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Effect of different levels of salinity stress on seed germination and early growth of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-greacum) seedling
Azam Roumani, Seyed Mohammadreza Ehteshami,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (5-2014)
Abstract
In order to study the effect of different levels of salinity stress on germination indices and early growth of Trigonella foenum-greacum L., an experiment was conducted in agronomy laboratory of Faculty of Agricultural at the University of Guilan in 2012. The experiment was arranged base on completely randomized design with four replications. The used treatments were different levels of salinity stress due to NaCl (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1, -1.2, -1.4, -1.6 and -1.8 MPa). Results showed, by increasing of salinity levels, decreased germination percentage, germination speed, germination energy, germination rate index, water percentage of seedling tissue, seedling length, the dry and fresh weight of seedling and vigor index significantly. However, the levels of salinity (-0.2 and -0.4 MPa) increased the dry and fresh weight of seedling in comparing with control by growth stimulation. Moreover, germination rate reduction had increased trend in comparing with control. Results indicated that there was a positive significant correlation between percent of germination and other germination indices except for germination rate. Generally, the results showed fenugreek seed can tolerate salinity amount until -1.2 MPa (38.9 ds/m) in germination time.

The reaction of different cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa) to high and low salinity in vitro condition
Asad Masoumi Asl, Rreza Amiri Fahliani, Hamidreza Balouchi,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (5-2014)
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most extensive environmental stresses and is a limiting factor for the growth and development of crops, such as rice. Then, an experiment based upon completely randomized design with four low levels (0, 7.5, 15, 22.5) and four high of salinity (75, 150, 225 and 300 mM) with control as the first factor and nine cultivars of rice (dollars, Hasan Saraii, Mousa Tarom, Kamfiruz, Lenjan Askari, Gharib, Domsiah Mamassani, 304, Champa Yasouj) as the second factor with three replications was conducted in 2012 in the Yasouj University. Results showed that Hasan Saraii had salinity tolerance with the most germination percentage, germination rate and shoot length at high salinity levels (more than 75 mM), and Domsiah Mamassani with the minimum of that traits had not any salinity tolerance. But in the low salinity (less than 22.5 mM), Hasan Saraii, Lenjan and Mousa Tarom had the highest percentage of germination. The maximum germination rate was due to Mousa Tarom and the maximum shoot length observed in Gharib variety. So it seems, if we would only consider the germination percentage, Hasan Saraii is the best variety and if the maximum germination percentage and rate are considered, the variety that would be considered is Mousa Tarom. Therefore, high salinity we should not just rely on the germination but the germination rate should also be noted and in lower salinity due to different cultivars germination percentage, germination rate and dry weight of root should be paid much more attention.

The Effects of Hydropriming and Osmopriming on Germination Characteristics of Nigella sativa under Salt Stress
Somayeh Talebi, Sayed Mohsen Nabavi Kalat,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (9-2015)
Abstract

In order to study, the effects of hydropriming and osmopriming on germination characteristics of Nigella sativa L. under salt stress an experiment was conducted in factorial laid out in completely randomized design with four replications at Research Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University-Mashhad Iran, in 2014. Factors were included of priming treatment in six levels [control (Non-priming), hydropriming with distilled water, osmopriming with KNO3, KCl, CaCl2 and NaCl] and salinity treatment in four levels [0, 50, 100 and 150 Mmol]. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of salinity and seed priming on all measured indices and interaction between two factors on germination percentage and rate, radicle and plumule length and seed vigor were significant at the probability level of 1%. The results showed that with increasing salt concentration all measured traits were decreased. This decreasing started from the 50 Mmol concentration. Under salt stress condition, osmopriming with KNO3 and then hydropriming and osmopriming with KCl improved all germination indices compared with control.


