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Volume 3, Issue 2 ((Autumn & Winter) 2017)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Nano TiO2 and Nano CNT on some germination indices and growth parameters of some hulled barley cultivars. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory at Shahrekord University during 2014. The study was a factorial, adopting a completely randomized design with four replications. Treatments consisted of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotube (CNT) in four concentrations (0, 10, 30 and 60 mg.l-1) which were applied to seeds of hulled barley cultivars such as Bahman, Makoii and Nosrat. The traits measured were the dry weight of seedling and seedling length, germination percentage, germination rate, mean germination time, the percentage of resistance of radical, seedling vigor length and weight index. The results showed that carbon nanotubes treatments with 60 mg.l-1 had a significant impact on germination percentage, germination rate, seedling vigor length and weight index and seedling dry weight, as compared with other treatments. In this experiment, the highest percentages of resistance of radicle, seedling vigor weight index and seedling dry weight of Nosrat Cultivar were obtained under 60 mg.l-1 carbon nanotube treatment, which was 70, 122.2 and 64.9%, respectively, as compared with control treatment. In addition, 60 mg.l-1 carbon nanotube treatment increased the seedling vigor of Makoii cultivar by 39.8%, as compared with the control treatment. The findings were that in terms of seedling vigor length and weight index, seedling length, seedling dry weight and the percentage of resistance of radical, the Nosrat Cultivar showed better morphological characteristics than Bahman and Makoii cultivars, under laboratory conditions.
Volume 3, Issue 2 ((Autumn & Winter) 2017)
Asafetida (Ferula assa- foetida L.) is an important medicinal plant belonging to Apiaceae family and has long dormancy. In this research, vernalization, washing time, GA3, medium strength, harvesting time and interaction of these treatments were studied to optimize condition of germination. The results showed that vernalization at 4-5°C for two weeks increased germination by 50%, as compared with the control. Maximum and minimum germinations were obtained for 6 and 2 hours’ washing, which was 42% and 20.47%, respectively. Germination of Ferula was increased (41.5%) by using 10 mg/l of GA3, as compared with the control. In addition, using half strength MS media led to a 25% increase in germination. Moreover, germination mean increased by applying these treatments to one-year-old seeds, in comparison with fresh ones (61% and 36%, respectively). By running factorial experiments in the CRD, the best combination of treatments which could significantly increase germination was a combination of vernalization (4-5°C for two weeks), half strength MS media, GA3 (10 mg/l) and washing time (6h). Given the results of the study, for the purpose of breaking the dormancy of Asafetida, it is suggested that use is made of one-year-old seeds, and half strength MS media, along with right combinations of vernalization, washing time and GA3.
Volume 5, Issue 1 ((Spring and Summer) 2018)
Extended abstract
Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out under greenhouse conditions, with 23±5 °C, 60% relative humidity and 70% water-holding capacity of soil. The experimental design was a completely randomized one with four replications. Soil samples were selected from Deging village, located in the city of Khash (Sistan and Baloochestan Province). In order to prepare the plant extract, the A. sieberi samples were dried in the shade and were ground to powder. Then, 190 g of the powder was put in a plastic bottle, then filled with 1 L ethanol and placed on a shaker for 24 hours. The resulting solution was filtered out and the extract was obtained. The planting was carried out in plastic pots with the capacity of 6 kg which were filled with 3 kg of soil. In each pot, 30 seeds were buried, at a depth of 3 cm. The treatments were treated at concentrations of 0.2% (2 ml in 1000 ml distilled water), 0.4%, and zero along with plant irrigation. The parameters measured included emergence percentage and rate, radicle and pedicel length, seedling dry weight, photosynthetic pigments, carotenoid contents and nutrient uptake of P. cineraria.
Results: The results showed that A. sieberi extract significantly decreased plant photosynthetic pigments. The highest chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid belonged to the control treatment and by increasing extract concentration, photosynthetic pigments decreased. In addition, the findings were that the highest and lowest nitrogen and phosphorus contents were obtained in the 0.2 and 0.4% treatments, respectively. Potassium and manganese decreased with increases in extract concentration. However, with increases in extract concentration, zinc significantly increased in the plant tissues. In general, the results showed that A. sieberi extract increases P. cineraria emergence in the 0.2% treatment.
