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The Effects of Accelerated Aging Test on Germination and Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes of Maize (Zea mays) Hybrid Varieties Seeds
Fereshteh Darabi, Maryam Valipour, , Rahim Naseri, Meysam Moradi Moradi,
Volume 4, Issue 1 ((Spring and Summer) 2017)
Abstract
Unfavorable storage conditions, especially relatively high environment humidity and high storage temperature greatly affect the quality of corn seeds. The effects of temperature, environment moisture and length of storage on six maize hybrids were examined. For the purpose of investigating germination traits, total soluble proteins, leakage electrolytes and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in maize hybrids, an experiment was carried out at the Agronomy and Plant Breeding Laboratory of Ilam University in 2016. The study was conducted as two factorial experiments, adopting a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor comprised six maize hybrids (single crosses: 703, 706, 711, 604, Mobin and 701) that were obtained from Karaj Seed Breeding and Seedling Institute, Iran. The second factor was accelerated aging test in four levels involving non-aging (control treatment), aging for 4, 8 and 12 days under 40°C temperature and 95% humidity. The results showed that mean time to germination and electrolyte leakage significantly increased with aging duration. Mean time to germination and electrolyte leakage of the hybrids 701, Mobin and 711 increased more than the other hybrids. In addition, antioxidant enzyme activity decreased significantly with an increase in the aging period. These results indicated severe damage to cell membranes and enzyme activity in these hybrids. Moreover, there was a significant and positive correlation between germination percentage and the enzyme peroxides, as compared with other antioxidant enzymes. Although antioxidant enzyme activity exhibited a significant reduction in seed deterioration, nonetheless, generally speaking, compared with other varieties, KSC 703 was more tolerant.

Highlights:
  1. The germination response of six hybrids of the maze to seed deterioration was investigated.
  2. The role of antioxidant enzymes in deteriorated seeds of maize hybrids was examined.

Allelopathic Effects of Mustard (Sinapis arvensis) on Germination, Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Yaser Alizadeh, Ehsan Zeidali, Hamid Hassaneian Khoshro,
Volume 5, Issue 2 ((Autumn & Winter) 2019)
Abstract



Extended abstract
Introduction: Crop rotations are practiced to eliminate the effect of monoculture, but the succeeding crop may be influenced by the phytotoxins released by the preceding crop. Among plants, Brassica species contain allelochemical compounds as glucosinolate that is, under special conditions, released to environment and affects seed germination and plant growth. Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) as a weed of 30 crops in 52 countries which has a series of allelopathic effects that prevent germination of other plants. Products of glucosinolate- like ionic thiocyanate (SCN-) inhibited the root or shoot growth of many crop species. Also volatile compounds like isoprenoid and benzenoid released from Brassica tissue degradation may suppress many crops growth. It was also found in many studies that allelochemicals, which inhibited the growth of some species at certain concentrations, might stimulate the growth of same or different species at lower concentrations. The present research was conducted to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract concentration of various mustard parts on barley seed germination and seedling growth.
Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the allelopathic effect of mustard in agro ecosystems, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was carried out in botany laboratory of agriculture faculty, Illam University in 2014. Experimental treatments included five concentrations of mustards foliage and root aqueous extract (0, 10, 30, 50, and 70 percent) that were studied at germination and early growth stage of barley (cv. Abidar) in two separate experiments. In the seed germination section, the effects of aqueous extract of mustard on germination rate and germination percentage of barley seed were measured. In the study of the effect of aqueous extract of mustard on barley seedlings, weight and length of root and shoot, leaf chlorophyll content, proline and soluble sugars content were measured.
Results: Results showed that the highest amount of barley seed germination percentage and germination rate (100 and 19.5, respectively) were observed in control and the lowest amount (40 and 9.5, respectively) belonged to mustard root aqueous treatment with 70 percent concentration. The most decrease in barley seedlings length and weight were observed at the highest concentration of aqueous extract. The amount of chlorophyll a decreased from 2.39 in control to 1.66 mg per fresh weight in 70 percent concentration of aqueous extract treatment. The highest amount of proline (66.8 μM per fresh weight) in barley foliage was observed in 70 percent aqueous extract treatment. The results from this study showed that mustard allelopathic effect may be a possible mechanism controlling the barley germination and early growth stage in agro ecosystems.
Conclusion: Generally, we were able to demonstrate short term auto toxicity and possible short-term allelopathy due to mustard has harmful effects on barley including reduced seed germination and emergence of barley seedling. Depending on the concentrations of Mustard extract, allelopathic activity will vary Mustard. Further investigations are also needed to determine the influence of cultivar variations, and to identify the active compounds involved in mustard auto toxicity and Allelopathy.
  