Effect of Vermicompost Extract on Germination Characteristics of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Under Salinity Stress
Rrahele Aahmadpour, Nezam Armand, Saeed Reza Hossinzadeh,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (2-2016)
Abstract

This study was performed to investigate interactions of different levels of vermicompost extract and salinity stress on germination characteristics of chickpea seedlings. The factorial experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with three replications. Concentrations of vermicompost extract (0, 5, 10 and 20 volumetric percentage) and salinity levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 mM NaCl). Results showed that there were significant differences (P‌ 0.01) between vermicompost extract and salinity levels regarding germination percentage, radicle length, and shoot dry weight. Salinity stress with 90 (Mm NaCl) level significantly decreased all of the traits compared to the non-stress condition. Effects of vermicompost extract and salinity stress were significant differences (P‌ 0.05) on the germination rate index, radicle length, radicle dry weight and consumed endosperm. vermicompost extract at concentrations of 5 volumetric percentage in moderate salinity stress (30 mM NaCl) and non-salinity stress caused a significant increase (P‌ 0.01) in radicle length, radicle dry weigh and consumed endosperm compared to control.


Effect of Hydropriming and Seed Size on Germination Characteristics and Seedling Growth of Vigna radiata Seeds under Salinity Stress
Ali Ghatei, Ghasem Parmoon, Zahra Amin Deldar, Hadi Ghamary,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (2-2016)
Abstract

In order to evaluate the effect of hydropriming on seed germination of Vigna radiata under salinity stress, an experiment was arranged in a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the laboratory of the Agricultural College of the University of Ramin Khuzestan. Treatments were salinity stress at 4 levels (0, 3, 6 and 9 Mmhos) and hydro priming at 3 levels (1, 1.5 and 3 h) and two sizes of seed (small and large seeds) that was carried out by NaCl. Results showed that all of the germination characteristics decreased with increased salinity, but this decrement for seeds that primed at a long time, was less. Also at all characteristics, small seeds, showed better reactions than large seeds. Generally, hydropriming was improved germination characteristics of Vigna radiata under saline conditions. According to this experiment, hydropriming improved germination and establishment.


An Investigation into the Salinity Tolerance of F2 Filial Plants Obtained from Three Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivar Crosses in Germination Stage
Asad Masoumi Asl, Zohreh Chahabkar, Sakineh Khalili, Reza Amiri-Fahliani,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (9-2017)
Abstract
Salinity is one of the environmental stresses limiting rice cultivation. Evaluation of the tolerance and sensitivity of offsprings of segregated generations under salinity condition is one way of finding tolerant cultivars. In order to study the effects of salinity (80 mM NaCl) stress on the second generation offspring of crosses of three rice varieties (Dollars and Gharib with 304) and to compare them with their parents and their classification in terms of salinity stress, the first experiment was conducted, adopting a Completely Randomized Design with four replications (i.e., crossing parents with Yasouj and Kamfirooz varieties). In the second experiment, check cultivars and the second generation progeny were evaluated, using an augment with a completely randomized design. At the germination stage, the Dollar cultivar was sensitive to salinity stress because it had the lowest ratio of all traits except germination percentage. However, Gharib and Kamfirooz Cultivars were salt tolerant. In both crosses, second-generation offsprings showed genetic variations in terms of the traits measured. Broad-sense heritability values for Dollars×304 and Gharib×304 crosses for shoot height (5.98% and 96%), root length (8.90% and 86%) and shoot fresh weight (8.95% and 7.92%), were relatively high, indicating that we can select these traits based on their phenotypes. General irritability for the shoot and root length traits in the second generation offsprings of Dollar and 304 crosses was higher than that of the second generation progeny of 304 and Gharib crosses. Based on these results, we concluded that for the purpose of improving salt tolerance at germination stage, 304 and Dollars crosses are more useful in rice breeding programs.

Highlights:
  1. For the first time, an augment design was adopted in an experimental study to investigate the non-repeat genotypes in the generations.
  2. The tolerance and sensitivity of genotypes were evaluated, consistent with the definition of statistical intervals.
  3. The results of this research led to the introduction of superior crossings for replications at the farm level.

