@article{ author = {Nejadgharebaghi, Habib and Fateh, Esfandiar and Aynehband, Amir}, title = {Investigation of the Effect of Salinity and Drought Stress on Germination Characteristics of Strangle Wort (Cynanchum acutum) Seeds}, abstract ={Extended Abstract Introduction: Strangle wort (Cynanchum acutum) is a perennial weed that could be propagated by seeds and vegetative organs. This brings about harvesting problems for some crops such as cotton, sugar beet, wheat and maize. In recent years, this weed has caused huge losses in sugar cane fields. The role of environmental conditions in weed management is highly important. Given this, the present study seeks to investigate the effects of environmental conditions (salinity and drought stress) on germination characteristics of strangle wort weed. Materials and Methods: In order to investe the effect of different salinity and drought levels on strangle wort (Cynanchum acutum), two seperate experiments were conducted at Hakim Farabi Khuzestan Sugar Cane Research Institute in 2014-2015. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. The treatments were different salinity levels at 8 levels (0, 2.5, 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, 12.5, 16.5 and 20.5ds/m) and the second experiment involved different drought stresses (osmotic potential) at 7 levels (0, -1, -3, -6, -9, -12 and -15 bar). Results: The results of salinity stress experiment showed that with increases in salinity levels from 0 to 20.5 ds/m, germination, radicle length, plumule length and seedling weight decreased by 61, 80, 91 and 99%, respectively. The results of drought stress experiment showed that with increases in salinity levels from 0 to -15 bar, all studied traits, i.e., germination, radicle length, plumule length and seedling weight all decreased by 100%. The analysis of variance results showed that in all the traits, there were significant differences between salinity and drought stress in 1% probability level. In this research, in the salinity experiment, in most of traits, especially radicle length quickly decreased after 8.5 ds/m salinity to higher levels and in drought stress experiment, after -3 bar to higher levels. Conclusion: On the whole, it seems that sufficient information about this weed is vital for the adoption of the best control method, and gaining insights into how strangle wort responds to environmental stress, especially salinity stress, could help us to come up with new control approaches for this invasive weed. This can present a proper ecological approach that could be adopted in sustainable agriculture programs, which is environmentally sound as it decreases the use of chemical inputs. In addition, in order to lower the tolerance of this weed to salinity and especially drought stress, it is suggested that it be used for weed management programs. According to the results of this study, soil salinity higher than 8.5 ds/m and drought tension above than -3 bar can cause sizeable reduction in most traits (growth parameters) especially in root length. In most of the traits scrutinized, the tolerance of the weed to salinity and drought stress was 12.5 ds/m and -6 bar, respectively.     Highlights: Evaluation of germination characteristics of strangles wort under salinity and drought stress conditions. Determination of tolerance threshold of strangles wort germination seed to salinity and drought stress.}, Keywords = {Osmotic potential, Weed, Strangle wort, Environmental stresses, Germination}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-17}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.1.1}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-368-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-368-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Nazer, Mahsa and Ehteshami, Seyed MohammadReza and Salehi, Masoumeh and Kafighasemi, Ali}, title = {Quantification of the Best Harvest Time of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) Seed with High Quality in Golestan Province}, abstract ={Extended Abstract Introduction: Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonolob) which belongs to fabaceae and leguminosae families is self-pollinating and is indigenous to India and Pakistan. This plant is suitable for growth in dry, damp and sandy soils, and can tolerate saline and relatively alkaline soils. Determining the best time for harvesting seeds and its timing with maximum quality is one of the important issues in the field of seed production management. The changes in the physiological quality of seeds occur during development until seed treatment. The use of high-quality seeds plays an important role in the final yield of crops. The purpose of this study was to determine the most suitable time for harvesting seeds because seed moisture content at harvest time is one of the most important factors affecting seed quality. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in July 2013 at Iraqi Research Station in Gorgan, Golestan, Iran in a split-plot design with four replications. The treatments consisted of the time of harvesting the seeds from the mother's base in six stages (with different moisture content) and harvesting places (upper, middle, and bottom pods) so that, starting from the podding, every 7 days, the seeds were removed from the base. The mother was harvested and such traits as germination rate, germination percentage, seedling vigor, seed moisture content, and alpha-amylase activity were calculated. In this research, a logistic model was used to study the changes in germination percentage, germination rate, seedling vigor index and straw index during seed dressing on Guar. Results: The results of this study showed that the hypothesis that seed reaches its maximum quality at the end of the period of seed filling is confirmed, suggesting that with a moisture content of 30 and 14% in late seed filling period, Guar seeds have the highest quality. In general, the results of the present study confirm that the stages of development and management of Guar seeds on maternal basis have an impact on its quality. In the early stages of growth (humidity 85, 80 and 62 percent), due to prematurity and lack of essential seed structures, the qualitative traits of germination percentage, germination rate, seedling vigor, and strawberry index were low, and with the evolution of essential structures and reduced seed moisture content (58, 30 and 14%), the quality traits increased. Conclusions: In general, it can be concluded that the best timing for harvesting Guar seeds with the highest quality in Golestan province is when seed moisture reaches 14% or 100 days after planting, and the pods formed at the bottom are the ones with the highest quality.     Highlights: To investigate the qualitative indices of Guar seed on the mother plant during seed filling period To determine the best harvest time and its adaptation with the highest quality of Guar seed}, Keywords = {Alpha-amylase, Germination, Maternal stock, Seed maturity, Seed vigor, Seedling vigor}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {19-32}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.1.19}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-359-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-359-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {HoseinpurAskarian, Elahe and AbbasiSurki, Ali and DaneshShahraki, Abdolrazagh}, title = {Effect of Seed Priming with ZnSO4 and FeSO4 on Dormancy Break Optimization and Germination Traits of Shallot (Allium hirtifolium)}, abstract ={Extended Abstract Introduction: In addition to dormancy, seeds of Allium hirtifolium have a weak emergence in the field. Among methods for improving the efficiency and emergence of seeds, nutritional priming can be considered for its performance on weak seeds. The presence of micronutrients is one of the factors that may affect the efficiency of the seeds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of priming with nutrients on optimization of dormancy status, germination, and enhancement of shallot seeds for its conservational, restoration and domestication programs. Materials and Methods: In order to study effects of nutrients on germination and emergence of Allium hirtifolium, a CRD factorial experiment was conducted with four replications at Seed Science and Technology Lab of Shahrekord University in 2015. Two dormancy breaking treatments (sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid + gibberellic acid) as the first factor and nine nutrition treatments including four levels of ZnSO4 (5, 10, 50 and 100 mM) and four levels of FeSO4 (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%) versus control were compared on shallot seeds. Results: The results showed that dormancy breaking treatments, nutrient pretreatment of seeds and their interaction had significant effects on germination percentage, germination rate, time to reach l0% and 50% germination, germination uniformity, seedling length and vigor index I at 1% probability level. Sulfuric acid and FeSO41% increased germination versus control. Application of gibberellic acid affected the behavior of iron but did not indicate significant effects for zinc. The concentration of 5 mM ZnSO4 increased the rate of germination, compared with the control but decreased with higher concentrations. The gibberellic acid did not show any sharp effects on germination rate. Time to reach 50% germination was also affected by FeSO4 0.5% and 1% and lower levels of zinc. Application of gibberellic acid did not show any significant impact on the germination time reduction, compared with control and increased T50 in higher concentrations. Although germination traits were rarely affected by gibberellic acid, seedling length and vigor index were positively influenced with GA, and the highest seedling length was achieved at 0.5 and 1% of iron and gibberellic acid. Conclusion: Seed priming with nutrients can improve germination and plant vigur indices. Different concentrations of iron and zinc showed different impacts on the seeds, which showed interaction with dormancy breaking methods. Although application of gibberellic acid did not have an effective role in increasing germination rate and reducing the time to reach 10% and 50% of germination, it enhanced seedling length and vigor index I, especially for iron.     Highlights: Addition of iron and zinc sulfate to shallot seeds whose dormancy was broken with sulfuric acid caused higher germination rate of  25.54%, compared with the control. Gibberellin compensated for zinc effect in germination and was able to replace it, but had a slight synergic effect with iron sulfate. Although gibberellin application did not affect germination traits, the seedling length and vigor index showed a positive response to it.