fa بررسی تأثیر باکتری‌های محرک رشد در دماهای مختلف بر شاخص‌های جوانه‌زنی و رشد گیاهچه گلرنگ (Carthamus tinctorius) فیزیولوژی بذر Seed Physiology پژوهشي Research <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">چکیده</span></span></b><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> مبسوط</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">مقدمه:</span></span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> گلرنگ </span></span></b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(<i>Carthamus tinctorius</i> L.)</span></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> گیاهی</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">زراعی</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">یکساله</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">و</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">با</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">کاربرد</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">روغنی</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">است</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">که</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">به مناطق</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">خشک</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">و</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">نیمه</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">خشک</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">سازگار</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">می‌باشد و</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">به عنوان گیاه بومی ایران محسوب می‌شود. مرحله</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">جوانه‌زنی</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">و</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">استقرار</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گیاهچه</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">در</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">خاک</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">از</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">مهم‌ترین</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">مراحل</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">رشد</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">و</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">نمو</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">در</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">چرخه</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">زندگی</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گیاهان</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">می‌باشد</span></span></b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> داشتن</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">سرعت</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">و</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">درصد</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">جوانه‌زنی</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">بالا</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">سبب</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">افزایش</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">تعداد</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گیاهچه‌ها</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گردیده</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">و</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">استقرار</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">سریع</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">و</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">موفق</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گیاهچه‌ها</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">در</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">خاک</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">نیز</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">به</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">رشد</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">رویشی</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">مناسب</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گیاهچه‌ها</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">در</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">مراحل</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">بعدی</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">زندگی</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">کمک</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">می‌کند. از این رو</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">بررسی</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">شاخص‌های</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">جوانه‌زنی</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">و</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">استقرار</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گیاهچه</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">در</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">محیط</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">و</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">یافتن</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">شرایط</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">مناسب‌تر</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">برای</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">بهبود</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">این</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">شاخص‌ها می‌تواند</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">تأثیر</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">مستقیم</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">در</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">کشت</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">موفق‌تر</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">گیاهان</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">داشته</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">باشد.</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">یکی</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">از</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">روش‌های</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">مورد</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">استفاده</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">در</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">این</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">زمینه استفاده</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">از پیش تیمار زیستی</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">است.</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">مواد و روش‌ها: به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر باکتری‌های محرک رشد و تیمارهای دمایی بر شاخص‌های جوانه‌زنی و رشد گیاهچه گلرنگ، این پژوهش در آزمایشگاه دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه یاسوج در بهار سال 1395 به صورت فاکتوریل با طرح پایه کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار اجراء گردید. عامل دما در هفت سطح (5، 10، 15، 20، 25، 30، 35 درجه سلسیوس) و عامل باکتریایی (پیش تیمار بذر با سویه‌های مختلف باکتری) در پنج سطح (باسیلوس</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">سابتلایت، سودوموناس فلورسنس سویه</span></span></b> <b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">25، سودوموناس فلورسنس سویه </span></span></b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">CHA0</span></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">، سودوموناس فلورسنس سویه 2، و بدون تلقیح (شاهد)) عامل‌های آزمایشی بودند.