Germination and Some Morphophysiological Traits of Convolvulus arvensis in Response to Salinity Stress
Azam Jamshidizadeh, Masoumeh Farzaneh, Afrasiab Rahnama Ghahfarokhi , Fatemeh Nasernakhaei,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (3-2021)
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction: It is obvious that all plants adopt mechanisms to control NaCl accumulation because sodium chloride is the most soluble and most abundant salt. Binweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) is among the ten widespread noxious weeds in the world that it is reproduced by seed, horizontal lateral root, and rhizome. Because of the extensive underground root system of the bindweed with abundant buds and established root reserves, binweed competes more tolerant than crops under salinity and drought stress. More information on morphophysiological traits of binweed under salinity conditions and comparison of salinity tolerance index between germination and seedling can also be contributed to the most effective management. In order to investigate the germination and seedling growth characteristics of binweed two experiments were conducted separately under salinity stress.
Materials and Methods: Germination experiment was done in a completely randomized design with 9 levels of salinity stresses include 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 dS.m-1, with four replications in the lab. The seedling experiment was performed in a random complete block design consisted of five levels of salinity (tap water, 10, 20, 30, and 40 dS.m-1) with three replications as the pot in a non-shade greenhouse of Agricultural College of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.
Results: The results showed that with raising salinity, percentage germination and vigure index of seed declined, but Radicle/ Plumule ratio rose. After two weeks, in response to salinity a decrease in root and shoot characteristics of the seedling was observed. Salinity stress data were fitted to a three-parameter logistic for seedling stage showed that the salinity levels higher than 7.86 dS.m-1 led to 50 percent reduction in tolerance index. It was found that 19.84 dS.m-1 caused 50% decrease in the tolerance index at germination stage. Sufficient tolerance index –growth stage variation in response to salinity was found which suggests that bindweed tolerance to salinity at germination stage is about 3 times more than that of seedling stage.
Conclusions: Radicle/ plumule ratio at germination stage and root lateral branches at seedling stage increased in concentrations of up to 25  and 20 dS.m-1, respectively. It seems the maintenance of root area and branches in response to increased salinity provide an acceptable mechanism of salinity tolerance for binweed. According to the three-parameter logistic model, the salinity tolerance of bindweed at germination and seedling stages was estimated at 20 and 8 dS.m-1, respectively.
Keywords: Logistic model, Root lateral branches, Relative water content, Salinity tolerance index
Highlights:
1 Salinity tolerance of bindweed was investigated in germination and seedling growth.
2- Salinity tolerance index was compared between germination and seedling of bindweed and was introduced a proper trait which is more effective to pointing salinity tolerance.
3- The best sigmoidal model based on salinity criterion was introduced for salt tolerance index of bindweed.

Salinity stress tolerance in Iranian spring wheat cultivars during germination
Ronak Talebi Qormik, Hadi Alipour, Reza Darvishzadeh,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: The germination stage in plants, including wheat, is an extremely susceptible stage to biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant establishment the in the early stages of growth, especially in the germination stage, is always notably important. Salinity stress is one of the abiotic stresses that cause much damage annually, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, identification and use of cultivars tolerant to salinity stress is one of the effective ways to reduce the negative effects of salinity stress.
Materials and Methods: In the present study, response of 64 spring wheat cultivars during the germination stage at two levels of salinity stress (zero as a control and 12 dS/m of sodium chloride) was investigated in the form of a simple lattice design with two replications at the Genetics Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University. During seven days, germination percentage, germination index, germination rate, germination energy, seedling vigor, mean germination time, and mean germination rate, and after the seventh day, seedling length, shoot length, root length, ratio of shoot length to root length, seedling fresh weight, and seedling dry weight were measured.
Results: Among the studied cultivars, a statistically significant difference was observed at the probability level of 1% in terms of all traits including radicle length, shoot length, seedling length, fresh weight, dry weight, radicle to shoot length ratio, germination index, germination rate, germination energy, germination percentage, seedling vigor, mean germination time, and mean germination rate. Based on the results of factor analysis, under both normal conditions and salinity stress, the studied traits were grouped into four main factors, and these four factors explained 92.74% of the changes under normal and 93.85% under salinity stress conditions. Using cluster analysis, cultivars were grouped into three and two clusters under normal and salinity stress conditions, respectively.
Conclusions: Based on the results of bi-plot obtained from factor and cluster analyses, the cultivars Moghan 2, Bistun, Akbari, Moghan 3, Dastjardi, Marvdasht, Gahar, and Mahdavi are the preferred cultivars and the cultivars Darya, Bam, Tajan, Sistan, Frontana, Kavir, and Afogh were introduced as undesirable cultivars in terms of the traits measured in this experiment, which can be used in breeding projects.

Keywords:  Bread wheat, Germination, Multivariate analysis, Salinity stress
Highlights:
  1. A great diversity was observed among Iranian spring wheat cultivars in terms of salt tolerance during germination.
  2. Mahdavi, Dastjardi, Bistun, Akbari, Moghan 2, Moghan 3, Gahar, and Marvdasht were identified as salt-tolerant cultivars during germination.