}, Keywords = {Nutrients, Emergence, Gibberellic acid, Vigor Index, Sulfuric acid}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {33-49}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.1.33}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-325-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-325-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Alizadeh-Amraie, Ashraf and Javanmard, Abdollah and Eskandari, Hamdollah}, title = {Effect of Planting Pattern and Irrigation Method on Germination of Mung Bean (Vigna radiate) Harvested at Different Times of Maturation}, abstract ={Extended Abstract Introduction: Pulses are a group of crops which are important in human nutrition and also sustainability of agronomical systems and economic advantage. Regarding optimum planting density of mung beans (40 plant m-2), more than 700 tons of certified seeds of mung bean seeds are needed all over the country, confirming the importance of the production of high quality seeds. Seed quality may be affected by different environmental conditions such as water deficit. Since intercropping can alleviate the negative effects of drought on crop growth, the hypothesis that crops can benefit from intercropping has been formulated in previous studies. Since there is no sufficient information on germination performance and seed weight of mung bean during seed growth and development in response to partial root zone irrigation and intercropping, the current experiment was aimed to evaluate the effect of partial root zone irrigation and intercropping on some quality traits of mung bean and to determine the best time of harvesting to produce high quality seeds in mung bean. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as factorial (3× 2× 5) based on RCBD with three replications. The first factor was planting pattern (including sole mung bean, inter-row maize-mung bean intercropping and within-row maize-mung bean intercropping). The second factor was irrigation method (partial root zone irrigation and conventional irrigation) and the third factor was harvest time (5-day intervals in 5 stages). Germination percentage, 1000-grain weight, root length, shoot length and seedling dry weight were determined for evaluation of seed quality. Results: The results indicated that the interaction of cropping pattern× harvest time and cropping pattern× irrigation× harvest time had no significant effect on traits. However, the interaction of irrigation× harvest time on germination percentage, root length and seedling dry weight was significant (P≤0.01). With increasing growth and maturation of seed, germination percentage increased in both irrigation methods. Germination percentage of mung bean was reduced by partial root zone irrigation. The effect of partial root zone irrigation on germination percentage was higher at the end of seed filling period. Partial root zone irrigation resulted in the reduction of root length. The differences between conventional and partial root zone irrigation for root length at different harvest times were 4, 9, 9, 18 and 15 percent, respectively. In both irrigation methods (i.e., conventional and partial root zone irrigation) seedling dry weight increased with increasing the seed growth and maturation. However, deficit of irrigation had negative effects on seedling dry weight of mung bean. With reduced water availability, 1000-grain weight and shoot length were also reduced. 1000-grain and shoot length of mung bean in conventional irrigation were 11 and 10 percent higher than those of partial root zone irrigation, respectively. Conclusion: Intercropping had no significant effect on seed quality of mung bean. However, deficit of irrigation reduced its seed quality. For harvesting high quality seeds in mung bean, there is a need for plants that experience no drought stress. That the time of reaching the maximum seed quality coincided with the ending of the seed filling period confirms the Harington’s hypothesis.     Highlights: Seed quality of mung bean during seed growth and development was evaluated. Effect of deficient irrigation induced by partial root zone irrigation on seed quality of mung bean was determined. The effect of planting pattern of mother plants on seed quality was investigated.}, Keywords = {Intercropping, Irrigation, Pulses, Seed quality}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {51-63}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.1.51}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-374-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-374-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {sheidaei, saman and Hamidi, Aidin and sadeghi, hossein and oskouei, bita and zare, leil}, title = {Impact of Storage Fungi on Soybean Seed Deterioration in Different Storage Conditions and Seed Moisture Content}, abstract ={Extended Abstract Introduction: Understanding the complex characteristics that control the life span of the seed has ecological, agricultural and economic importance. Inappropriate storage conditions after harvesting destroy a large part of annual yield partly due to microbial activity in the storage. Damage from storage fungi varies based on the climatic conditions, crops and storage facilities. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of storage conditions and initial seed moisture content on the growth of storage fungi and also the relationship between the degree of contamination with fungi and the quality and biochemical changes of the seeds. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design to assess the impact of storage fungi on soybean seed deterioration at different storage conditions. The treatment included three degrees of initial seed moisture content including low moisture content (10%), medium moisture content (12%) and high moisture content (14%) as the first factor. Moreover, two storage conditions including the seed storage in Moghan and controlled seed storage in Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute were considered as the second factor. Soybean seeds of Williams's cultivar were investigated for the infection of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium and Penicillium fungi and also related biochemical traits and seed quality such as germination percent, seedling vigor index, soluble sugar and total protein. Results: The results of this experiment showed that the increase of the seed moisture content by 14% can significantly decrease the seed quality. Therefore, the seed moisture content of 14% was identified as unsuitable moisture for the storage of soybean seeds. In addition, the infection with storage fungi has a direct relationship with the degree of seed moisture and seeds with high moisture content are rapidly attacked by the storage fungi which can decrease seed quality and viability. Moreover, the Aspergillus niger infection increased from 27.5 to 43.75 and the germination percent decreased from 52.5 to 23 percent in seeds with a moisture content of 14% in Moghan storage, as compared with the controlled storage. Furthermore, this study showed that when the percentage of storage fungi increases, the soybean seed deterioration increases. Studying the biochemical changes of deteriorated seeds during the storage showed that as the aging of the seeds increases, soluble sugars and protein percentage decrease. The amounts of soluble sugars and total protein of the seed were significantly lower in seeds maintained under unsuitable conditions. Furthermore, the content of soluble sugars and total protein decreased significantly by the increase of the seed moisture, which resulted in the increase in seed deterioration. Conclusions: Based on the obtained results, initial seed moisture and storage conditions are two important determinants of fungi infestation during storage, which can affect the content of soluble sugars and total protein causing seed deterioration, seed vigor and viability. It can be concluded that the soybean seed moisture content of 12%, which is the standard moisture content of soybean seed production in Iran, is regarded as suitable moisture for seed storage.     Highlights: Introduction of proper storage conditions and initial seed moisture in order to decrease fungal damage and soybean seed deterioration. Determination of different fungal damages during the storage of soybean seeds. Determination of relationship between the degree of soybean seed infection of storage fungi and the seed’s quality, its amount of protein and soluble sugars.}, Keywords = {Germination percent, Seed protein, Soluble sugar, Storage fungi}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {65-76}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.1.65}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-370-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-370-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {HojatiFahim, Narjes and Sedghi, Mohamad and Chaeichi, Mehrdad and Seyedsharifi, Rraouf}, title = {The Effect of Seed Inoculation with Organic and Biologic Fertilizers on Germination and Heterotrophic Seedling Indices in Rainfed Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Cultivar}, abstract ={Extended Abstract Introduction: Iran is located in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world with an average rainfall of 240 mm per year, which requires rethinking of the adoption of methods. One of the alternative ways is to use organic and biological fertilizers. Biological fertilizers are considered as the main and the most important factor in the integrated management of plant foods for sustainable agriculture as they play an important role in product improvement and efficiency. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of investigating the effect of seed pre-treatment with some organic and biological fertilizers in rainfed wheat. Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment with three replications was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed and Plant Certification and Registration of the Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research located in Hamedan. Seed inoculation was considered in 5 levels (Seafull, Disper Root Gs., Bio-Health, Trichodermin and control) on 8 different rainfed wheat cultivars (Azar-2, Hashtrood, Baran, Rasad, Owhadi, Sardari, Takab and Homa). First, the seeds were disinfected with sodium hypochlorite, and were then cultured in special containers and were placed in the germinator at 20 ° C. After 4 and 8 days, the number of germinated seeds was counted. Germination seeds were counted in each treatment and germination indices such as germination rate, average daily germination, coefficient germination rate, longitudinal vigor index, weight vigor index, seedling fresh weight, root length/shoot ratio, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, seed reserve utilization rate, seed reserve utilization efficiency, fraction utilization seed reserve, seed dry weight were calculated. Results: With application of different levels of fertilizer, the rate of germination treatment Homa×Bio-Health (155%), average daily germination treatment Hashtrood×Bio-Health (69%), coefficient germination rate treatment Owhadi×Disper Root Gs (60%), longitudinal vigor index treatment Owhadi×Bio-Health (108%), weight vigor index treatment Homa×Bio-Health (64%), root fresh weight treatment Hashtrood×Disper Root Gs (106%), shoot fresh weight treatment Hashtrood×Seafull (23%), seedling fresh weight treatment Homa×Bio-Health (42%), root length/shoot ratio treatment Owhadi×Trichodermin (75%), seed reserve utilization rate treatment Homa×Bio-Health (118%), and fraction utilization seed reserve treatment Homa×Bio-Health (119%) increased, compared with the control. In addition, the application of Bio-Health fertilizer and Hashtrood cultivar had the highest amount in almost all the mentioned attributes Conclusion: Investigation of the different levels of fertilization showed that in most of the indices related to germination and heterotrophic growth of seedling, pretreatment with Bio-Health biofertilizer had a significant difference with other fertilizer levels.     Highlights: Evaluation of germination indices for recent cultivars of rainfed wheat, released by rainfed Research Institute of Iran. Investigating and comparing fertilizers with various multifactorial compounds (fungi and bacteria) and with each other. Conducting research on commercial compounds and comparison of live biochemical and non-organic matters in a single experiment.