Volume 10, Issue 2 ((Autumn & Winter) 2024)
Iranian J. Seed Res. 2024, 10(2): 49-66 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Saadat H, Sedghi M. (2024). The effect of sodium nitroprusside levels on germination indices and antioxidant enzyme activity in soybean (Glycine max) seedlings under accelerated aging test. Iranian J. Seed Res.. 10(2), : 4 doi:10.61186/yujs.10.2.49
URL: http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-580-en.html
URL: http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-580-en.html
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran. , t.saadat2020@gmail.com
Abstract: (1111 Views)
Extended abstract
Introduction: Soybean is among the most important oil crops of the world. Currently, 55% of the world's oil is supplied by soybean. Seed aging, an undesirable feature of agriculture, is one of the main problems in agriculture that leads to economic losses. Although aging is an irreversible process, its speed is delayed by proper storage and optimal storage methods. While kept under inappropriate conditions after harvesting, its quality during storage declines. Priming has a direct and indirect effect on the growth and development of plants, and its indirect effects are more beneficial than its direct effects. Priming improves the longevity of low-vigor seeds. During the priming of these seeds, a long time can occur to repair metabolic damage before any progress in germination, which ultimately prevents further deterioration. Several studies have shown that seed treatment with sodium nitroprusside during reaction with reactive oxygen species and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes is essential to protecting plants against stress. The aim of this study was to the investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside levels on germination indices and antioxidant enzyme activity in soybean seedlings under accelerated aging test.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in 2023 as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design with 3 replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Experimental treatments included accelerated aging treatment at three levels (0, 24, and 48 hours) and three levels of sodium nitroprusside (0, 100, and 200 ppm).
Results: The results showed that aging reduced germination indices including germination percentage (GP), germination value (GV), and mean daily germination (MDG). Also, priming with different levels of sodium nitroprusside, especially the 200 ppm level, improved these traits, but priming with sodium nitroprusside decreased the mean germination rate (MGR) and the mean germination time (MGT). The superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity due to priming with sodium nitroprusside 200 ppm compared to the control showed an increase of 22 and 26%, respectively. Also, the content of peroxidase enzyme activity showed an increase of about 34% compared to the control in priming with sodium nitroprusside 200 ppm and 48 hours aging compared to the control. The lowest catalase enzyme (7.7 units mg protein-1 min-1) was in pretreatment with sodium nitroprusside 100 ppm and without aging.
Conclusions: The results of this study show that among the different treatments, pre-treatment of seeds with sodium nitroprusside 200 ppm may be considered an effective way to improve germination indices and antioxidant enzymes activity of soybean and can be used as a treatment to deal with salinity conditions in soybean seedlings and improve their growth.
Highlights:
Introduction: Soybean is among the most important oil crops of the world. Currently, 55% of the world's oil is supplied by soybean. Seed aging, an undesirable feature of agriculture, is one of the main problems in agriculture that leads to economic losses. Although aging is an irreversible process, its speed is delayed by proper storage and optimal storage methods. While kept under inappropriate conditions after harvesting, its quality during storage declines. Priming has a direct and indirect effect on the growth and development of plants, and its indirect effects are more beneficial than its direct effects. Priming improves the longevity of low-vigor seeds. During the priming of these seeds, a long time can occur to repair metabolic damage before any progress in germination, which ultimately prevents further deterioration. Several studies have shown that seed treatment with sodium nitroprusside during reaction with reactive oxygen species and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes is essential to protecting plants against stress. The aim of this study was to the investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside levels on germination indices and antioxidant enzyme activity in soybean seedlings under accelerated aging test.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in 2023 as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design with 3 replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Experimental treatments included accelerated aging treatment at three levels (0, 24, and 48 hours) and three levels of sodium nitroprusside (0, 100, and 200 ppm).
Results: The results showed that aging reduced germination indices including germination percentage (GP), germination value (GV), and mean daily germination (MDG). Also, priming with different levels of sodium nitroprusside, especially the 200 ppm level, improved these traits, but priming with sodium nitroprusside decreased the mean germination rate (MGR) and the mean germination time (MGT). The superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity due to priming with sodium nitroprusside 200 ppm compared to the control showed an increase of 22 and 26%, respectively. Also, the content of peroxidase enzyme activity showed an increase of about 34% compared to the control in priming with sodium nitroprusside 200 ppm and 48 hours aging compared to the control. The lowest catalase enzyme (7.7 units mg protein-1 min-1) was in pretreatment with sodium nitroprusside 100 ppm and without aging.
