaf chlorophyll, there was no significant difference. Severe drought stress reduced the grain yield by 63 and 45% compared to the optimum irrigation and moderate stress conditions, respectively. In optimum irrigation and severe drought stress conditions, the highest seed yield, oil yield and protein yield, obtained by Onion genotype. A Clark genotype in comparison with other cultivars had the minimum seed yield, in severe drought stress conditions.

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In order to investigate the effects of boron, zinc and sulfur on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rapeseed (Hyola 401 cultivar), an experiment was conducted at Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht province in 2011. A field experiment with completely randomized block design was performed with eight treatments in three replications. Treatments consisted of control, zinc was added as Zn 15% EDTA at the rate of 1.5 kg ha^&minus;1 were applied to the soil, Boron was added as Borax at the rate of 1.5 kg ha^&minus;1, sulfur treatment added at the rate 100 kg ha^-1 before of sowing, B+Zn, B+S, Zn+S and B+Zn+S. Maximum grain yield (4157.6 kg ha^-1) was obtained from S+B+Zn treatments that increased the seed yield by 48.7% compared to the control. Maximum and minimum oil content obtained from B+Zn+S (42.58%) and control (38.37%). Maximum protein (24.62%) was obtained from zinc fertilizer. The highest leaf boron, zinc and sulfur content were obtained in treatments B+Zn+S of 15.7, 26.38 and 577.4 mg kg^-1 respectively, and minimum nutrients content was obtained in control. Regards to the experiment results, the application of B+S fertilizer increased the seed yield and oil content and is suggested in Rasht reign conditions.

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Niger seed (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) is a multipurpose plant that has imported to Iran as a bird seed and doesn't have any scientific report in Iran. In order to evaluate the agronomic and physiological characters of Niger seed (as an oil seed and medicinal plant) in different seasons and sowing dates, some acts such as authentication of this species was done. Niger seed has been sown in autumn, spring and summer. Also in summer the effect of sowing date in a completely randomized design with 4 replications and 3 treatments (9 June, 21 June and 3 July) was evaluated in Isfahan province in 2010. According to the results, autumn and spring were not suitable season of cultivation of this plant and it can be grown in summer successfully. The effect of various summer sowing date, on most of the measured traits were significant. The best planting date was about the third planting date in Isfahan climatic conditions. The highest value of the number of capitula per plant (59.07), 1000 seed weight (3.39), seed yield per hectare (874.7 kg), number of seeds per plant (1510), seed oil (47.33) were obtained from the third sowing date. While the highest plant height (150.1cm), days to 50% flowering (67), days to 80% maturity (110) was recorded from the first sowing date.

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In order to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in response to starter nitrogen rates two separate experiments were performed in 2013 and 2014 cropping season as randomized complete block design with three replications, in experimental field of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Rasht, Iran. Four rates of nitrogen including of zero, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha comprised the experimental treatment. The results of this research showed that with increment of starter nitrogen application, duration of developmental stages in peanut enhanced. The greatest pod (3561 kg/ha) and seed yield (1740 kg/ha) of peanut, grain oil (49.86 percent) and nitrogen content (3.91 percent), oil yield (867 kg/ha) and protein yield (426.5 kg/ha) were obtained at 100 kg N/ha level. Application of 150 kg N/ha showed superiority for pod number per plant (21.30) and grain number per pod (1.39). Also, application of 200 kg N/ha caused to enhance plant height (73.35 cm) and grain phosphorus content (0.437 ppm) in peanut. In addition, there was negative and significant correlation between grain yield and some traits such as day number to initial flowering, day number to the end of flowering and maturity. The correlation coefficient between grain yield and oil (r= 0.99^**) and protein yield (r= 0.89^**) was positive and significant. In this experiment, oil and protein yield of peanut per unit area mostly related to grain yield. In general, results showed that the application of starter nitrogen up to 100 kg/ha enhanced pod and grain yield of peanut and oil and protein yield in Guilan province climatic condition.

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Sesame is an oily and medicinal seeds adapted to tropic and semi-tropic regions of the world but cultivation of its new accessions has been developed in temperate regions. To evaluate the effect of plant density on growth indices, seed oil percentage and seed yield of three sesame genotypes, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014, in Rostam region, Fars, Iran. First factor was planted density at five levels (15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 plant m^-2) and the second factor was three sesame genotypes (Nurabad, Borazjan and Darab 14). The result showed that maximum and minimum LAI was achieved from Nurabad and Darab 14 and also from 15 and 55 plant m^-2, respectively. Growth indices analyzing showed that Nurabad was better than the two genotypes. Maximum CGR ranged from 1.96-2.62 g m^-2 GDD^-1. Nurabad and Borazjan had the maximum RGR at the beginning of the growing season. Plant density decreased oil percentage and Borazjan had the maximum seed oil percentage. Generally, regards to the results, Nurabad with 55 plant m^-2 density performed better than other genotypes in Rostam region. Borazjan in 55 plant m^-2 density can be a good alternative for Nurabad.