}, Keywords = {Germination rate, Pre-treatment, Vigor index, Seed Reserve Utilization Efficiency, Seedling fresh weight.}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {77-93}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.1.77}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-331-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-331-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Mehrabi, Ali Asharf and Hajinia, Somayeh}, title = {The Effect of Seed Pre-treatments on Germination of Astragalus gossypinus Seed}, abstract ={Extended Abstract Introduction: White Astragalus (Astragalus gossypinus Fisherr.) is one of the valuable plants for producing gum, which is of critical importance in soil conservation and the economy of the country. This plant is propagated by seed; its seeds are in the natural state of dormancy. Therefore, recognizing the factors affecting dormancy and creating optimal conditions for seed germination of this plant is necessary for the cultivation and reclamation of rangelands. This study was conducted with the aim of finding the best treatment for breaking the dormancy and improving seed germination under various chemical and physical treatments. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with four replications at the gene bank of cereal and legume Lab of Ilam University, 2017. The factors included two levels of scarification chemical (with and without sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for 10 minutes), three levels of stratification (control, moist chilling at +4 °C and dry chilling -20 °C), potassium nitrate in two levels (zero and 1% KNO3) and gibberellic acid in two levels (zero and 5 ppm GA3). Germination indices including germination percentage, germination rate, seedling and radicle length, seedling fresh weight and vigor index were measured. Results: Initial assessment of vital indices in seed such as germination and primary growth showed that the simultaneous application of scarification by sulfuric acid and moist chilling at +4 °C has the most impact on removing dormancy and increasing germination percentage. The highest germination rate was observed in moist chilling at +4 °C, which was 32.19 percent more than that of the control treatment. Scarification by sulfuric acid reduced the mean germination time in moist chilling at +4 °C. Scarification by sulfuric acid increased the fresh weight of the seedling by 55.25 percent, compared with the control. Pre-treatments with potassium nitrate undre control conditions, moist chilling at +4 °C and dry chilling at -20 °C increased the fresh weight of seedlings, at 52.66, 30.94 and 17.18 percent, respectively. Application of potassium nitrate increased root length by about 60.7 percent, compared with control. The highest radicle length (78.71 mm) was obtained when the seed was treated with sulphuric acid with wet chilling at 4 ° C for two weeks, which was 30 percent higher than control. The highest seedling length (84.88 mm) was obtained in scarification with sulfuric acid, wet chilling, and potassium nitrate and gibberellic acid. The highest seed vigor index (61.85 %) was observed in the treatment of scarification with sulfuric acid under moist chilling, and pre-treatments of gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate. Conclusions: In general, it can be concluded that seed dormancy of Astraglus gossypinus involves both physical and physiological dormancy. The best treatment for removing the dormancy of this species seems to be scarification with sulfuric acid for 10 minutes puls concentrated stratification in moist chilling at +4 °C for two weeks.     Highlights: Determination of the optimal seed dormancy techniques of white Astragalus for the purpose of increasing seed germination percentage. Comparison of the efficiency of different dormancy breaking techniques. The combined effect of sulfuric acid, chilling and priming with gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate on germination indices.}, Keywords = {Germination, Chiling, Gibberellic acid, Gum, Potassium nitrate, Sulfuric acid}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {95-113}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.1.95}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-371-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-371-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Sarani, Hosein and Izadi, Ebrahim and Ghanbari, Ali and Rahemi, Ali}, title = {Effect of Temperature and Light on Germination Characteristics of Japanese Morning Glory (Ipomoea nil): Determination of Cardinal Temperatures of Germination}, abstract ={Extended Abstract Introduction: In recent years, Japanese morning glory has been recognized as a new weed in some soybean cultivation areas in the Province of Golestan. Japanese morning glory, an annual herbaceous plant, belongs to Convolvulaceae family. Germination is the first step in the competitiveness of a weed in an ecological niche. Among the factors influencing seed germination, temperature and light are the most important environmental factors. The relationship between temperature and germination rate is mainly determined by nonlinear regression, and various models such as dent-like, segmented, beta, and second-order major models are used for this purpose. In this study, we examined the aspects of germination biology of this weed under the influence of temperature and light. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of temperature and light on germination of Japanese morning glory, two separate experiments were conducted. Treatments included constant temperature at 7 levels (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40) in the first experiment and alternating temperature at 6 levels (30/25, 10/15, 30/20, 35/25, 40/30, 45/35) and light conditions (14 hours of brightness 250 μmoles/m-2-sec-1) and darkness in the second experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications. The number of germinated seeds was taken up to 4 days after stopping germination every day. Percentage and speed of germination and time reaching 50% germination were calculated. Three models of dent-like, segmented lines and beta were used to determine the cardinal temperature between the temperature and germination rate. Results: The results showed that temperature had a significant effect on percentage, speed and time taken to reach 50% (D50) of germination of Japanese morning glory. The highest percentage of germination (95%) and germination rate (19.80 seeds per day) were observed in the alternating temperature of 20/30 ° C treatment, respectively. The lowest percentage of germination (83.33%) was observed at alternating temperatures 25/35 °C, and the lowest germination rate (15.10 seeds per day) was observed at 10-20 °C. The segmented lines, dent-like and beta were best fit based on the highest R2adj 0.95, 0.96 and 0.95, respectively. Light had no significant effect on germination, so that germination occurred under both light and dark conditions. According to the results, Japanese morning glory is able to germinate at a wide range of constant and alternating temperatures, although germination is faster at warmer temperatures. On the other hand, the lack of light for germination is another advantage that increases germination, competition, and expansion in agronomic environments. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that the highest percentage of germination and rate of germination were observed in alternating temperatures of 20/30 °C respectively. Among the nonlinear regression models, the dent-like model represented the best model for describing the germination rate against the temperature in Japanese morning glory. It seems that this weed has better germination at warmer temperatures. Probably from mid-spring following warmer weather, and upon the availability of water, this weed is in a good situation to germinate and compete. It was also found that light had no significant effect on the germination of this weed. Highlights: Non-photoblastic seeds Superiority of dent-like model for predicting germination of Japanese morning glory}, Keywords = {alternating temperature, Intersected-lines model, lack of light requirement, the dent-like model}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {115-127}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.1.115}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-376-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-376-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {GholamalipourAlamdari, Ebrahim and Poornamazi, Rashid and Biabani, Abbas and Taliey, Fakhtak}, title = {Evaluation of the Allelopathic Potential of Some Weeds on Germination Characteristics and Photosynthetic Pigments of Cress Seedlings (Lepidium sativum)}, abstract ={Extended abstract Introduction: Interference includes competition for environmental potentials and allelopathy. By releasing chemical compounds, usually of secondary metabolites, in various ways such as root exudation, decomposition, leaching and volatilization, allelopathic weeds may have positive, negative or even neutral effects on crops. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the hetrotoxic potential of Sorghum halepense, Portulaca oleracea and Centurea depressa in characteristics of germination, chlorophyll content and carotenoid pigments of cress under laboratory conditions. Materials and methods: For bioassay experiments, various concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the weeds such as S. halepense, P. oleracea and C. depressa were prepared with the help of distilled water and were subsequently separately applied on 50 certified seeds of cress. In this experiment, characteristics such as rate and germination percentage, content of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll content and carotenoids were measured based on the chilled acetone method. Results: Regression model showed that rate and germination percentage of cress significantly decreased at concentrations higher than 80% of S.halepense only. For every unit increase in the concentration, radicle length, seed vigor, content of total chlorophyll and carotenoids of cress decreased about 0.08 cm, 8.68, 0.007 mg/g and 0.007 mg/g, respectively. According to the results, there was an exponential relationship between different concentrations of the P. leracea extract with germination characteristics and photosynthesis pigments of cress so that in most cases, these characteristics up to concentration of 40% had moderate decline, but beyond this concentration, they showed a steep decline. In case of C. depressa, rate and germination percentage, as well as the shoot length of cress decreased about 14.67, 14.67 and 29.81% respectively, using only a concentration of 100%. However, radicle length and seed vigor of cress decreased with increased concentrations of aqueous extract of C. depressa. The most reductive effects were obtained in the treatment of 100%, which were about 52.38 and 55.44% respectively. Amount of total chlorophyll of cress decreased about 14.37, 27.59 and 25.29% respectively in concentrations of 60, 80 and 100% of C. depressa extract, as compared with the control. On the other hand, concentrations of 20 and 40% of C. depressa had no significant effect on the pigment studied. The result of carotenoids content was the same as total chlorophyll. Conclusions: Based on the results, the weeds studied, especially P. oleracea, with high concentrations, had strong hetrotoxic effect on germination characteristics and photosynthesis pigments. This requires further investigation in a natural environment where targeted plants grow in close proximity.     