Volume 10, Issue 2 ((Autumn & Winter) 2024)
Iranian J. Seed Res. 2024, 10(2): 119-136 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Delfan F, Shahbazi F, Esvand H. (2024). Evaluation of mechanical damages to chickpeas due to free fall during handling under electrical conductivity and accelerated aging tests. Iranian J. Seed Res.. 10(2), : 8 doi:10.61186/yujs.10.2.119
URL: http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-571-en.html
URL: http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-571-en.html
Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Lorestan University, Khoram abbad, Iran , shahbazi.f@lu.ac.ir
Abstract: (1012 Views)
Extended abstract
Introduction: The seeds of agricultural products are constantly subjected to impact forces from machines from the moment they are harvested to the time they are transferred into storage. Improper design and performance of machines in each of these stages can cause mechanical damage to seeds. Mechanical damage caused by free fall on the seed of agricultural products, which occurs during different stages of harvesting, transportation and other processes, causes a decrease in their quality and an increase in waste. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of mechanical damage caused to chickpea seeds due to the impact of free fall.
Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. The factors included drop height (3, 6, 9 and 12 m), the contact surface (concrete, plywood, metal (iron) and seed-on-seed) and seed moisture content (10, 15, 20 and 25 %). The studied traits or the amount of damage to the seeds included the measurement of seed deterioration by the accelerated aging method (loss in germination percentage in the accelerated aging test) and the measurement of electrical conductivity.
Results: The results of the analysis of variance showed that all three factors (drop height, the contact surface and moisture content) had significant effects at p<0.01 on the loss in germination percentage in the accelerated aging test and changes in electrical conductivity of chickpea seeds. In terms of loss in germination percentage, the highest damage to seeds occurred in the metal contact (41.96%) and the least in the seed-on-seed treatments(29.71%). Also, the highest amount of electrical conductivity was related to the seeds dropped on the metal (36.09 μS cm-1g-1) and the lowest was related to seed-on-seed contact (21.68 μS cm-1g-1). As the drop height rose from 3 to 12 m, the loss in germination and electrical conductivity of seeds increased from 27.74 to 48.08% and from 18.72 to 40.47 μS cm-1g-1, respectively. Increasing the moisture content of chickpea seeds from 10 to 25% causes a decrease in the amount of damage to the seeds in terms of electrical conductivity (from 38.40 to 21.18 μS cm-1g-1). However, the damage was in the form of loss in germination percentage during the accelerated aging test (from 29.22 to 42.88 %).
Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that the movement of chickpea seeds and the subsequent free fall had a notable impact on their latent damage, leading to a decrease in germination rate and alterations in electrical conductivity. Therefore, it is recommended to minimize fall height and prevent seeds from hitting hard surfaces during seed processing and transportation to mitigate the damage.
Highlights:
Introduction: The seeds of agricultural products are constantly subjected to impact forces from machines from the moment they are harvested to the time they are transferred into storage. Improper design and performance of machines in each of these stages can cause mechanical damage to seeds. Mechanical damage caused by free fall on the seed of agricultural products, which occurs during different stages of harvesting, transportation and other processes, causes a decrease in their quality and an increase in waste. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of mechanical damage caused to chickpea seeds due to the impact of free fall.
Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. The factors included drop height (3, 6, 9 and 12 m), the contact surface (concrete, plywood, metal (iron) and seed-on-seed) and seed moisture content (10, 15, 20 and 25 %). The studied traits or the amount of damage to the seeds included the measurement of seed deterioration by the accelerated aging method (loss in germination percentage in the accelerated aging test) and the measurement of electrical conductivity.