Highlights:
1-Mustards aqueous extract reduced seed germination percentage and plant growth in barley.
2-Mustards aqueous extract increased proline and soluble sugars in barley, but it reduced amount of chlorophyll in this plant.


The Effect of Seed Pre-treatments on Germination of Astragalus gossypinus Seed
Ali Asharf Mehrabi, Somayeh Hajinia,
Volume 6, Issue 1 ((Spring and Summer) 2019)
Abstract


Extended Abstract
Introduction: White Astragalus (Astragalus gossypinus Fisherr.) is one of the valuable plants for producing gum, which is of critical importance in soil conservation and the economy of the country. This plant is propagated by seed; its seeds are in the natural state of dormancy. Therefore, recognizing the factors affecting dormancy and creating optimal conditions for seed germination of this plant is necessary for the cultivation and reclamation of rangelands. This study was conducted with the aim of finding the best treatment for breaking the dormancy and improving seed germination under various chemical and physical treatments.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with four replications at the gene bank of cereal and legume Lab of Ilam University, 2017. The factors included two levels of scarification chemical (with and without sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for 10 minutes), three levels of stratification (control, moist chilling at +4 °C and dry chilling -20 °C), potassium nitrate in two levels (zero and 1% KNO3) and gibberellic acid in two levels (zero and 5 ppm GA3). Germination indices including germination percentage, germination rate, seedling and radicle length, seedling fresh weight and vigor index were measured.
Results: Initial assessment of vital indices in seed such as germination and primary growth showed that the simultaneous application of scarification by sulfuric acid and moist chilling at +4 °C has the most impact on removing dormancy and increasing germination percentage. The highest germination rate was observed in moist chilling at +4 °C, which was 32.19 percent more than that of the control treatment. Scarification by sulfuric acid reduced the mean germination time in moist chilling at +4 °C. Scarification by sulfuric acid increased the fresh weight of the seedling by 55.25 percent, compared with the control. Pre-treatments with potassium nitrate undre control conditions, moist chilling at +4 °C and dry chilling at -20 °C increased the fresh weight of seedlings, at 52.66, 30.94 and 17.18 percent, respectively. Application of potassium nitrate increased root length by about 60.7 percent, compared with control. The highest radicle length (78.71 mm) was obtained when the seed was treated with sulphuric acid with wet chilling at 4 ° C for two weeks, which was 30 percent higher than control. The highest seedling length (84.88 mm) was obtained in scarification with sulfuric acid, wet chilling, and potassium nitrate and gibberellic acid. The highest seed vigor index (61.85 %) was observed in the treatment of scarification with sulfuric acid under moist chilling, and pre-treatments of gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate.
Conclusions: In general, it can be concluded that seed dormancy of Astraglus gossypinus involves both physical and physiological dormancy. The best treatment for removing the dormancy of this species seems to be scarification with sulfuric acid for 10 minutes puls concentrated stratification in moist chilling at +4 °C for two weeks.
 
 
Highlights:
  1. Determination of the optimal seed dormancy techniques of white Astragalus for the purpose of increasing seed germination percentage.
  2. Comparison of the efficiency of different dormancy breaking techniques.
  3. The combined effect of sulfuric acid, chilling and priming with gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate on germination indices.

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