Conclusions: The results of this study show that among the different treatments, pre-treatment of seeds with sodium nitroprusside 200 ppm may be considered an effective way to improve germination indices and antioxidant enzymes activity of soybean and can be used as a treatment to deal with salinity conditions in soybean seedlings and improve their growth.
Highlights:
- Seed priming using sodium nitroprusside improved germination indices of seed common soybean under aging.
- Priming with sodium nitroprusside increased antioxidant enzyme activity.
- The concentration of 200 ppm sodium nitroprusside showed a better effect on germination indices and biochemical characteristics.
Article number: 4
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
General
Received: 2023/05/16 | Revised: 2024/07/13 | Accepted: 2023/09/26 | ePublished: 2024/06/9
Received: 2023/05/16 | Revised: 2024/07/13 | Accepted: 2023/09/26 | ePublished: 2024/06/9
References
1. Aalam, L., Sedghi, M. and Sofalian, O. 2019. Sodium nitroprusside and salicylic acid decrease antioxidant enzymes activity in soybean. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 10(1): 3073-3077.
2. Aebi, H. 1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology, 105: 121-126. [DOI:10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3] [PMID]
3. Afzal, I., Ahmad, N., Basra, S.M.A., Ahmadand, R. and Iqbal, A. 2002. Effect of different seed vigor enhancement techniques on hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agricultural Science, 39: 109-112.
4. Ahmad, P., Abdel Latef, A.A., Hashem, A., Abd Allah, E.F., Gucel, S. and Tran, L.S. 2016. Nitric oxide mitigates salt stress by regulating levels of osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes in chickpea. Plant Science, 7: 347-353. [DOI:10.3389/fpls.2016.00347]
5. Anwar, M.P., Jahan, R., Rahman, M.R., Islam, A K. M. and Uddin, F.M.J. 2021. Seed priming for increased seed germination and enhanced seedling vigor of winter rice. Environmental Earth Sciences, 756: 1-7. [DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/756/1/012047]
6. Arc, E., Sechet, J., Corbineau, F., Rajjou, .L. and Marionpoll, A. 2013. ABA crosstalk with ethylene and nitric oxide in seed dormancy and germination. Plant Science, 4: 1-19. [DOI:10.3389/fpls.2013.00063]
7. Arora, A., Sairam, R. and Srivastava, G. 2002. Oxidative stress and antioxidative system in plants. Current Science, 82: 1227-1238.
8. Asadi karam, E., Keramat, B. and Mozaffari, H. 2016. Reducing arsenic toxicity stress in soybean (Glycine max L.) by using of sodium nitroprusside. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 1(37): 225-242. [In Persian, with English Abstract]
9. Bailly, C., Bogatek-Leszczynska, R., Côme, D. and Corbineau, F. 2002. Changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipoxygenase during growth of sunflower seedlings from seeds of different vigour. Seed Science Research, 12: 47-55. [DOI:10.1079/SSR200197]
10. Beligni, M.V. and Lamattina, L. 2001. Nitric oxide in plants the history is just beginning. Plant, Cell and Environment, 24: 267-278. [DOI:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00672.x]
11. Bittebcourt, M.L.C., Dais, D.C.F.S., Dias, L.A.S. and Araujo, E.F. 2004. Effect of priming on asparagus seed germination and vigor under water and temperature stress. Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 32: 607-616. [DOI:10.15258/sst.2004.32.2.29]
12. Bray, C.M., Davision, P.A., Ashraf, M. and Taylor, R.M. 1989. Biochemical changes during osmopriming of leek seed. Annals of Botany, 63: 185-193. [DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087722]
13. Chandel, R.K., Khan, Z. and Gandotra, S. 2015. Alterations in protein and isozymes profiles during accelerated ageing in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Journal of Functional and Environmental Botany, 5(1): 64-69. [DOI:10.5958/2231-1750.2015.00010.4]
14. Dantas, A.F., Fascineli, M.L., Jose, S.C.B.R., Padua, J.G., Gimenes, M.A. and Grisolia, C.K. 2019. Loss of genetic integrity in artificially aged seed lots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Mutation Research, 846: 1-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.07.008] [PMID]