Pre-treatment with Growth Stimulants: A Strategy for Mitigating the Deleterious Effects of Salinity Stress in Rapeseed (Brassica napus)
Mohammad Ahmadi, Tohid Ali-Abbasi, Salim Farzaneh,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: The particular susceptibility of rapeseed during the sensitive stages of germination and seedling establishment doubly underscores the urgent need to develop efficient and cost-effective management strategies to counteract salinity stress. In this regard, seed pre-treatment technology has gained attention as a promising and novel strategy to enhance plant resilience against environmental stresses from the very first stages of growth.
Method: This research was designed and conducted to comprehensively evaluate and compare the effects of applying various natural growth stimulants—including amino acids (at three concentrations: 2, 4, and 6 g kg-1 of seed), humic acid (at three concentrations: 3, 6, and 9 g kg-1 of seed), and seaweed extract (at three concentrations: 3, 6, and 9 g kg-1 of seed) both individually and in combination with the hydropriming method on the improvement of germination indices, growth, and biochemical responses of rapeseed (cv. Hyola 50) under different levels of salinity stress (0, -2, -4, -6, and -8 bar).
Results: Salinity stress had a significant inhibitory effect (p < 0.01) on most measured traits. With increasing stress levels up to -8 bar, root dry weight decreased by 65.3%, emergence percentage decreased by 32%, and germination rate decreased by 63.3% compared to the control treatment (no stress). In contrast, the activity of catalase enzyme, an indicator of oxidative stress, increased by 114%, demonstrating the plant's defensive response to unfavorable conditions. In this study, the combined treatment of hydropriming with humic acid (6 g kg-1 of seed) was identified as the most effective method, with a 153% difference in leaf dry weight compared to the worst treatment. This treatment comprehensively demonstrated a protective role against salinity stress by increasing root dry weight by 13.8%, catalase enzyme activity by 10.5%, and germination rate by 14%, while maintaining the chlorophyll index.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that pre-treating rapeseed seeds with natural growth stimulants, particularly as combined hydropriming treatments with amino acids (4 g kg-1 seed) and humic acid (6 g kg-1 seed), is a low-cost, user-friendly breeding strategy and represents a practical and implementable approach for farmers.

Highlights
  • A comprehensive investigation of the effects of three types of natural growth stimulants (amino acid, humic acid, and seaweed extract) individually and combined with hydropriming to achieve a synergistic effect.
  • Providing strong quantitative evidence of the mechanism of action through simultaneous measurement of growth and biochemical indices and demonstrating the critical principle of dose-response.
  • Emphasizing the practical and cost-effective nature of the method for farmers, aiming to convert saline lands into productive areas as a sustainable solution.

Priming and Coating Seeds with Humic Acid as an Effective Strategy in the Integrated Management of Salt-Affected Soils
Atefeh Rashidifard, Meisam Rezaei,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (3-2026)
Abstract
Objective: Salinity is a major abiotic stress reducing crop yield and quality worldwide. This review systematically evaluates the effectiveness of seed priming and coating with humic acid (HA) as a strategy to improve germination, seedling establishment, and plant growth under salt stress.
Method: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in major scientific databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar) using relevant keywords. Studies investigating physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of HA-mediated salt tolerance through seed priming and coating were reviewed.
Results: Seed priming and coating with humic acid significantly improved germination percentage and rate, increased root and shoot growth, and enhanced chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency under salinity. HA reduced Na⁺accumulation, improved K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POX). It also promoted ATP production and facilitated uptake of essential nutrients (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺).
Conclusions: Seed priming and coating with humic acid is an effective, low-cost, and environmentally friendly approach to enhance salt tolerance in crops. It accelerates seedling establishment, stimulates root growth, and reduces oxidative stress by boosting antioxidant enzyme activity. Future research should focus on synergistic effects with other biostimulants across different crops and salinity levels.

Highlights
  • Priming and coating seeds with humic acid boosts plant tolerance to salinity stress.
  • Humic acid improves soil health and nutrient efficiency sustainably.
  • Priming and coating seeds with humic acid is a cost-effective method for boosting crop growth and yield in salt-affected soils.

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