Highlights: Hetrotoxic compounds of Portulaca oleracea, especially in high concentrations significantly decrease seed germination and photosynthetic pigments of cress as compared with Sorghum halepense and Centurea depressa. Given the evidence for the hetrotoxic effect of aqueous extract of the weeds studied, they could be introduced as candidates for production of bio-herbicides.}, Keywords = {Bioassay, Chlorophyll pigment, Portulaca oleracea, Sorghum halepens, Centurea depressa}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {129-143}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.1.129}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-339-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-339-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {HajivandGhasemabadi, Forough and Eisvand, Hamid Reza and Akbari, Naser and akbarpour, Omid Ali}, title = {Study of Germination and Seedling Growth Parameters of Three Clover Species (Trifolium spp.) under Drought and Salinity Stresses}, abstract ={Extended Abstract Introduction: Agriculture has been influenced by different abiotic stresses such as temperature, drought and salinity, which reduces roughly half of the yield of crops. In many forage plants, germination and early seedling growth are the most sensitive stages of their growth in the face of environmental stresses. Current research was conducted to study the effects of drought and salinity iso-osmosis stresses on germination indices and growth parameters of three clover species, including Trifolium resupinatum, T. alexandrinum and T. incarnatum. Material and Methods: Two separate experiments (drought and salinity) were conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The test factors included clover species with three levels, including T. resupinatum, T. alexandrinum and T. incarnatum and different levels of drought and salinity potentials (0, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10 and -12 bar) due to polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) and sodium chloride (NaCl), respectively. Sterile disposable petri dishes with a diameter of 10 cm were used, in each of which, 27 seeds were placed on filter paper and then 5 ml of the desired treatment solution was added to each. Petri dishes were then placed in a germinator at 20°C and relative humidity of 75%. After the end of the desired time germination (About 14 days), from each petri, germination percentage and rate, number of secondary roots, time to get 50% germination (D50), root to shoot ratio and the number of abnormal seedlings were recorded. Results: Inhibitory effects of salinity and drought stresses affected all germination indices. Germination percentage, rate of germination, root and shoot length all decreased with increasing stress levels, while time to get 50% germination (D50) increased with the increase in stress levels. Under both drought and salinity, all growth parameters of Trifolium resupinatum were higher than the other two species. Germination percentage of T. incarnatum was 0% at -12 bar of drought, but germination of T. resupinatum and T. alexandrinum was 70.33% and 7.33% at -12 bar of these stresses, respectively. Under salinity conditions, all the seeds of the three species germinated at -12 bar. Root to shoot ratio increased with increasing stress levels and at high stress levels, it decreased. The decreases were 41.39% and 0% in drought and salinity, respectively. The number of secondary roots increased with increasing stress levels and the maximum number was observed in Trifolium alexandrinum which was 5.42 and 1 in drought and salinity, respectively. The number of abnormal seedling increased with increasing salinity levels, while under drought conditions there was no abnormal seedling. Conclusion: Comparison of the effects of sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol showed that sodium chloride reduced germination index due to toxic effects or osmotic effects more than polyethylene glycol solution. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­It seems that Trifolium resupinatum has the best yield in both drought and salinity stresses, and that in drought condition, Trifolium alexandrinum, and in salinity stress, Trifolium incarnatum have the best performance.                                                                                                                               Highlights: Introduction of clover species with more tolerance to drought and salinity in germination stage. Evaluation of germination indices of clover species under drought and salinity iso-osmotic conditions.}, Keywords = {Allometric coefficient, Clover, Germination percentage, Osmotic stress}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {145-158}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.1.145}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-350-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-350-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Mokhtari, Maryam and Fallah, Si}, title = {Effect of Gibberellin and Salicylic Acid on Tolerance of Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Seedling}, abstract ={Extended Abstract Introduction: In order to take more advantage of the spring growing season, the mechanisms of germination of spring plants are of great importance at temperatures lower than the optimum temperature. Since one of the ways to reduce damage due to low temperature is enhancing the seedling antioxidant system, in this study the effects of salicylic acid and gibberellin on germination and antioxidant system of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seeds were investigated under low temperatures. Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment including four concentrations of gibberellin (0, 250, 350 and 450 mg/L), four concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM) and three temperature levels (8, 11 and 14 °C) was performed with a completely randomized design within controlled conditions and six replications at Shahrekord University in 2017. The seeds were immersed in containers containing solutions of 0, 250, 350 and 450 mg/L of gibberellin and solutions with 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM salicylic acid, were placed in a growth chamber for 24 h under dark conditions at 15 °C. Then the seeds were washed at the desired temperatures, and the germination was recorded every 24 hours based on the 2 mm of radicle length. At the end of the eighth day, after the separation of normal and abnormal seedlings, 20 normal seedlings were selected from each petri dish. Following that, the germination rate, germination percentage, soluble protein, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, guiacol peroxide enzyme, and catalase enzyme were measured. Comparison of means was conducted by the least significant difference test at the 0.05 probability level. Results: The results showed that none of the treatments used at 8 °C helped germination of the plant and, therefore, 8 °C treatment was removed from the experiment. At the temperature of 11 ° C, the use of salicylic acid 1 mM and at 14 °C, the use of gibberellin 350 mg/L showed the maximum germination rate and germination percentage, compared with the control. At 11 °C, the activity of antioxidant enzymes was more affected by gibberellin hormone so that the highest activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme was observed in 350 mg/L and the highest activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes and the lowest amount of soluble protein were observed in gibberellin 250 mg/L. The salicylic acid hormone was more successful at 14 ° C. The salicylic acid 1.5 mM increased the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme; and salicylic acid 0.5 mM increased the activity of catalase and salicylic acid 1 mM improved the activity of guiacol peroxidase. This hormone also succeeded in reducing the amount of soluble protein. Conclusion: In this experiment, seedling tolerance at low temperatures was confirmed by gibberellin and salicylic acid treatments. It is generally concluded that the use of gibberellin and salicylic acid increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes and, as a result, makes pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seedlings tolerant to low-temperature stress, and thus, can ameliorate the effect of possible chilling on growth of this crop at the beginning of the season.   Highlights: Gibberellin and salicylic acid treatments make pumpkin seedling tolerant to low temperatures. Application of gibberellin and salicylic acid increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes. By using gibberellin and salicylic acid, the effect of possible chilling can be reduced at the beginning of the growing season.}, Keywords = {Low temperature, growth regulator, antioxidant enzymes, seedling}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {159-172}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.1.159}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-329-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-329-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Sayedena, Vahid and Pilehvar, Babak and Abrari-Vajari, Kambiz and Zarafshar, Mehrdad and Eisvand, Hamid Rez}, title = {Effects of TiO2 Nanoparticles on Germination and Primary Growth of Mountain Ash (Sorbus luristanica)}, abstract ={Extended Abstract Introduction: Production of nanoparticles and their use are on the rise in different areas of plant science. However, in spite of their increasing production, there is limited information about their effects on plant biology. In the current study, the potential of TiO2 nanoparticles was investigated for the purpose of improving seed germination of Sorbus luristanica and then subsequent effects of nanoparticles on the growth and biomass of the plants were determined. Materials and Methods: Seeds of S. luristanica were collected from its natural stands. The seeds were primed with different concentrations of 0, 75, 150, 250, 350 and 500 TiO2 nanoparticles miligeram per liter for 24 h. The treated seeds were placed in wet sand at room temperature for 2 weeks and then in cold for 3 months. The expriment was set as a completely randimized design with 4 replications. Aftre 3 months of stratification in moistened sand, the stratified seeds were put in the germinator and with the appearance of seed germination signs, germination data were recorded daily during 22 days. At the end of the seed germination experiment, some germination parameters such as seed germination percentage, seed vigority and mean time to germination were calculated. Moreover, some growth and biomass parameters including leaf number, plant height and dry and fresh biomass of leaf, stem as well as roots were measured. In addition, scaning electron microscopic (SEM) was used for observation of presence and adhesiveness of TiO2 nanoparticles on the seed coat. Results: Based on the results, all the germination parametres including seed germination percentage, seed vigoroty and mean germination time were improved by the TiO2 nanoparticles treatments. In addition, 500 mg.L-1 treatment considerably improved seed germination characteristics. The peresence of TiO2 nanoparticles on the treated seeds and lack of the nanomatreials on the conrtol seeds were obsereved by scaning electron microscopic pictures. The One-way ANOVA showed that 75 mg.L-1 treatment was more succesful for improving the grwoth (such as shoot length) and biomass production (fresh and dry biomass of leaf, stem and root and total biomass as well).   