15. Farooq, M., Basra, S.M.A., Tabassum, R. and Afzal, I. 2006. Enhancing the performance of direct seeded fine rice by seed priming. Plant Production Science, 9: 446-756. [DOI:10.1626/pps.9.446]
16. Fathi, A., Baradaran, M. and Amirian, M.R. 2017. The effect of nitric oxide on seed germination and activities of some antioxidant enzymes in sesame under salt stress. Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research, 5(3): 88-77. [In Persian, with English Abstract]
17. Fu, Y.B., Ahmed, Z. and Diederichsen, A. 2015. Towards a better monitoring of seed ageing under ex situ seed conservation. Conservation Physiology, 3: 1-16. [DOI:10.1093/conphys/cov026] [PMID] []
18. Ghasemi Golazani, K. and Delil, B. 2011. Germination tests and seed strength. Jihade Daneshgahi Publications. 104 p. [In Persian]
19. Giannopolitis, C.N. and Ries, S.K. 1977. Superoxide dismutase. I. Occurrence in higher plants. Journal of Plant Physiology, 59: 309-314. [DOI:10.1104/pp.59.2.309] [PMID] []
20. Goel, A., Goel, A.K. and Sheoran, I.S. 2003. Changes in oxidative stress enzymes during artificial ageing in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds. Plant Physiology, 160: 1093-1100. [DOI:10.1078/0176-1617-00881] [PMID]
21. HajiMahmoodi, M., Bakhshandeh, A.M., Moosavi, S.A. and Siadat, S.A. 2021. Quantification of seed aging on seed germination properties of Wild mustard (Sinapsis arvensis) under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 10(1): 42-58. [In Persian with English Summary]
22. Hartman, G.L., West, E.D. and Herman, T.K. 2011. Crops that feed the World 2. Soybean worldwide production, use, and constraints caused by pathogens and pests. Food insecurity, 3: 5-17. [DOI:10.1007/s12571-010-0108-x]
23. Hayat, S., Yadav, S., Alyemeni, M.N. and Ahmad, A. 2014. Effect of sodium nitroprusside on the germination and antioxidant activities of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 20(1): 140-144.
24. Hemeda, H.M. and Klein, B.P. 1990. Effects of naturally occurring antioxidants on peroxidase activity of vegetable extracts. Journal of Food Science, 55: 184-185. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb06048.x]
25. Hoogenboom, G. and Peterson, C.M. 1987. Shoot growth rate of soybean as affected by drought stress. Agronomy Journal, 79(4): 598-607.
https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1987.00021962007900040003x [DOI:10.2134/agronj1987.00021962007900040004x]
26. Israr, M. and Sahi, S.V. 2006. Antioxidative responses to mercury in the cell cultures of Sesbania drummondi. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 44: 590-595. [DOI:10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.09.021] [PMID]
27. ISTA. 2012. International Rules for Seed Testing. Bassersdorf, Switzerland: The International Seed Testing Association (ISTA).
28. Jabeen, Z., Fayyaz, H.A., Irshad, F., Hussain, N. and Hassan, M.N. 2021. Sodium nitroprusside application improves morphological and physiological attributes of soybean (Glycine max L.) under salinity stress. Plos One, 16(4): e0248207. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0248207] [PMID] []
29. Kataria, S. and Verma. S.K. 2018. Salinity stress responses and adaptive mechanisms in major glycophytic crops: The Story So Far. In: Wani, V., Uprasanna, S.H.S. and Tran, L.P. (eds.), Salinity Responses and Tolerance in Plants. Targeting Sensory, Transport and Signaling Mechanisms Springer. Cham. Switzerland, pp. 1-39. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-75671-4_1]
30. Lehner, A., Mamadou, N., Poels, P., Come, D., Bailly, C. and Corbineau, F. 2008. Change in soluble carbohydrates, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in the embryo during aging in wheat grains. Journal of Cereal Science, 47: 555-565. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcs.2007.06.017]
31. Lei, Y., Yin, C., Ren, J. and Li, C. 2007. Effect of osmotic stress and sodium nitroprusside pretreatment on proline metabolism of wheat seedlings. Plant Biology, 516: 386-390. [DOI:10.1007/s10535-007-0082-0]