</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">یافته‌ها: نتایج یافته‌های حاضر حاکی از آنست که دمای 20 درجه سلسیوس سبب بیشترین درصد جوانه‌زنی، سرعت جوانه‌زنی و بنیه طولی شد. همچنین بذرهای تلقیح یافته با باکتری‌های محرک رشد سودوموناس فلورسنس سویه </span></span></b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">CHA0</span></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> دارای بیشترین درصد جوانه‌زنی (68)، سرعت جوانه‌زنی (49/ 3 بذر در روز) و بنیه طولی (22/6) بودند. طول گیاهچه، وزن خشک و بنیه وزنی از دیگر مؤلفه‌هایی بودند که در دمای 20 و 25 درجه سلسیوس سویه 25 نتایج بهتری را نشان داد. همچنین با افزایش یا کاهش دما از دمای مطلوب شاخص‌های جوانه‌زنی و رشد گیاهچه کاهش یافت. کاربرد باکتری‌های محرک رشد سبب افزایش فعالیت آنزیم‌های آسکوربات پراکسیداز و کاتالاز شده که منجر به کاهش صدمات ناشی از دماهای نامطلوب و بهبود شاخص‌های جوانه‌زنی گردید.</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">نتیجه‌گیری:</span></span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> با توجه به نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش به منظور تسریع در میزان و سرعت جوانه‌زنی و دیگر مؤلفه‌های جوانه‌زنی بهتر است تلقیح بذر با باکتری‌های محرک رشد سودوموناس فلورسنس سویه </span></span></b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">CHA0</span></span><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> و سودوموناس فلورسنس سویه 25 و در دامنه دمایی 20 و 25 درجه سلسیوس صورت گیرد.</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span><br> <br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">جنبه‌های نوآوری:</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">1-</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">جوانه‌زنی بذرهای گلرنگ تیمار شده با باکتری تحت دماهای مختلف دارای خصوصیات رفتاری متفاوتی است.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><span lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">2- بذرهای تلقیح یافته با باکتری‌های محرک رشد سودوموناس فلورسنس سویه </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">CHA0</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:"> دارای شرایط مناسب‌تر جوانه‌زنی بودند.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span b="" nazanin="" style="font-family:">3- استفاده از دمای ۲5-۲0 سلسیوس برای مولفه‌های جوانه‌زنی بهتر است.</span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Extended abstract</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Introduction:</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Safflower (<i>Carthamus tinctorius</i> L.) is an annual oilseed crop that is adapted to arid and semi-arid regions and is considered an indigenous plant of Iran.</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Germination and seedling stage in the soil is one of the most important stages in the life cycle of plants. High germination rate and percentage increase the number of seedlings and the rapid successful establishment of seedlings in the soil also contributes to the suitable vegetative growth of the seedlings in later stages of life. Therefore, evaluation of germination indices and seedling establishment in the soil and finding more suitable conditions to improve these indices can have a direct impact on more successful plant cultivation. One of the methods used in this regard is priming.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Materials and Methods:</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> In order to study the effect of </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">plant growth-promoting bacteria </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">and temperature treatments on germination indices and seedling growth of the safflower,</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> this investigation was conducted based on a completely randomized block design with three replications</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">at the Agricultural Research Laboratory of </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Yasouj University </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">in 2016. </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Experimental factors</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> were </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">seven</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">levels of temperature treatments (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35&deg;C) and seed priming with three strains of <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> such as Pf 2, Pf 25 and CHA 0 and one strain of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> and control (without inoculation).</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Results:</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> The results showed that 20&deg;C temperature caused the highest germination percentage, germination rate and vigor length. Also, seeds inoculated with <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> growth-promoting bacteria strain CHA0 had the highest germination percentage (68.74), germination rate (3.49 seeds per day) and vigor length vigor (6.22). Seedling length, dry weight and vigor weight were the other parameters that showed the best results at 20 and 25&deg;C. </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Also, germination and seedling growth indices decreased by an increase or decrease in the optimum temperature. The use of </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">plant</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> growth-promoting bacteria causes increased activity of ascorbate and catalase enzymes, which leads to a decrease in injuries related to non-optimum temperature and improved germination indices.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Conclusion:</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> According to our results, to accelerate the germination rate and other parameters, it is better to inoculate seeds with bacteria strains CHA0 and 25 in the temperature range of 20-25&deg;C.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Highlights</span></span></i></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">:</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span> <ol> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The germination</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt">behaviour</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"> of safflower primed with bacteria </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt">varies </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt">at different temperatures.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt">Seeds inoculated with </span><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt">Pseudomonas fluorescens</span></i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:10.0pt"> growth-promoting bacteria of CHA0 strain had better germination conditions.</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">Using the 20-25</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&deg;C temperature improves germination indices.</span></span></span></div> آنزیم, بنیه بذر, پرایمینگ, تلقیح, سودوموناس Enzymes, Inoculation, Priming, Pseudomonas, Seed Vigor 35 50 http://yujs.yu.ac.ir/jisr/browse.php?a_code=A-10-52-3&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Amin Salehi امین صالحی aminsalehi@yu.ac.ir 2390094678 100319475328460011870 Yes Yasouj University دانشگاه یاسوج Yaghoub Behzadi یعقوب بهزادی yaqoub.behzadi@gmail.com 2500086992 100319475328460011871 No Yasouj University دانشگاه یاسوج Raham Mohtashami رهام محتشمی rahammohtashmi01@gmail.com 2500086992 100319475328460011872 No Yasouj University دانشگاه یاسوج Nasrin Niknam نسرین نیکنام niknamnasrin@yahoo.com 2391915217 100319475328460011873 No Yasouj University دانشگاه یاسوج