Conclusion: It can be concluded that priming of the seeds of this species with different concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles leads to improvement of seed germination and growth and biomass parameters. However, the patterns of effects were different in each phase. Therefore, the objectives should be formulated first and then the best concentration should be chosen. It seems that with appropriate concentrations, nanoparticles can be useful for breaking seed dormancy and production of the species. Given the promising resutls of 150 mg.L-1 treatment, it can represent a successful treatment for breaking seed dormancy and seedling production of S. luristanica.     Highlights: 1- Study of seed germination of Sorbus luristanica for the first time 2- Using Nano-materials and their potentials in breaking seed dormancy and improving the species germination 3- Using SEM in order to study presence and adhesiveness of nanoparticles on the seed coat}, Keywords = {Cold stratification, Priming, seed dormancy, Biomass, Seedling, Sorbus luristanica}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {173-184}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.1.173}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-336-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-336-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {SoltaniAlikooyi, Marzie and AbbasiSurki, Ali and MobiniDehkordi, Mohsen and Kiyani, Shahram}, title = {Effects of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on Germination and Early Growth of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) under Salt Stress Conditions}, abstract ={Extended Abstract Introduction: Salinity is one of the most serious abiotic stresses, causing instability in germination and seed emergence due to low osmotic potential and ionic toxicity. Development of simple and low-cost biologic methods is essential for short-term management of salt stress. The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria increases the rate and uniformity of germination. This research aimed to investigate the effect of bacterial growth-promoting bacteria on the germination and seedling growth indices of alfalfa c.v. Hamedani in different salinity levels. Materials and Methods: A CRD factorial experiment with four replications was conducted in Seed Science and Technology Laboratory of Shahrekord University in 2016. The first factor consisted of 6 salinity levels 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 dS/m created with sodium chloride, and the second was four levels of bacterial pre-treatment: no inoculation with bacteria and biopriming, inoculation of alfalfa seeds with Acinetrobacter calcoaceticus PTCC 1318, Bacillus megaterium PTCC 1250 and Enterobacter aerogenes PTCC 1221. The seeds were treated with bacteria and placed at a 20 °C growth chamber. They were then irrigated with desired solutions depending on the salinity treatment. Germinated seeds were counted daily and the parameters of germination percentage and rate, seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour index I, II and allometric coefficient were calculated after 10 days. Results: Salinity levels higher than 10 dS/m reduced germination indices and seedling growth of alfalfa. The highest reductions were obtained for 12.5 ds/m salinity level versus control for germination percentage (10.81%), germination rate (49.48%), plumule and radicle length (13.30% and 28.88% respectively) and vigor index I and II, which were 30.27% and 6.28%, respectively. The seed treated with A. calcoaceticus was able to tolerate salinity stresses more than others. For example, the reduction for the seed treated with A. calcoaceticus was only 4%, compared with non-stressed control. In salinity conditions 2.5 and 5 dS/m, the highest rate of germination was obtained, using A. calcoaceticus bacteria. In addition, the seeds treated with E. aerogenes showed higher stability at different levels of salinity for seedling length traits. The highest vigour index related to the use of A. calcoaceticus in salinity was 7.5 ds/m. Conclusions: A. calcoaceticus had a significant role in reducing the negative effects of salinity on germination percentage and rate, vigour index I and II and allometric coefficient while E. aerogenes bacteria were more effective in reducing negative effects of salinity on seedling length and dry weight.     Highlights: Acinetrobacter calcoaceticus bacterium increased the percentage and rate of germination of alfalfa seeds under salt stress. Enterobacter aerogenes bacteria efficiently adjusted the negative effects of salinity on alfalfa seedlings length and dry weight.}, Keywords = {Acinetrobacter, Enterobacter, Bacillus, Germination percentage, Vigor index, seedling dry weight}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.2.1}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-345-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-345-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Rostamipoor, Akram and Mordai, Ali and Eisvand, Hamidrez}, title = {Effect of Seed Dormancy Breaking Treatments on Germination and α-amylase Enzyme Activity in Seeds of Three Ecotypes of Astragalus (Astragalus cyclophyllu)}, abstract ={Extended Abstract  Introduction: Seed dormancy, as a technique to avoid environmental stress, is important in preserving plant species and could be of various types including physiological, physical, morphological and morph-physiological dormancy. Seed testa hardness is one of the main causes of dormancy in leguminous family plants. A common method for breaking seed dormancy in leguminous plants is the use of scarification treatments. Given that oxygen deficiency is a factor that induces dormancy, scarification treatments through acceleration of gas exchanges, especially oxygen and carbon dioxide, can reduce seed dormancy and finally increase germination percentages. In addition, priming with gibberellic acid can help dormancy breaking in plant species that have physiological dormancy, finally leading to germination. Therefore, the present study investigated seed dormancy and germination to find the most appropriate treatment for the elimination of seed dormancy in three ecotypes of Astragalus cyclophyllus. Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was carried out at Agriculture Laboratory of Lorestan University in 2013. The first factor was three ecotypes of Astragalus Semirom, Damavand and Zanjan, and the second factor was seed dormancy breaking treatments. The applied treatments were: control, (mechanical scarification plus chilling time with 10, 20 and 30 days prechilling at 4°C, mechanical scarification + gibberellic acid at concentrations of 400 and 500 ppm for 48 hours, scarification with sulfuric acid 96% for 2 and 4 min, mechanical scarification and 2% potassium nitrate for 72 h, mechanical scarification and gibberellic acid 400 ppm for 48 h and 20 days prechilling. The measured indices included germination percentage, mean germination time, seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight and alpha-amylase activity. Results: The results showed that the interactions between seed dormancy breaking treatments and ecotype were significant for all the traits. Based on the results of mean comparison, Damavand ecotype exhibited better performance in terms of most of the traits studied, as compared with Semirom and Zanjan ecotypes. Compared with the treatments applied, mechanical scarification plus gibberellic acid 400 ppm was more effective in germination parameters and seedling vigor index. Mechanical scarification and gibberellic acid 400 ppm for 48 h along with 20 days prechilling increased total germination percentage by an average of 67.68% in Semirom ecotype and was more effective in increasing the activity of α-amylase enzyme. Conclusion: It seems that seed dormancy of Astragalus cyclophyllus is not of physiological type and increased germination can be due to mechanical scarification in physical dormancy breaking and priming effect of prechilling and gibberellic acid.     Highlights: The effect of different dormancy breaking treatments on seed germination was investigated. Alpha-amylase activity of Astragalus Seed increased under dormancy breaking treatments.}, Keywords = {α-amylase, Seed dormancy breaking treatments, Astragalus cyclophyllus}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {15-29}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.2.15}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-387-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-387-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Maleki, Keyvan and Soltani, Elias and Alahdadi, Iraj and GhorbaniJavid, Maji}, title = {Evaluation of Primary Conditional Dormancy in Seeds of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) Produced in Golestan and Mazandaran Provinces}, abstract ={Extended abstract Introduction: Conditional dormancy (CD) is a dynamic state between dormancy (D) and nondormancy (ND). Seeds at the conditional dormancy stage germinate over a narrower range of temporal conditions. Conditional dormancy is usually observed in seeds with physiological dormancy. However, primary conditional dormancy has also been seen in some freshly harvested seeds. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether freshly harvested oilseeds have non-dormancy or conditional dormancy. Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications at Seed Technology Laboratory of Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Iran, in 2018. In this experiment, seeds of rapeseed were collected from 20 different locations in Golestan and Mazandaran provinces. Following that, a germination test was carried out at different temperatures (5, 15, 20, 30, 35°C), and the germination percentage and seed germination rate were recorded. In order to break seed dormancy, two treatments were used: gibberellic acid and after-ripening. For after-ripening treatment, seeds were stored in a paper bag in a dry and dark environment for 6 months. For gibberellic acid treatment, a solution of 100 parts per million (PPM) of gibberellic acid was prepared and added to the Petri dishes. Subsequently, the percentage and rate of germination were recorded. Results: The results showed that freshly harvested seeds had primary conditional dormancy and germinated in a narrow range of temporal conditions. In addition, cardinal temperatures for freshly harvested seeds were 4.45 and 27.8 for bases and ceilings, respectively. Following gibberellic acid and after-ripening treatments, seeds germinated in a wider range of temperatures and base and ceiling temperatures reached 1.74 and about 40°C, respectively. Thus, germination percentage of seeds treated with gibberellic acid and after-ripening increased at both high and low temperatures. However, the increase in germination percentage was higher at high temperatures than low temperatures. In addition, the effect of gibberellic acid treatment was more than that of after-ripening treatment on the release of dormancy, and after-ripening treatment had an intermediate effect between the gibberellic acid and freshly harvested seeds. Conclusion: Based on the results of this experiment, the application of gibberellic acid and after-ripening treatments resulted in breaking the dormancy of freshly harvested seeds and increased germination temperature range at high and low temperatures.  