32. Li, Y., Wang, Y., Xue, H., Pritchard, H.W. and Wang, X. 2017. Changes in the mitochondrial protein profile due to ROS eruption during ageing of elm (Ulmus pumila L.) seeds. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 114: 72-87. [DOI:10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.02.023] [PMID]
33. Li, Z., Pei, X., Yin, S., Lang, X., Zhao, X. and Qu, G. Z. 2019. Plant hormone treatments to alleviate the effects of salt stress on germination of Betula platyphylla seeds. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 30(3): 779-787. [DOI:10.1007/s11676-018-0661-2]
34. Madady, M., Khomari, S., Javadi, A. and Sofalian, A. 2016. The effect of priming with calcium nitrate and zinc oxide on seed germination and seedling growth of corn cockle under salinity stress. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 5(15): 169-179. [In Persian, with English Abstract]
35. Maguire, J.D. 1962. Speed of germination, aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigour. Crop Science, 2: 176-177. [DOI:10.2135/cropsci1962.0011183X000200020033x]
36. Mehrkish, M., Ghobadi, M. and Jalali Honarmand, S. 2021. Evaluation the ability of seed priming with selenium to improving deteriorated seeds in lentil (Lens culinaris Medic). Iranian Journal of Seed Sciences and Research, 8(1): 13-28. [In Persian, with English Abstract]
37. Moori, S. and Eisvand, H. R. 2019. The effect of priming with salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on germination indices and biochemical traits in wheat seed deterioration. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Research, 6(3): 381-398. [In Persian, with English Abstract]
38. Naing, A.H., Lee, K., Arun, M., Lim, K.B. and Kim, C.K. 2017. Characterization of the role of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) involved in long vase life of different carnation cultivars. BMC Plant Biology, 17:149. [DOI:10.1186/s12870-017-1097-0] [PMID] []
39. Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. 1981. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology, 22: 867-880.
40. Nasibi, F., Manouchehri Kalantari, K. and Khudashanas, M. 2009. The effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) pretreatment on some biochemical factors of tomato (Lycopersicun esculentum) seedlings under drought stress. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 16(2): 121-133. [In Persian with English Summary]
41. Nazari, R., Parsa, S., Afshari, R. and Mahmodi, S. 2020. The effect of seed priming with salicylic acid on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and fat peroxidation in deteriorated seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merrill, Williams variety). Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 9(1): 50-57. [In Persian with English Summary]
42. Netondo, G. W., Onyango, J. and Beck, E. 2004. Sorghum and Salinity: I. Response of growth, water relation, and ion accumulation to NaCl salinity. Crop Science, 44: 797-805. [DOI:10.2135/cropsci2004.7970]
43. Panda, P., Nath, Sh., Chanu, Th., Sharma, G.D. and Panda, S.K. 2011. Cadmium stress induced oxidative stress and role of nitric oxide in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 33: 1737-1747. [DOI:10.1007/s11738-011-0710-3]
44. Prajapati, R., Kataria, S. and Jain, M. 2020. Seed priming for alleviation of heavy metal toxicity in plants: An overview. Plant Science Today, 7: 308-313. [DOI:10.14719/pst.2020.7.3.751]
45. Qiao, W., Li, C. and Fan, L.M. 2014. Cross-talk between nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in plant responses to abiotic stresses. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 100: 84-93. [DOI:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.12.014]
46. Rhaman, M.S., Rauf, F., Tania, S.S. and Khatun, M. 2020. Seed priming methods: application in field crops and future perspectives. Asian Journal of Crop Science, 5: 8-19. [DOI:10.9734/ajrcs/2020/v5i230091]
47. Roberts, E.H. and Ellis, R.H. 1980. Seed physiology and seed quality in soybean. In Advances in Legume Science (eds R.J. Summerfield and A.H. Bunting), pp. 297-312. HMSO, London.