Results: The results of the analysis of variance showed that all three factors (drop height, the contact surface and moisture content) had significant effects at p<0.01 on the loss in germination percentage in the accelerated aging test and changes in electrical conductivity of chickpea seeds. In terms of loss in germination percentage, the highest damage to seeds occurred in the metal contact (41.96%) and the least in the seed-on-seed treatments(29.71%). Also, the highest amount of electrical conductivity was related to the seeds dropped on the metal (36.09 μS cm-1g-1) and the lowest was related to seed-on-seed contact (21.68 μS cm-1g-1). As the drop height rose from 3 to 12 m, the loss in germination and electrical conductivity of seeds increased from 27.74 to 48.08% and from 18.72 to 40.47 μS cm-1g-1, respectively. Increasing the moisture content of chickpea seeds from 10 to 25% causes a decrease in the amount of damage to the seeds in terms of electrical conductivity (from 38.40 to 21.18 μS cm-1g-1). However, the damage was in the form of loss in germination percentage during the accelerated aging test (from 29.22 to 42.88 %).
Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that the movement of chickpea seeds and the subsequent free fall had a notable impact on their latent damage, leading to a decrease in germination rate and alterations in electrical conductivity. Therefore, it is recommended to minimize fall height and prevent seeds from hitting hard surfaces during seed processing and transportation to mitigate the damage.
Highlights:
- Seed deterioration tests using accelerated aging and electrical conductivity can be used as appropriate criteria to measure the mechanical damage to chickpea seeds.
- When designing machines that come into contact with the seeds, it is important to choose surfaces made of soft materials to minimize the destructive effects of the seeds falling from greater heights.
- The moisture content during the processing and transportation of the seeds should be at an optimal level of around 15%.
Article number: 8
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
General
Received: 2023/08/23 | Revised: 2024/06/9 | Accepted: 2024/03/5 | ePublished: 2024/06/9
Received: 2023/08/23 | Revised: 2024/06/9 | Accepted: 2024/03/5 | ePublished: 2024/06/9
References
1. ASABE Standards. 2008. S368.3: Compression test of food materials of convex shape. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, Michigan. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE.
2. ASABE, Standards. 2006. S352. 2 Moisture measurement-Unground Grain and Seeds. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, Michigan. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE.
3. Bartkowiak, A., Gracz, W. Marcinkowski, D., Skrzypek, D. and Wojtaszyk, S. 2019. Research on quality of maize grain as a result of the application of an innovative system for storing grain under operating Conditions. Agricultural Engineering, 23(3):15-28. [DOI:10.1515/agriceng-2019-0022]
4. Bergen, G.A., Jayas, D.S. and White, N.D.G. 1993. Physical damage to peas and lentils due to free fall. Canadian Agricultural Engineering, 35(2): 151-159.
5. Chen, Z., Wassgren, C. and Ambrose, K. 2020. A review of grain kernel damage: mechanisms, modeling, and testing procedures. Transactions of the ASABE, 63(2):455-475. [DOI:10.13031/trans.13643]
6. Delfan, F., Shahbazi, F. Esvand, H.R. 2023. Impact damage to chickpea seeds during free fall. International Agrophysics, 37(1): 41-49. [DOI:10.31545/intagr/156049]
7. Eckhoff, S.R. and Paulsen, M.R. 2012. Maize, in Cereal Grain Quality, Ed by Herny RJ and Kettlewell PS, Springer Science & Business Media. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 77-112. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-009-1513-8_3]
8. Evans, M.D., Holmes, R.G. and McDonald, M.B. 1990. Impact damage to soybean seed as affected by surface hardness and seed orientation. Transactions of the ASABE, 33(1): 234-0240. [DOI:10.13031/2013.31321]
9. Fiscus, D.E., Foster, G.H. and Kaufmami, H.H. 1999. Physical damage of grain caused by various handling techniques. Transactions of the ASAE, 14(3): 480-0485. [DOI:10.13031/2013.38319]
10. Foster G.H. and Holman L.E. 1999. Grain breakage caused by commercial handling methods. Marketing Research Report No. 968. Washington, DC: USDA-ARS.
