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Effect of humic acid on germination characteristics of Lallemantia royleana and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba under salinity stress
Bahman Fazeli-Nasab, Hamideh Khajeh, Ramin Piri, Zahra Moradian,
Volume 9, Issue 2 ((Autumn & Winter) 2023)
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction: Lallemantia royleana is an annual herbaceous plant of Lamiaceae family in different parts of Europe, the Middle East, and especially Iran. Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. is a plant of the legume family. A common feature between these two plants is hydrocolloid gums, which stabilize some food emulsions by absorbing water and increasing the viscosity or forming a gel in the aqueous phase. Due to its diverse and rich vegetation, Iran can produce countless types of plant gums, and many seeds such as Lallemantia royleana and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba contain valuable gums. Considering the important therapeutic and industrial applications of C. tetragonoloba and L. royleanaplants and the need for more information and reports on determining the best humic acid level and salt stress tolerance of these plants, the purpose of this research is to investigate the tolerance of two L.  royleana and C. tetragonoloba plants to salinity stress in the germination stage and the initial stages of the growth of two plants under the humic acid application.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications at the seed laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture of Zabol University in 1400. In this experiment, salinity stress was investigated using sodium chloride at control (no salinity), 70, 140, 210 mM levels and humic acid at (0, 40, 80, and 120 mg/L) levels. Humic acid solution at different salinity levels was added to each petri dish containing 25 seeds.
Results: The results showed that salinity stress decreased germination percentage, radicle length, plumule length, seedling length and seedling dry weight of C. tetragonoloba. In this plant, the germination percentage decreased by 35.34% compared to the control as the salinity stress level increased to 210 mM, and with the increase of the stress to more than 140 mM, a significant decrease in the germination percentage was observed. The maximum plumule length of L. royleanaplants was obtained in 70 mM salinity treatment and 40 mg/L fertilizer level. The maximum radicle length in the L.  royleanaplants plant was obtained in the treatment of 40 mg/L of humic acid at a 70 mM salinity stress level. Also, the results showed that the maximum radicle length (1.46 cm) in the C.  tetragonoloba plant was related to humic acid pretreatment at 70 and 140 mM salinity and fertilizer levels of 40 and 80 mg/L.
Conclusion: In general, it can be stated that the germination indices significantly decreased under stress conditions, and this indicates that humic acid is a suitable pretreatment that can improve the growth indices of C. tetragonoloba and L.  royleanaplants under stressed and non-stressed conditions. With the application of humic acid at all salinity levels except 210 mM, the germination indices in the two mentioned plants were in a favorable condition.

Highlight:
1- The salinity stress tolerance threshold was studied in Cyamopsis tetragonoloba and Lallemantia plants.
2- Humic acid fertilizer in this study mitigated the destructive effects of salinity stress in Cyamopsis tetragonoloba and Lallemantia plants.

Quantifying seed germination response of Kochia (Kochia scoparia) to varying temperatures and osmotic stress due to salinity
Ramin Piri, Farzad Sharifzadeh, Naser Majnounhosseini,
Volume 11, Issue 1 ((Spring and Summer) 2024)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Currently, temperature and salinity stresses are spreading globally, which have a detrimental impact on the performance of various plants, particularly during seed germination and seedling growth stages. Therefore, the objective of this laboratory study was to examine the influence of temperature treatments and salinity levels on germination characteristics and initial seedling growth of kochia.
Materials and Methods: In the first experiment, temperature at nine levels (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C), and in the second experiment, salinity (osmotic potential at six levels (no stress, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2, -1.6, and -1.8 MPa) were considered as experimental treatments. In order to determine the cardinal temperatures (base, optimal, and ceiling) of germination in kochia seeds, non-linear regression models including the segmented, dent-like, and modified beta models were used.
Results: In the first experiment, the response of kochia germination rate was predicted by a segmented function with R2, RMSE, and AIC (Akaike) values of 0.92, 1.32, and 65.69, respectively, which indicates the high accuracy and precision of this model in predicting the cardinal temperatures of kochia seed germination compared with the other two models. In this model, the estimated base temperature for germination was 0.7°C, the optimal temperature was 20°C, and the ceiling temperature was 44.3°C. In the second experiment, salinity stress negatively affected the characteristics of seed germination in kochia, including germination percentage, germination rate, percentage of normal seedlings, seedling length, and seedling vigor index. The highest germination percentage of kochia seeds was observed under salt-free conditions with 88.66%, which decreased to 13% under -1.8 MPa salinity conditions.
Conclusions: In general, the results showed that the segmented model is more efficient and accurate than the other two models in predicting germination of kochia seeds under different temperature treatments. Also, increasing levels of salinity stress significantly reduced germination potential and seedling growth of kochia seeds, so that at a stress level of -1.8 MPa, germination rate decreased by 75% compared with stress-free condition.

Highlights:
  1. The cardinal temperatures (base, optimum, and ceiling temperatures) of kochia seed germination were determined.
  2. This research introduced 1°C temperature and -1.8 MPa of salinity level as low temperature stress and critical salinity, respectively.

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