48. Rouhi, H.R., Moradi, A., Saman, M., Shahbodaghlo, A. and Mohammadi. Y, 2019. Seed priming with SNP improves the performance of aged pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 8(1): 67-81. [In Persian with English Summary]
49. Saadat, H. and Sedghi, M. 2021. Effect of priming and aging on Physiological, biochemical traits seed common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. Sadri var.). Journal of Seed Research, 11(3): 75-89. [In Persian with English Summary] [DOI:10.30495/jsr.2022.1945870.1228]
50. Saadat, T., Alidost, H. and Sedghi, M. 2021. Effect of priming on the germination of rice seeds of different vigor. Journal of Seed Research, 10(4): 65-73. [In Persian, with English Abstract]
51. Saadat, T., Sedghi, M., Gholipouri, A., Seyed Sharifi, R. and Sheykhbaglou, R. 2019. The effect of priming deterioration on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the mobility of seed reserves in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Sadri. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 8(2): 19-32. [In Persian with English Summary] [DOI:10.22034/ijsst.2018.116851.1154]
52. Saadat, T., Sedghi, M., Gholipouri, A., Seyed Sharifi, R. and Sheykhbaglou, R. 2020. Effect of seed priming and aging on germination, biochemical traits and antioxidant enzyme gene expression in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Research, 7(1): 1-13. [In Persian with English Summary] [DOI:10.22124/jms.2020.4267]
53. Saadat, T., Sedghi, M., Seyed Sharifi, R. and Farzaneh, S. 2023. Effect of chitosan on germination indices of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) (cv. Sedri) seeds under salt stress. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 9(2): 151-162. [In Persian with English Summary] [DOI:10.61186/yujs.9.2.151]
54. Sairam, R.K., Rao, K.V. and Srivastava, G.C. 2002. Differential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Science, 163: 1037-1046. [DOI:10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00278-9]
55. Sarraf, M., Kataria, S., Taimourya, H., Santos, L., Menegatti, R., Jain, M., Ihtisham, M. and Liu, S. 2020. Magnetic Field (MF) Applications in Plants: An Overview. Plants, 9: 1139. [DOI:10.3390/plants9091139] [PMID] []
56. Savadkoohi, S., Saeidi, S., Abbaspour, H. and Dehpour, A. 2016. Effect of different concentrations of Zinc and their interaction with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on physiological and biochemical parameters of Planttago major L. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 7(3): 2113-2123. [In Persian, with English Abstract]
57. Sheokand, S., Bhankar, V. and Sawhney, V. 2010. Ameliorative effect of exogenous nitric oxide on oxidative metabolism in NaCl treated chickpea plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22(2): 81-90. [DOI:10.1590/S1677-04202010000200002]
58. Sirova, J., Sedlaova, M., Piterkova, J., Luhova, L. and Petrivalsky, M. 2011. The role of nitric oxide in the germination of plant seeds and pollen. Plant Science, 181: 560-572. [DOI:10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.03.014] [PMID]
59. Sivritepe, N., Sivritepe, H.O. and Eris, A. 2003. The effects of NaCl priming on salt tolerance in melon seedling grown under saline conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 97: 229-237. [DOI:10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00198-X]
60. Tania, S.S., Rhaman, M.S. and Hossain, M.M. 2020. Hydro-priming and halo-priming improve seed germination, yield and yield contributing characters of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Trop. Plant Research, 7: 86-93. [DOI:10.22271/tpr.2020.v7.i1.012]
61. Thakur, M., Sharma, P. and Anand, A. 2019. Seed Priming-Induced Early Vigor in Crops: An Alternate Strategy for Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Priming and Pretreatment of Seeds and Seedlings, pp.163-180. [DOI:10.1007/978-981-13-8625-1_8]
62. Thomas, S., Anand, A., Chinnusamy, V., Dahuja, A. and Basu, S. 2013. Magnetopriming circumvents the effect of salinity stress on germination in chickpea seeds. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 35: 3401-3411. [DOI:10.1007/s11738-013-1375-x]
63. Varier, A., Vari, A.K. and Dadlani, M. 2010. The subcellular basis of seed priming. Current Science, 99(4): 450-456.
64. Wang, R., Wu, F., Xie, X. and Yang, C. 2021. Quantitative trait locus mapping of seed vigor in soybean under - 20◦C storage and accelerated aging conditions via RAD sequencing. Molecular Biology, 43: 1977-1996. [DOI:10.3390/cimb43030136] [PMID] []
65. Xia, F., Wang, X., Li, M. and Mao, P. 2015. Mitochondrial structural and antioxidant system responses to aging in oat (Avena sativa L.) seeds with different moisture contents. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 94: 122-129. [DOI:10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.06.002] [PMID]
66. Yin, X., He, D., Gupta, R. and Yang, P. 2015. Physiological and proteomic analyses on artificially aged Brassica napus seeds. Plant Science, 6: 1-11. [DOI:10.3389/fpls.2015.00112]
67. Zhan, J., Li, W., He, H.Y., Li, C.Z. and He, L.F. 2014. Mitochondrial alterations during Alinduced PCD in peanut root tips. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 75: 105-113. [DOI:10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.12.010] [PMID]
68. Zheng, C., Jiang, D., Liu, F., Dai, T., Liu, W., Jing, Q. and Cao, W. 2009. Exogenous nitric oxide improves seed germination in wheat against mitochondrial oxidative damage induced by high salinity. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 67(1): 222-227. [DOI:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.05.002]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