11. Ghafori, H., Hemmat, A. Borghaee, A.M. and Minaei, S. 2011. Physical properties and conveying characteristics of corn and barley seeds using a suction-type pneumatic conveying system. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(27): 5972-5977 [DOI:10.5897/AJAR11.1098]
12. ISTA. 2009. International Seed Testing Association. Handbook on seedling evaluation (3rd ed) with amendment. Bassersdorf, Switzerland
13. Jan, K.N., Panesar, P.S. and Singh S. 2019. Effect of moisture content on the physical and mechanical properties of quinoa seeds. International Agrophysics, 33(1).41-48. [DOI:10.31545/intagr/104374]
14. Khazaei J., Shahbazi F., Massah J., Nikravesh M. and Kianmehr M.H. 2008. Evaluation and modeling of physical and physiological damage to wheat seeds under successive impact loadings: mathematical and neural networks modeling. Crop Science, 48(4): 1532-1544. [DOI:10.2135/cropsci2007.04.0187]
15. Konak, M., K. Carman and Aydin, C. 2002. Physical properties of chickpea seeds. Biosystem Engineering, 82(1): 73-78. [DOI:10.1006/bioe.2002.0053]
16. Kordi, S. and Shahbazi, F. 2020. Effects of moisture contents on harvesting time and drying methods on mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of corn hybrids. Nutrition and Food Sciences Research, 7(3): 33-40. [DOI:10.29252/nfsr.7.3.33]
17. Mohsenin, N. N. 1986. Physical properties of plant and animal materials. New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
18. Rahman, M.M., Hampton, J.G. and Hill, M.J. 2004. Effect of seed moisture content following hand harvest and machine threshing on seed quality of cool tolerant soybean. Seed Science and Technology, 32: 149-158 [DOI:10.15258/sst.2004.32.1.15]
19. Sadeghi, H., Mirshekarnejad, B., Sheidaei, S. and Oskouei. B. 2014. Evaluation of germination traits and mechanical damage to soybean seed during processing, under standard germination, electrical conductivity and accelerated aging tests. Journal of Crops Improvement (Journal of Agriculture) 15(3): 187-199. [In Persian with English Summary].
20. Santos, S.G.F.D., Araujo, E.F., Araujo, R.F., Kohl, S., Coelho, A.P.D.F. and Nascimento, W.M., 2023. Processing on the physical and physiological quality of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds. Journal of Seed Science, 45: p.e202345025. [DOI:10.1590/2317-1545v45268779]
21. Shah, F. S. Watson, C. E. Meredith, N.D. Bohn, P. A. and Martin, B. 2001. Effect of bean ladder usage on mechanical damage during soybean seed conditioning. Seed Technology, 23(1): 92-97.
22. Shahbazi, F. 2011. Impact damage to chickpea seeds as affected by moisture content and impact velocity. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 27(5): 771-775. [DOI:10.13031/2013.39557]
23. Shahbazi, F. 2021. Mechanical damage to agricultural grains (Causes and Solutions). Lorestan University, Press. Khoram abbad, Iran [In Persian].
24. Shahbazi, F., Saffar. A. and Analooei. M. 2011. Mechanical damage to pinto beans as affected by moisture content and impact energy. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 13(2):1-8.
25. Shahbazi, R, and Shahbazi, F. 2023. Effects of cushion box and closed let‐down ladder usage on impact damage to corn kernel during handling. Food Science & Nutrition, 11(5): 2243-2253. [DOI:10.1002/fsn3.3137] [PMID] []
26. Shahbazi, R. and Shahbazi, F., 2022 a. Effects of cushion box and closed let-down ladder usage on damage to corn during handling: Physiological deterioration. Plant Methods, 18(1), p.142. [DOI:10.1186/s13007-022-00975-y] [PMID] []
27. Shahbazi, R. and Shahbazi, F. 2022 b. Effects of cushion box and closed let-down ladder usage on mechanical damage during corn kernel handling: Cracking. Journal of Stored Products Research, 99(1): p.102006. [DOI:10.1016/j.jspr.2022.102006]
28. Vearasilpa, S., Somchai, P., Nattasak, K., Sanguansak, T., Sangtiwa, S. and Elke P. 2001. Assessment of post harvest soybean seed quality loss. Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development Institute for Agricultural Chemistry, Georg-August University, Göttingen, 37075 Germany.
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