Of the two treatments, gibberellic acid had the greatest effect on breaking dormancy and increasing temperature range. Among the cultivars, these changes were maximum in the germination capacity of Hyola 50 and Trapar cultivars and Trapar cultivar had minimum changes.     Highlights: 1-Conditional dormancy of oilseed cultivars was investigated under different environmental conditions. 2-Application of gibberellic acid and after-ripening treatments resulted in breaking primary conditional dormancy in oilseed cultivars.}, Keywords = {Germination rate, Dormancy, Cardinal temperature, dent-like Model}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {31-43}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.2.31}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-405-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-405-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Malek, Mohsen and Ghaderi-Far, Farshid and Torabi, Benjamin and Sadeghipour, Hamid Rez}, title = {The Effect of Priming on Seed Viability of Canola (Brassica napus) Cultivars under Different Storage Conditions}, abstract ={Extended Abstract Introduction: Priming is one of the most commonly used seed enhancement techniques. Events such as increased synthesis of nucleic acids, activation of repair processes, increased respiratory activity, and improved antioxidant capacity during priming lead to advanced metabolism in seeds. The most important effects of priming include increased percentage, speed and uniformity of germination and emergence. However, the longevity of primed seeds in storage is the major concern for researchers as it restricts widespread use of this technique. Some researchers believe that priming reduces the storage capacity of seeds, while others have reported increased seed shelf life after using priming treatments. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the effects of priming on the storage capacity of the seeds of canola cultivars under different storage conditions. Material and Methods: In this study, the effects of priming on the shelf life of seeds of three canola cultivars including Dk-xpower, Traper and Hayola50 were investigated. For this purpose, the seeds were first treated with hydropriming and osmopriming methods. Then primed and control seeds with 6, 9, 12 and 15% moisture content were stored for 8 months at 15, 25, 35 and 45 °C. Sampling from different seed treatments was carried out at intervals of 1 to 30 days to assess germination. Finally, by fitting a three-parameter logistic model to cumulative germination data versus the day after storage, the time to germination loss to 50% was calculated and used to compare seed storage behavior between the treatments. Results: The results showed that the storage behavior of canola seed varies greatly depending on the cultivar, and each cultivar showed a distinct behavior. Priming effects on the shelf life of seeds were different depending on the storage conditions, cultivars and also the priming methods. Comparison of the effects of priming on the seeds’ shelf life under different storage conditions showed that priming treatments were more efficient under higher seed moisture content and storage temperatures than those with lower seed moisture content and storage temperatures. In addition, priming treatments in Dk-xpower cultivar often increased the seeds’ shelf life. However, in the Traper and Hayola 50 cultivars, hydropriming often improved the seeds’ shelf life, and in contrast to osmopriming, it led to a decrease in the shelf life of the seeds. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it was shown that priming effects on canola seed viability can be a function of various factors such as cultivar, storage conditions, and also the type of priming treatment. Moreover, in this study, hydropriming often increased seed longevity whereas osmopriming often increased the deterioration rate and reduced seed longevity.     Highlights: Seed storage behavior of canola cultivars was compared under natural storage conditions. Priming effects on seed longevity of canola cultivars was investigated under different storage conditions.}, Keywords = {Seed longevity, Seed deterioration, Seed storage behavior, Hydropriming, Osmopriming}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {45-60}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.2.45}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-409-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-409-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Hajiabbasi, Mahboubeh and TavakkolAfshari, Reza and Abbasi, Alireza and Kamaei, Rez}, title = {The Effect of ACC and Salicylic Acid on Germination and GAI1 and LOX2 Genes Expression in Deteriorated Soybean Seeds (Glycine max)}, abstract ={Extended Abstract Introduction: Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is the primary source of vegetable oil. Even in desirable conditions, soybean seeds lose their viability in long term storage. Many factors contribute to seed deterioration, including genetic factors, mechanical damage, relative humidity, storage temperature, seed moisture content, existence of microflora, and seed maturity, which reduce seed quality and make seeds unfit for cultivation purposes. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effects of seed deterioration on seed germination and also the effects of salicylic acid and ethylene on the improvement of deteriorated seeds of G. max., accelerated aging test for 0, 6 and 10 days and natural aging test for 6 months were conducted. After aging conditions, seeds were imbibed with 50 µM salicylic acid and 10 µM ACC (precursor of ethylene) for 6 hours at 25 °C. In addition, after natural and accelerated aging tests, a bunch of seeds was used without any hormonal treatment (i.e., dry seeds) as control seeds. The seeds’ germination percentage, total sugar, fructose, and glucose were investigated. Moreover, the gene expression of GAI1 and LOX1 was measured on dry seeds and under imbibition of water, salicylic acid and ACC at 6, 12 hours using Q-RT-PCR method. Results: The germination results showed that increasing number of aging days led to a decrease in germination. Total sugar content in seeds aged for 6 days did not have a significant difference, as compared with non-aged seeds. However, total sugar content in seeds aged for 10 days was significantly higher than non-aged seeds. Increasing accelerated aging levels from 0 days to 10 days led to increases in glucose and fructose contents in dry seeds. In addition, genes exhibited different expressions in different days and hours. Increasing aging from 0 days to 10 days led to increases in GAI1 gene expression. Moreover, LOX2 expression increased in accelerated aging from 0 to 6 days. LOX2 gene expression in naturally dried aged seeds also increased and was higher than that in non-aged seeds. SA and ACC had different effects on measured values. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the deterioration of seed quality and vigor result from numerous degradation processes and disruption in seeds’ physiological activity. This study showed that aging is associated with an increase in total sugar, glucose and fructose levels. In addition, the expression of the genes involved in the germination is also affected. Increases in LOX2 gene expression were observed in both accelerated aging and natural aging pathways. GAI1 gene expression increased in accelerated aging. However, in normal aging, it decreased.   Highlights: Identifying the role of LOX2 and GAL1 genes in soybean seed deterioration. Investigating seeds’ physiological responses under natural and laboratory aging conditions.}, Keywords = {Accelerated aging, Fructose, Glucose, Total sugar, Seed deterioration}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {61-79}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.2.61}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-410-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-410-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Makvandi, Mohammad Amin and Meskarbashee, Mousa and Hassibi, Payman and Hamdi, Has}, title = {Study of Bud Emergence Characteristics and Seedling Growth of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) Cultivars on Different Planting Dates}, abstract ={Extended abstract  Introduction: Management of agricultural operations in sugarcane fields should be informed by the accurate knowledge of sugarcane growth stages and phenology and is to be reviewed based on variety differences. Given the importance of emergence stage on the establishment of seedling and final quality and quantity of sugarcane yield and given the absence of respective information, a study was conducted to investigate the effect of different planting dates on the phenological characteristics of the seedling stage of sugarcane cultivars in the south of Khuzestan Province during 2016-17 and 2017-18.  Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replications. In terms of growth period length, Very premature, Premature, and Semi mature cultivars included CP73-21, CP57-614 and CP69-1062. Planting dates were Aug. 11th, Aug. 23rd, Sep. 1st and Sep 11th. Planting operation was conducted manually and with 1/3 overlap of grafts. In order to prevent the negative effects brought about by the dispersion and non-uniformity of the experimental field and the special conditions of sugarcane cultivation, each cultivar was cultivated in a separate field and after sampling and the study of different traits, the statistical analysis of each cultivar was performed separately.  Results: The results showed that sugarcane seedling was not affected by annual conditions and the interaction effect of annual conditions and planting dates. The significant differences of planting dates were observed at the beginning of emergence, its completion and rate of emergence and the number of leaves produced and their area. The fastest rate of the beginning and the completion of emergence was obtained in CP73-21, and on different planting dates, it was more permanent than other cultivars studied, while CP69-1062 had the slowest and more behavioral diversity of emergence on different planting dates. The cultivar CP73-21 did not produce good results in terms of leaf area, but the CP69-1062 cultivar was able to produce the highest level of leaf area due to the extra number of leaves and the mean value of a single leaf area. In addition, the best results were obtained in all characteristics in August, followed by September.  Conclusions: Based on the results, in order to achieve the best emergence of sugarcane buds, it is necessary to complete the cultivation of most of the fields within the first twenty days of the beginning of the planting season and priority should be given to cultivar CP69-1062 and then cultivars CP57-614 and CP73-21. Due to the differences between sugarcane cultivars, utilizing seedling stage growth data can lead to more scientific management of the crops in terms of the characteristics of each cultivar, which eventually leads to desirable yields.     Highlights: Estimation and comparison of emergence characteristics of commercial cultivars of sugarcane under farm conditions. Study of the effect of planting dates on leaf development characteristics of important commercial sugarcane cultivars in early growth stages. Determination of the best planting date for sugarcane cultivars based on the seedling stage characteristics.