Conclusion: In general, morphological traits and photosynthetic pigments of P. cineraria decreased with increases in the concentrations of A. sieberi extract. Artemisia extract had a different effect on the absorption of nutrients by P. cineraria. at low concentrations. It increased nitrogen and phosphorus adsorption and increased concentrations of manganese in high concentrations. The concentration of 0.2% of Artemisia extract had a positive effect on plant emergence. Given the positive effect of A. sieberi on the emergence of P. cineraria, plant extract at low concentrations can be used to increase emergence of P. cineraria, especially given that the P. cineraria has an emergence problem. However, due to the negative effect of A. sieberi on growth and absorption of nutrients in P. cineraria, the cultivation of these two plants is not recommended in dry rangelands.
Highlights:
- The extract of A. sieberi had deterrent effects on seed emergence and morphological characteristics of P. cineraria.
- Increasing the concentration of the A. sieberi extract led to a decrease in the morphological characteristics of P. cineraria.
- A. sieberi extract had negative effects on photosynthesis pigments of P. cineraria.
Volume 8, Issue 1 ((Spring and Summer) 2021)
Extended abstract
Introduction: Velvetleaf is one of the most important weeds of cotton, corn, tomato, and soybean fields. Certainly, knowledge of weed seed response to environmental factors (light and temperature) is essential for better understanding the germination mechanism and establishment patterns of weeds community. The present study aimed to evaluate the interaction between light regimes and alternate temperature on the seed germination of velvetleaf.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in 2015 at the plant physiology laboratory of Bojnourd Branch, IAU. This study was performed as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The treatments were temperature regimes at four levels (constant temperatures 25°C, alternating temperatures 25-15, 30-20 and 35-25°C) and photoperiod treatments at three levels (continuous darkness, 12-12 light and dark and 16-8 light and dark). Germination percentage, germination rate, germination uniformity, time to 10% germination, and time to 90% germination were evaluated by the Germin program.
Results: The results showed that all traits were affected by temperature and light. Velvetleaf seeds germinated better in the presence of light and alternating temperature. The percentage and rate of germination increased as temperature rised to 30°c and then decreased. However, seed reaction to the night temperature was higher than that of the day temperature. The highest germination percent (98 percent) was achieved under alternating temperature 25-15°C with 12-12h light-dark. In this study, the lowest time required for 10% and 90% germination and highest germination uniformity were observed under alternating temperatures 30-20°C in darkness.
Conclusion: According to the results of this experiment, velvetleaf seeds are able to germinate in a wide range of light and temperature conditions, although they germinate better in the presence of light and alternate temperatures. Therefore, plowing with a moldboard plow can stimulate germination and drain the soil seed bank.
Highlights:
1- Since light stimulates the germination of velvetleaf seeds, so no-tillage system is able to control this weed.
2- Increasing the environment temperature reduces the chance of germination of velvetleaf seeds.
Volume 8, Issue 2 ((Autumn & Winter) 2022)
Introduction: Seeds need successful germination at the optimal time and conditions to survive. Sometimes, even in the best environmental and genetic conditions of the seed, they do not germinate or germinate with a delay, which are called dormant seeds. Seed dormancy can have positive effects on avoiding adverse conditions and ensuring survival in the environment. However, dormancy in crop plants reduces emergence and yield by preventing germination. A combination of environmental and seed genetic factors are involved in seed dormancy formation. In general, seed dormancy includes: physical dormancy, physiological dormancy, morphological dormancy, morphophysiological dormancy and combinational dormancy, and physical / chemical scarification treatments, hot and cold stratification, leaching, hormonal treatments, after-ripening, light and combination treatments can be used to eliminate dormancy depending on its type. Therefore, in this study, using domestic studies conducted in the field of seed dormancy in different plant species, identification of dormancy in different plant species and its types have been discussed, and general and practical information in this regard has been provided.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 168 reports published on 250 plant species in the last 20 years, which were published in the seed dormancy of medicinal plants, weeds, rangelands, ornamentals and crops were investigated. Then, the percentage of plants studied and their families, as well as the share of different types of seed dormancy and appropriate treatments to for its eliminate were determined.