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In order to evaluate the effect of different levels of humic acid on some quantitative and qualitative traits of cotton a factorial field experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Kashan under salinity soil condition in 2013.Treatments included three cotton cultivars of Varamin, Line 43200 and Khordad as first factor, and six foliar ‌treatment included without humic acid and chemical fertilizer‌ (T₁), without humic acid with chemical fertilizer (T₂), 3 l/ha humic acid without chemical fertilizer (T₃), 1 l/ha humic acid with chemical fertilizer (T₄), 3 l/ha humic acid with chemical fertilizer (T₅), and 6 l/ha humic acid with chemical fertilizer (T₆).The results showed that humic acid significantly increased oil and protein content, yield, seed yield, fiber yield and 1000 seeds weight. In T₅ treatment, gin, lint, and grain yields, 1000-grain weight, and oil content increased by 32.74%, 31%, 33.69%, 5.32%, and 2.7%, respectively. Using 3 liters of humic acid without the application of chemical fertilizer increased seed protein yield by 63.4%.

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In order to evaluate the effects of zinc foliar application, Rhizobium inculation and phosphorus solublizing bacteria on soybean cv. Katul an experiment was carried out as a factorial arrangement, in an RCBD with three replications at Deland (Golestan province) in 2015. The factors comprised of zinc spraying at three levels (without spraying, 1.5 and 3 g L^-1 zinc sulfate), inoculation with R. japanicum at two levels (with and without inoculation), and inoculated with phosphorus solublizing bacteria at two levels (with and without inoculation). The results revealed that the effects of phosphor solublizing bacteria were significant for plant height, stem diameter, number lateral branches, pod length, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, 1000 seed weight, grain yield and oil per cent. Seed inoculation with Rhizobium significantly affected all trails studied with the exception of protein content and pod length, Zinc significantly affected grain yield, oil and protein content. The seed yield of psb treatment had significantly higher yield (2954 kg/ha) compared to seed yield (2752 kg/ha) of non-incolation. Also, spraying with zinc at 3g/li had significantly higher yield (2990 kg/ha) than that of without sprying yield (2648 kg/ha).

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A field experiment was carried out to study the yield, quality and some morphological traits responses of spring canola (Brassica napus L.) to boron application and sowing date, in Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan in 2013-2014. The experiment was carried out as a split plots design in basis of RCBD with three replications. Planting dates (18 November, 3 December, 17 December and 30 December) and boron application treatments (control, 10 kg B.ha^-1 incorporated with soil, boron spraying at 6 leaf stage and budding stages) were investigated as main and sub plots, respectively. Planting dates and boron application had significant effects on morphological traits, yield and quality of canola. The interaction effect of sowing date and boron on grain number per siliquie was significant. Late planting caused to significant decreased yield and its components. However, boron application incorporated with soil caused to compensate the negative effect of late planting. Generally, the highest grain yield (4579.7 kg.ha^-1) was obtained from sowing at 18 November and 10 kg boron.ha^-1 incorporated with soil, and lowest grain yield was obtained from planting at 30 December and without boron application. Delayed planting result in lowering morphological traits including plant height and branching. Delayed planting also caused by decreased grain oil and leaf N percentage, and increased grain N percentage. Boron application caused by significant plant boron content, but had no significant on grain oil ad N, and leaf N content. Also, boron application, in the experiment had no significant effect on alleviation of yield loss due to delayed canola sowing.

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In order to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal fungi on yield and water use efficiency of eight sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes in different levels of drought stress, an experiment was conducted using a factorial split plot with three replications in the research field of the Urmia agricultural high school in 2014. The main factor was consisted of different levels of irrigation as: normal irrigation (irrigation after 70 mm evaporation of the crop (ETc), moderate drought stress (irrigation after 90 mm ETc) and severe drought stress (irrigation after 110 mm ETc), and two species of mycorrhiza fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices) and non-inoculated (control). Sub plots consisted of eight landraces of sesame names Jiroft13, Zanjan Tarom Landrace, Moghan Landrace, several branches Naz, TC-25, TS-3, Darab 14 and Dashtestan 5. Results showed that the effect of irrigation, mycorrhiza fungi and genotypes on studying traits was significant. Mean comparisons showed that with increasing severity of drought stress, grain yield, biological yield, water use economic and biotic efficiencies decreased significantly. Severe drought stress reduced water use economic and biotic efficiencies about 62 and 49 percent, respectively. Using two species of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices) in comparison with non-inoculated (control) had significant effect on all studied traits. Inoculation with G. mosseae improved seed yield, biological yield and water use economic efficiency compared to control with 33, 42 and 33 percent, respectively. Moghan landrace and Zanjan Tarom landrace based on yield and water use efficiency, had superiority on other landraces. Mycorrhiza led to improve yield of landraces and in severe drought stress conditions, sesame plants showed a higher mycorrhizal dependency.