}, Keywords = {Emergence beginning, Emergence completion, Emergence rate, Leaf area}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {81-94}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.2.81}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-391-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-391-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Ghayour, Mohammad and Taherian, Majid and Baghban, Sadegh and Khavari, Saee}, title = {Effect of Early Planting Dates and Different Treatments of Seed Priming on Germination and Seedling Establishment of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)}, abstract ={Extended Abstract Introduction: The effect of environmental factors on the developmental stages of a plant causes the planting date to vary from one region to another. Temperature is a very important factor in the maximum percentage germination and germination rate. Priming improves germination rate, brings about the uniformity of germination and reduces seed susceptibility to environmental factors. The purposes of this experiment were to study the effects of priming treatments at different temperatures on the germination characteristics of Hibiscus sabdariffa under laboratory conditions,  to investigate priming treatments on different planting dates and to compare early planting dates on the farms. Materials and Methods: The experimental study was carried out as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications in the Laboratory of Seed Technology of Kashmar University Jihad. The first factor is five primings (Concentrations of ZnSO4 (10 mM), Humic acid (2.5 cc) and the combination of Humic acid and Zinc sulfate, Biological materials (Pota Barvar 2), no treatment (control) and the second factor is five levels of temperature: 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 °C. Field studies were carried out in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Kashmar in three separate experiments in 2018. The research was carried out in a completely randomized block design with three replications on three planting dates (March 25th, April 15th, and May 4th, 2018). In each experiment, priming treatments were applied similarly to field experiments. Results: The results of the current experimental study showed that temperature, priming and temperature interaction with priming had a significant effect on all the traits studied. The highest percentage and rate of germination were observed at 18 °C and priming with Pota Barvar 2. The results also showed that planting date had a significant effect on all the traits studied in the field experiment. Priming showed a significant difference only in stem fresh weight. The interaction effect of priming and planting date was not significant for the traits studied. The highest germination percentage was obtained on April 15’s planting date. By planting later than March 25 to 15 April, a decrease of 74% was observed in the rate of germination. Among priming treatments, the combination of Zinc Sulfate and Humic acid showed a significant superiority, compared with other treatments. Conclusion: The findigns suggest that due to the high sensitivity of seed germination of sour tea at low temperatures, the planting date in each area should be carefully chosen so that it does not coincide with temperatures below 18 °C.   Highlights: Evaluation of the effect of seed priming treatment at different temperatures on germination characteristics of Roselle under laboratory conditions. A different priming treatment leads to increases in germination characteristics of Roselle.}, Keywords = {Seedling establishment, Temperature, Germination rate, Length vigur index, Plant medicinal}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {95-109}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.2.95}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-382-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-382-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Nikoumaram, Sepideh and Bayatian, Naeimeh and Ansari, Omi}, title = {Quantification of the Priming Effect of Canola (Brassica napus cv. Zafar) Response to Temperature Using Nonlinear Regression Models}, abstract ={Extended abstract Introduction: Temperature is one of the primary environmental regulators of seed germination. Seed priming technique has been known as a challenge to improving germination and seedling emergence under different environmental stresses. Quantification of germination response to temperature and priming is possible, using non-liner regression models. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature and priming on germination and determination of cardinal temperatures (base, optimum and maximum) of Brassica napus L. Material and Methods: Treatments included priming levels (non-priming, priming with water, gibberellin 50 and 100 mg/l) and temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35 and 40 °C). Germination percentage and time to 50% maximum seed germination of Brassica napus L. were calculated for different temperatures and priming by fitting 3-parameter logistic functions to cumulative germination data. For the purpose of quantifying the response of germination rate to temperature, use was made of 3 nonlinear regression models (segmented, dent-like and beta). The root mean square of errors (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), CV and SE for the relationship between the observed and the predicted germination percentage were used to compare the models and select the superior model from among the methods employed. Results: The results indicated that temperature and priming were effective in both germination percentage and germination rate. In addition, the results showed that germination percentage and rate increase with increasing temperature to the optimum level and using priming. As for the comparison of the 3 models, according to the root mean square of errors (RMSE) of germination time, the coefficient of determination (R2), CV and SE, the best model for the determination of cardinal temperatures of Brassica napus L. for non-primed seeds was the segmented model. For hydro-priming and hormone-priming with 50 mg/l GA, the best models were segmented and dent-like models and for hormone-priming with 100 mg/l GA,  the dent-like model was the best. The results showed that for non-priming, hydropriming with water, gibberellin 50 and 100 mg/l treatments, the segmented model estimated base temperature as 3.54, 2.57, 2.34 and 2.34 °C and dent-model estimated base temperature as 3.34, 2.45, 2.21 and 2.83 °C, respectively. The segmented model estimated optimum temperature as 24.62, 23.23, 23.69 and 24.38 °C. The dent-model estimated lower limit of optimum temperature and upper limit of optimum temperature as 20.01, 19.62, 16.25, 19.87 and 28.81, 27.38, 29.58 and 27.31 °C. Conclusion: Utilizing non-liner models (segmented, dent-like and beta) for quantification of germination of Brassica napus L. response to different temperatures and priming produced desirable results. Therefore, utilizing the output of these models at different temperatures can be useful in the prediction of germination rate in different treatments.     Highlights: 1-The effect of priming on germination of Brassica napuswas investigated. 2-The temperature range of rapeseed germination of Brassica napus changes with the use of seed priming.}, Keywords = {Brassica napus, Cardinal temperatures, Germination, Non-liner regression models, Priming}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {111-123}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.2.111}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-418-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-418-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Gorzi, Alireza and Omidi, Heshmat and Bostani, Abdolamir}, title = {Effect of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) Seed Priming Treatments with Salicylic Acid, Iron, and Zinc on Some Germination Traits and Photosynthetic Pigments under Drought Stress}, abstract ={Extended abstract Introduction: Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bert.) is a herbaceous perennial plant that belongs to the family of Asteraceae. Stevia is a self-incompatible herb and the seeds resulting from this plant have low germination ability. Steviol glycosides found in this plant are 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose and despite their sweet flavor; they are not absorbed by the body. In general, the poor germination capacity of Stevia seeds is a major impediment for its large-scale cultivation. Priming is one of the seed enhancement techniques that could lead to an increase of germination percentage and germination rate under stress conditions. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of priming with salicylic acid (SA), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) on some germination indices, seedling growth as well as the content of photosynthetic pigments in Stevia under normal and drought stress conditions. Materials and methods: A factorial experiment using a completely randomized design was carried out in the Seed Science and Technology Laboratory of Agricultural College, Shahed University, in 2017. The factors studied comprised four levels of drought stress (0, –0.3, –0.6 and –0.9 MPa) and seven priming combinations with SA, Fe and Zn. Non-primed seeds (dry seeds) were also considered as control. In this experiment, Fe and Zn were supplied by sources of iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O, 0.5%) and Zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4.7H2O, 0.5%), respectively. The traits examined in this study included germination percentage, radicle length, plumule length, seedling weight vigor index and the content of photosynthetic pigments and carotenoid. Results: The results of this experiment indicated that the plumule length was more sensitive to drought stress, as compared with the root length. With increased intensity of drought stress from 0 to – 0.9 MPa, the content of photosynthetic pigments in Stevia significantly decreased in all the priming treatments, so that the lowest amounts of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid were observed at the potential of – 0.9 MPa. Priming with SA + Fe + Zn was found to be more effective than other treatments in improving the germination characteristics and the chlorophyll content of Stevia under normal and drought stress conditions. At the highest level of drought stress, germination percentage, radicle length, plumule length, seedling vigor index and total chlorophyll content increased by 55.7, 50.5, 74.3, 90.3 and 85.5%, compared with the control in the concurrent application of Fe, Zn, and SA. Conclusion: In general, seed priming by micronutrient elements (Fe and Zn) and salicylic acid, and particularly their integrated application, could be recommended to increase the resistance of Stevia to drought stress in the germination phase.     Highlights: Drought stress at the germination stage has a significant effect on the seedling growth and the content of photosynthetic pigments in Stevia. Seed priming increases drought tolerance of Stevia at the germination stage. The integrated application of SA, Fe, and Zn is more effective than their separate application to alleviate the drought-induced damaging effects.