Results: Among the plant species studied, the most freuqent type of dormancy was related to physiological dormancy (50%), followed by physical dormancy, combinational dormancy, morphophysiological dormancy and the lowest share of dormancy in the studied plant species was related to morphological dormancy (1.61%). The most effective treatments to eliminate physiological dormancy were the use of cold stratification, gibberellic acid, and potassium nitrate. Also, the most effective treatments for the removal of physical dormancy were the use of physical / mechanical scarification treatments, chemical scarification and potassium nitrate treatment. According to the results, temperature treatments and then gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate treatments are recommendedt eliminate morphological dormancy. To eliminate morphophysiological dormancy, it is recommended to use treatments to maturate differentiated small or undifferentiated seeds (removal of morphological dormancy) as well as treatments to counteract the germination inhibitory factors or to compensate the were applied the most to eliminate morphophysiological dormancy.
Conclusion: By identifying the type of dormancy and applying the appropriate treatments, the germination of economical and valuable plants can be improved.
Highlights:
1- Dormancy types in native plant species of Iran through the information of domestic studies was investigated and a comprehensive report on seed dormancy was presented for the first time.
2- General and practical information about seed dormancy, effective factors and methods of dormancy elimination was reviewed in a practical way.
Volume 8, Issue 2 ((Autumn & Winter) 2022)
Extended Abstract
Introduction: Cow tail (Smirnovia iranica) is considered a valuable shrub species indigenous and adapted to the sandy lands of the Iranian central regions which besides playing an essential role in the desert cover for soil protection and of forage production, is considered important due to its great medicinal values. Considering the fact that seed germination of this plant does not easily occur due to its hard and solid seed coat, in this study, the in vitro tissue culture and seedling establishment is utilized for the first time in order to surmount the obstacles laid ahead of cow tail seed germination.
Materials and Methods: Scratched seed, unscratched seed and seed embryo of cow tail as different explants were placed in two culture media (MS, MS with free amino acids complex) following surface sterilization, and were exposed to two photoperiod treatments (16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness as well as absolute darkness) and were investigated in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with six replications. Finally, germination percentage (10 days after seed culturing) and shoot length (30 days after seed germination) were evaluated.
Results: The results indicated that significance of the effect of investigated treatment conducted over some in vitro on germination characteristics. It was revealed that the cultivation of seed embryo in MS culture media along with free amino acids complex for 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness photo period can be considered as the best in vitro germination method, in terms of seed germination percentage (78.83%) and germinated shoot length (44.83 mm).
Conclusion: In vitro culture can be used to improve germination and seeding production of this species.
Highlights:
- The method for seed dormancy elimination of cow tail plant was introduced.
- The seed disinfection procedure for in vitro culture of cow tail plant was introduced.
- The components of in vitro culture medium for rapid and efficient seed germination of cow tail plant were introduced.
Volume 9, Issue 2 ((Autumn & Winter) 2023)
Extended Abstract:
Introduction: Predation is the common fate of most seeds produced by plants. Loss of seeds due to predation can be harmful to plants and causes such species to become rare, as rare species are vulnerable to extinction through processes that disrupt the mechanisms of plant dispersal. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pre-dispersal seed predation on rare astragalus species and their common counterparts.
Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effects of pre-dispersal seed predation, 12 species including 6 species with herbaceous life form (including three rare species (A. Caraganae, A. Heterophyllus and A. Holopsilus) and three common species (A. Angustiflorus, A. Curvirostris and A. Effusus) and 6 species with shrub life form (including three rare species (A. Cephalanthus, A. Camphylanthus and A. Cemerinus) and three common species (A. Verus, A. Susianus and A. Rhodosemius) were compared in 2018 and 2019. From each plant type, 20 and from each plant type 10 pods (for each plant type 200 pods), randomly selected and the parameters of area size, perimeter length, length, width, length-to-width ratio, circularity, and distance between IS and CG from the seed center were measured and compared for both pods and seeds of these species. Also, pod mass and seed mass, number of pods and seeds attacked by predators, number of healthy seeds, pod shape and seed shape of species were compared.
