Iranian Journal of Seed Research

Extended abstract
Introduction: Pepper (Capsicum annum L.), which belongs to the solanaceae family, is one of the most important vegetable and garden products. Due to its nutritional value, its use tends to rise all over the world. Germination and seed emergence are strongly influenced by environmental stresses such as salinity and drought. Drought stress affects various aspects of plant growth. It reduces germination, delays vegetative growth and reduces dry matter in the plant. Salinity stress, as an environmental stress, is a limiting factor for the growth and development of crops and garden production.
Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of drought and salinity stress on seed germination characteristics of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in two separate experiments, using a completely randomized design with three replications in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand in 2016. PEG 6000 was used for drought stress and NaCl, for salinity stress. The treatments included drought and salinity stress levels (0, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10 and -12 bars). Seeds were disinfected with sodium hypochlorite (2%) solution for 1 minute, and were then washed with distilled water. The medium was petri dishes with a diameter of 9 cm.  25 seeds were placed on two layers of filter papers in each dish. 5 ml of distilled water or solution was added to each petri dish. The measured traits were germination percentage, germination rate, seed vigor index, radicle length, plumule length, ratio of radicle length to plumule length and dry weight of radical and plumule.
Results: The results indicated that salinity and drought stress had significant effects on seed germination characteristics of sweet pepper so that salinity stress with osmotic potential of -10 and -12 bar decreased the germination of sweet pepper and reached zero. Increasing salinity stress from zero to -12 bar decreased germination percentage, germination rate and seedling dry weight by 43.75, 41.67 and 93.46%, respectively. The results indicated that with increases in both salinity and drought stress, seed vigor index decreased significantly. The results showed that with increasing drought and salinity stress from 0 to -12 bar, seed vigor index decreased 96.58 and 100 percent, respectively.
Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the tolerance of sweet pepper to salinity stress was higher than its tolerance to drought stress at the germination stage, but for more accurate evaluation, it is necessary to conduct additional experiments in the field and in the greenhouse.
 
 
Highlights:
1- Investigation and comparison of germination and seedling growth of sweet peppers under salinity and drought stress.
2- Salinity and drought stress reduce germination indicators of Capsicum annuum.

Extended abstract
Introduction: Temperature is one of the primary environmental regulators of seed germination. Seed priming technique has been known as a challenge to improving germination and seedling emergence under different environmental stresses. Quantification of germination response to temperature and priming is possible, using non-liner regression models. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature and priming on germination and determination of cardinal temperatures (base, optimum and maximum) of Brassica napus L.
Material and Methods: Treatments included priming levels (non-priming, priming with water, gibberellin 50 and 100 mg/l) and temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35 and 40 °C). Germination percentage and time to 50% maximum seed germination of Brassica napus L. were calculated for different temperatures and priming by fitting 3-parameter logistic functions to cumulative germination data. For the purpose of quantifying the response of germination rate to temperature, use was made of 3 nonlinear regression models (segmented, dent-like and beta). The root mean square of errors (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R²), CV and SE for the relationship between the observed and the predicted germination percentage were used to compare the models and select the superior model from among the methods employed.
Results: The results indicated that temperature and priming were effective in both germination percentage and germination rate. In addition, the results showed that germination percentage and rate increase with increasing temperature to the optimum level and using priming. As for the comparison of the 3 models, according to the root mean square of errors (RMSE) of germination time, the coefficient of determination (R²), CV and SE, the best model for the determination of cardinal temperatures of Brassica napus L. for non-primed seeds was the segmented model. For hydro-priming and hormone-priming with 50 mg/l GA, the best models were segmented and dent-like models and for hormone-priming with 100 mg/l GA,  the dent-like model was the best. The results showed that for non-priming, hydropriming with water, gibberellin 50 and 100 mg/l treatments, the segmented model estimated base temperature as 3.54, 2.57, 2.34 and 2.34 °C and dent-model estimated base temperature as 3.34, 2.45, 2.21 and 2.83 °C, respectively. The segmented model estimated optimum temperature as 24.62, 23.23, 23.69 and 24.38 °C. The dent-model estimated lower limit of optimum temperature and upper limit of optimum temperature as 20.01, 19.62, 16.25, 19.87 and 28.81, 27.38, 29.58 and 27.31 °C.
Conclusion: Utilizing non-liner models (segmented, dent-like and beta) for quantification of germination of Brassica napus L. response to different temperatures and priming produced desirable results. Therefore, utilizing the output of these models at different temperatures can be useful in the prediction of germination rate in different treatments.
 
 
Highlights:
1-The effect of priming on germination of Brassica napuswas investigated.
2-The temperature range of rapeseed germination of Brassica napus changes with the use of seed priming.

Extended Abstract
Introduction: Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) is a plant from the legumes family. Guar gum is obtained from endosperm in guar seeds. Guar gum is used in many industries such as pharmaceutical and food industries, paper, mining, oil and drilling, textiles, and explosives industries. Modeling is a method that is widely used in predicting plant growth stages and determining the required thermal units in each growing stage, especially germination.
Considering the important therapeutic and industrial uses of guar and the lack of sufficient information and reports to determine the cardinal temperatures of this plant, this study aimed to investigate the effect of temperature on germination traits and early seedling growth and predict the cardinal temperatures (minimum, optimal and maximum) of germination for this plant.
Materials and Methods: This research was carried out at the Seed Sciences and Technology Laboratory of Agricultural College of Sarayan, the University of Birjand in 2017. Experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design with 8 levels of temperature treatments (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C), with 5 replications. Germination percentage, daily germination speed, mean daily germination, plumule length, root length, and seedling length were calculated. Cardinal temperatures of germination were calculated using regression analysis with the aid of the proposed models (logistic, two-way, quadratic, and third-order polynomials) using germination speed. The data were analyzed using SAS software and the comparison means were done by Duncan's test at a probability level of 5%. Sigma Plot software was used to plot the germination rate against temperature graphs (for fitting different models).
Results:  The results showed that the effect of different temperature levels on the percentage, speed and mean seed germination was significant (P <0.05). According to the results, the lowest values for percentage, speed, and average germination were obtained at 5, 10, and 40°C, and the highest germination speed was observed at 15 °C and also the highest percentage of germination and average germination was observed at 35°C. The results of the effect of different temperature levels on seedling growth showed that the effect of temperature on the seedling length, stem, and root length was significant (P <0.01), so that the lowest values related to seedling length, plumule, and radicle was found at 5, 10 and 40°C, and the maximum seedling and plumule length were 30°C.
Conclusion: Quantification of the gauge seed germination reaction to different temperature levels was carried out using four dual-functions, logistic, quadratic and triple polynomials. The second-order multitasking regression model, based on the coefficient of explanation (R²) and the amount of deviation, had a suitable and significant fit with the data related to germination rate against the independent temperature variable. Based on the parameters of the model, the optimum temperature was obtained at 26.05°C and the minimum and maximum temperature of guar germination were calculated to be 6.09 and 40°C.

Highlights:

1. Cardinal temperatures of guar seed germination were predicted.
2. Based on cardinal germination temperatures, the planting date of guar became predictable.