}, Keywords = {Chlorophyll, Ferrous sulfate, Germination percentage, Salicylic acid, Zinc sulfate}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {125-135}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.2.125}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-338-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-338-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Aminifard, Mohammad Hossein and Bayat, Hass}, title = {Evaluation of Seed Germination and Seedling Growth Characteristics of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Under Salinity and Drought Treatment}, abstract ={Extended abstract Introduction: Pepper (Capsicum annum L.), which belongs to the solanaceae family, is one of the most important vegetable and garden products. Due to its nutritional value, its use tends to rise all over the world. Germination and seed emergence are strongly influenced by environmental stresses such as salinity and drought. Drought stress affects various aspects of plant growth. It reduces germination, delays vegetative growth and reduces dry matter in the plant. Salinity stress, as an environmental stress, is a limiting factor for the growth and development of crops and garden production. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of drought and salinity stress on seed germination characteristics of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in two separate experiments, using a completely randomized design with three replications in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand in 2016. PEG 6000 was used for drought stress and NaCl, for salinity stress. The treatments included drought and salinity stress levels (0, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10 and -12 bars). Seeds were disinfected with sodium hypochlorite (2%) solution for 1 minute, and were then washed with distilled water. The medium was petri dishes with a diameter of 9 cm.  25 seeds were placed on two layers of filter papers in each dish. 5 ml of distilled water or solution was added to each petri dish. The measured traits were germination percentage, germination rate, seed vigor index, radicle length, plumule length, ratio of radicle length to plumule length and dry weight of radical and plumule. Results: The results indicated that salinity and drought stress had significant effects on seed germination characteristics of sweet pepper so that salinity stress with osmotic potential of -10 and -12 bar decreased the germination of sweet pepper and reached zero. Increasing salinity stress from zero to -12 bar decreased germination percentage, germination rate and seedling dry weight by 43.75, 41.67 and 93.46%, respectively. The results indicated that with increases in both salinity and drought stress, seed vigor index decreased significantly. The results showed that with increasing drought and salinity stress from 0 to -12 bar, seed vigor index decreased 96.58 and 100 percent, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the tolerance of sweet pepper to salinity stress was higher than its tolerance to drought stress at the germination stage, but for more accurate evaluation, it is necessary to conduct additional experiments in the field and in the greenhouse.     Highlights: 1- Investigation and comparison of germination and seedling growth of sweet peppers under salinity and drought stress. 2- Salinity and drought stress reduce germination indicators of Capsicum annuum.}, Keywords = {Germination percentage, Germination rate, NaCl, Polyethylene glycol}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {137-149}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.2.137}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-354-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-354-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Tatari, Mahnaz and GholamalipourAlamdari, Ebrahim and Avarseji, Zeinab and Zarei, Mehdi}, title = {Aqueous Extract Effect of Different Organs of Malva sylvestris Weed on Germination Characteristics and Photosynthetic Pigments of Echinochloa crus-galli}, abstract ={Extended abstract Introduction: Due to their aggressive and competitive habits, weeds inhibit the growth of valuable plants. Interference in plants includes environmental competition and allelopathy (Autotoxicity and hetrotoxicity). In hetrotoxicity, chemical compounds released from plants are able to effect the neighboring plants. Proper management of weeds and the exploitation of their hetrotoxicity potential can reduce losses caused by weeds. This could also represent an effective step towards the reduction of the use of herbicides. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of hetrotoxicity potential of aqueous extract of various organs of Malva sylvestris L. weed on traits of germination and photosynthetic pigments of Echinochloa crus-galli L. Material and Methods: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of hetrotoxicity potential of aqueous extract of Malva sylvestris  L. weed including the stem, leaf and flower as well as their mixture on traits of germination and photosynthetic pigments of Echinochloa crus-galli L. as a completely randomized design in three replications in Weeds Science Laboratory of Gonbad Kavous University in 2017. For this experiment, aerial parts of M. sylvestris were first collected at the flowering stage from Ramian field. They were subsequently separated with great care and were powdered. Then from them, 5% suspensions (weight/volume) were prepared, using distilled water. Finally, the extract of each organ of M. sylvestris was added to Petri dishes containing E. crus-galli seeds. After the 7th day, traits such as rate and percentage of germination, radical and shoot elongation, vigor index, total content of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids were measured. Results: The results showed that various organs of M. sylvestris and their mixture had different inhibitory effects on traits of germination and seedling length of E. crus-galli weed. The highest inhibition effects on rate and germination percentage and elongation of radical and shoot of E. crus-galli were obtained using leaf extract of M. sylvestris about 64.04, 64.37, 87.69, 62.81%. In this study, radical length is more affected under hetrotoxic compounds of various organs of M. sylvestris, as compared with shoot length. Based on the results, various organs of M. sylvestris and their mixture also have different inhibitory effects on chlorophyll and carotenoid content of E. crus-galli weed. It seems that the differential effects among different organs of M. sylvestris are a function of the threshold concentration of allelochemicals to hetrotoxic compounds of the organs, which causes various response by E. crus-galli. Conclusion: Given the evidence for the effect of hetrotoxicity potential of various organs of M. sylvestris on traits of germination and pigments of chlorophyll and carotenoid of E. crus-galli and huge biomass generated, it is advisable to exploit allelochemical compounds of this plant as bio-herbicides.     Highlights: 1- Study of the the effect of hetrotoxic potential of Malva sylvestris weed on germination characteristics and photosynthetic pigments of Echinochloa crus-galli in Ramian field. 2- E. crus-galli weed exhibits great sensitivity to hetrotoxic compounds of various organs of M. sylvestris,  especially the leaves. 3- Allelopathic characteristics of M. sylvestris weed have huge potentials for the production of bio-herbicides.}, Keywords = {Germination percentage, Hetrotoxity potential, Seed vigor, Weed}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {151-161}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.2.151}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-335-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-335-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Akbari, Maryam and Baradaran, Mehdi and Amerian, Mohammadreza and Farrokhi, Naser}, title = {Seed Pretreatment with Cinnamic Acid Positively Affects Germination, Metabolite Leakage, Malondialdehyde Content and Heterotrophic Growth of Aging Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Seeds}, abstract ={Extended abstract Introduction: A wide range of deteriorative conditions (especially moisture content and temperature) may affect seed quality during storage which may lead to seed aging. As the most important component of the phenylpropanoids pathway, trans-cinnamic acid, found abundantly in plants and its endogenous levels is influenced by stress conditions. The present study was conducted to investigate germination features, seed reserve mobilization, electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content in aged cowpea seeds affected by different concentrations of cinnamic acid. Materials and Methods: The research has been performed in the laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Iran. The experiment was designed as a factorial (two factors of the experiment included two levels of seed quality including non-aged and aged seeds and five levels of cinnamic acid concentrations including 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 µM) based on a completely randomized design. Accelerated aging was applied as an efficient method to mimic storage conditions in the presence of accelerating factors. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds (Bastam local variety) were incubated in a relative humidity of 95% and a temperature of 43 °C for 72 h to accelerate aging. Both seed lots were treated with 5 different concentrations of cinnamic acid for 6 h followed by standard germination and vigor tests. Data of germination and vigor tests were processed using the GERMINATOR software. Heterotrophic growth, seed reserves mobilization, electrical conductivity and membrane lipid peroxidation were assessed using the available methods. Results: In this study, cowpea seeds responded to cinnamic acid differently based on their primary quality. In deteriorated seeds, concentrations of 45 µM and 60 µM could successfully enhance seed germination percentage, as compared with the aged seeds (i.e., control). A concentration of 45 µM also improved the vigor of deteriorated seeds. Seed pretreatment of 15, 30 and 45 µM enhanced seed reserves utilization in non-aged seeds. Aging negatively affected area under curve, germination uniformity and seedling dry weight of the deteriorated seeds. Application of 30 µM cinnamic acid improved germination uniformity. The area under the curve was positively affected by 15µM and 30µM. Concentrations of 45 µM and 60 µM enhanced seedling dry weight. Applying 45 µM cinnamic acid decreased electrolyte leakage by 38% and improved efficiency of seed reserves mobilization. Moreover, seed malondialdehyde content, as an indication of membrane lipid peroxidation, showed a sharp decline by applying increased concentrations of cinnamic acid.   Conclusions: Based on our results, cowpea seeds respond to cinnamic acid differently based on their primary quality. These results imply that seed pretreatment with 45 µM cinnamic acid may successfully invigorate aged cowpea seeds. We also conclude that cinnamic acid application cannot improve physiological traits and can be regarded as a potent antioxidant in the invigoration of the aged seeds.   Highlights: This is the first study focusing on the role of cinnamic acid in alleviating deterioration in aged seeds. Cinnamic acid has been introduced as a robust antioxidant, which is effective in reducing the deleterious effects of seed deterioration.}, Keywords = {Accelerated aging, Lipid peroxidation, Phenylpropanoids, Seed deterioration, Seed enhancement}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {163-176}, publisher = {Yasouj University}, doi = {10.29252/yujs.6.2.163}, url = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-384-en.html}, eprint = {http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/article-1-384-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Seed Research}, issn = {2383-1251}, eissn = {2383-1480}, year = {2020} }