Results: The results of comparing the mean morphological characteristics of seeds between herbaceous and shrub astragalus species showed the highest and lowest area size, perimeter length, length, width, length-to-width ratio, circularity, and distance between IS and CG from the seed center, was related to common astragalus species. in the case of shrub species, most of the characteristics were related to common astragalus species, and the lowest characteristics were related to rare astragalus species. The results of morphological characteristics of pods between herbaceous and shrub species showed that the highest and lowest characteristics belonged to both groups of common and rare species. The results showed that the highest and lowest means of seed mass, number of damaged seeds, number of healthy seeds, and seed shape under the influence of pre-dispersal seed predation among herbaceous species showed that the highest and lowest means of seed mass, number of damaged seeds, belonged to common species. the highest and lowest numbers of healthy seeds and seed shapes belonged to rare species. Among the shrub astragalus species, the highest seed mass, the number of damaged seeds, the number of healthy seeds, and the seed shape were related to common astragalus species, and the lowest of these characteristics were related to rare astragalus species.
Conclusion: The overall results showed that the more species that can produce seeds of larger and smaller sizes, the better the distribution status. And the larger the seed and pod mass of the plant and the larger the shape, the more predators attack those species, but the amount of predator attacks does not lead to the rarity of the species.
Highlights:
- The role of pre-dispersal seed predation on rare and common astragalus species was investigated.
- Morphological characteristics of seeds and life forms of rare and common astragalus species were compared.
Volume 10, Issue 1 ((Spring and Summer) 2023)
Introduction: Weeds are one of the most important problems in agriculture and cause a lot of damage to crops. Overconsumption of herbicides in recent decades has led to harmful impacts on the environment and living organisms, including humans. In order to deal with these problems today, efforts are being made to reduce reliance on artificial herbicides and change direction towards sustainable agriculture as a part of integrated weed management. Among natural compounds, essential oils, which are components of aromatic and medicinal plants, were investigated to discover new herbicides.
Material and Methods: In order to investigate the effects of yarrow essential oil (Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch) on the germination and growth of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) seedlings, two factorial experiments were conducted in the form of a completely randomized design in three replicates at Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch. The first factor was the type of essential oil in two levels (normal and nanoemulsion) and the second factor was the concentration of essential oil in six levels (0, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1000 µl L-1).
Results and Discussion: Scanning electron microscopy images showed the particles were relatively sperhical and their size varied from 1 to 100 nm. The zeta potential of the nanoparticles was -13.8 mV, indicating particle stability. Both type of essential oils reduced germination percentage, germination rate, plumule length, radicel length and seedling dry weight of both weeds and germination percentage decreased significantly with increasing concentration. At a concentration of 200 µl L-1, purslane treated with essential oil germinated 55.25%, but at the same concentration, the germination percentage of seeds treated with nanoemulsion of essential oil was 30.50%. Nanoemulsion of essential oil at concentration of 800 µl L-1 was able to completely prevent the germination and growth of purslane seedlings. Nanoemulsion of essential oil at a concentration of 1000 µl L-1 completely prevented rye seed germination. Germination rate decreased under treatment of yarrow essential oil and there was no difference between two types of essential oils at concentration of 200 µl L-1, but at a concentration of 800 µl, the germination rate of rye seeds treated with nanoemulsion of essential oil and ordinary essential oil reached to 1.40 and 0.32, respectively which was a significant difference.
Conclusions: The inhibition percentage of the studied traits in both weed species showed that the essential oil nanoemulsion was more effective than the normal essential oil. Yarrow essential oil was more effective on purslane weed compared to rye. Essential oils do not have similar effects on weeds and their inhibitory effects will be different depending on the concentration and species of weeds, and the selectivity of these compounds should be investigated. The production of nano essential oil of yarrow as a natural herbicide is a solution. It offers to control weeds in organic farming systems.
Highlights:
1- Nanoemulsion particles were produced from Yarrow essential oil
2- Nanoemulsion particles had more inhibitory effects on the investigated weeds than the normal essential oil.
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Seed Science and Technology, Seed Physiology, Seed Ecology, Modeling, Seed Health, Germination Characteristics, Seed Dormancy, Seed Ageing, Seed Storage, Seed PrimingVote
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