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Arezoo Paravar, En Saeideh Maleki Farahani, En Alireza Rezazadeh,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Production of high-quality seeds is a major concern in the agriculture industry. The lifespan of a seed, which can extend over several decades, is essential for safeguarding the plant's genetic resources. Storage conditions, including seed moisture level, relative humidity, gases (such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide), and temperature, are the primary factors that determine seed lifespan. Among these aging treatment, oxygen has the most detrimental effect on seed germination, storage metabolic activities, and enzyme activity of dried seeds. Lalemantia iberica and Lallemantia royleana seeds contain high levels of fatty acids, especially linolenic acid (56-67%), which have significant beneficial effects on health. However, a large number of L. iberica and L. royleana seeds deteriorate due to inadequate storage conditions by most farmers. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different storage conditions, especially natural and controlled aging, aging with oxygen, and nitrogen on germination, chemical activities, metabolic reserves, and enzymatic activities of dry L. iberica and L. royleana seeds.
Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications was carried out in the seed science laboratory at the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid University in 2021. The experimental treatments included storage environments (control, natural aging, controlled aging, and aging with oxygen and nitrogen pressure) and plant species (Lallemantia iberica and Lallemantia royleana).
Results: The results indicated that aging with oxygen had the most detrimental impact on the germination rate, seed germination, reservoirs content, and the activity of alpha and beta amylase enzymes, compared with controlled and natural aging in both species. Conversely, the highest levels of electrical conductivity, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were observed in dry seeds stored under oxygen aging conditions. In comparison to artificial aging (controlled aging and oxygen aging), seeds stored under natural aging conditions exhibited the highest germination rate, storage compound content, and α amylase enzyme activity. Throughout the storage process, it was observed that the deterioration rate was higher in the dry seeds of L. iberica compared with L. royleana.
Conclusions: Aging with oxygen can be regarded as a rapid artificial aging method for assessing the longevity of dry seeds. Conversely, the use of low temperature and humidity conditions in natural aging can be considered a practical method for preserving the quality and longevity of seeds. Due to their high content of storage compounds (sucrose, starch, and total sugar content), L. royleana seeds can be stored for extended periods.
Highlights:
Introduction: Production of high-quality seeds is a major concern in the agriculture industry. The lifespan of a seed, which can extend over several decades, is essential for safeguarding the plant's genetic resources. Storage conditions, including seed moisture level, relative humidity, gases (such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide), and temperature, are the primary factors that determine seed lifespan. Among these aging treatment, oxygen has the most detrimental effect on seed germination, storage metabolic activities, and enzyme activity of dried seeds. Lalemantia iberica and Lallemantia royleana seeds contain high levels of fatty acids, especially linolenic acid (56-67%), which have significant beneficial effects on health. However, a large number of L. iberica and L. royleana seeds deteriorate due to inadequate storage conditions by most farmers. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different storage conditions, especially natural and controlled aging, aging with oxygen, and nitrogen on germination, chemical activities, metabolic reserves, and enzymatic activities of dry L. iberica and L. royleana seeds.
Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications was carried out in the seed science laboratory at the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid University in 2021. The experimental treatments included storage environments (control, natural aging, controlled aging, and aging with oxygen and nitrogen pressure) and plant species (Lallemantia iberica and Lallemantia royleana).
Results: The results indicated that aging with oxygen had the most detrimental impact on the germination rate, seed germination, reservoirs content, and the activity of alpha and beta amylase enzymes, compared with controlled and natural aging in both species. Conversely, the highest levels of electrical conductivity, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were observed in dry seeds stored under oxygen aging conditions. In comparison to artificial aging (controlled aging and oxygen aging), seeds stored under natural aging conditions exhibited the highest germination rate, storage compound content, and α amylase enzyme activity. Throughout the storage process, it was observed that the deterioration rate was higher in the dry seeds of L. iberica compared with L. royleana.
Conclusions: Aging with oxygen can be regarded as a rapid artificial aging method for assessing the longevity of dry seeds. Conversely, the use of low temperature and humidity conditions in natural aging can be considered a practical method for preserving the quality and longevity of seeds. Due to their high content of storage compounds (sucrose, starch, and total sugar content), L. royleana seeds can be stored for extended periods.
Highlights:
- Seed aging led to an increase in biochemical indices such as lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
- The rate of deterioration in dry seeds of L. iberica was higher than those of L. royleana.
- The content of storage compounds and the activity of amylase enzymes were higher in L. royleana seeds compared with L. iberica.
Haniyeh Saadat, Mohammad Sedghi,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Salinity is the most significant environmental stress that limits plant productivity by affecting morphology, physiology, and biochemistry of plants, especially in semi-arid and arid regions. Salinity disrupts and eventually delays seedling growth by delaying seed germination and reducing the germination rate. Seed priming stands out as a quick, easy, low-cost, and effective strategy for improving germination, seedling growth parameters, and overall plant defense against abiotic stresses in many crops. It is defined as the pre-sowing seed treatment during which seeds are immersed in water or chemical solutions and are dry until further use. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of priming with sodium nitroprusside on germination indices and biochemical traits in rice seedlings under salinity stress.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2023. Experimental treatments included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) and three levels of sodium nitroprusside (0, 40, and 80 µM).
Results: The results showed that salinity reduced germination and growth indicators including mean daily germination (MDG), germination coefficient (GC), allometric coefficient (AC), radicle length (RL), pedicel length (PL) and seedling length (SL), as well as radicle and pedicel fresh and dry weight (RFW, PFW, RDW and PDW), but seed pretreatment with different levels of sodium nitroprusside, especially the level of 80 µM, improved these traits. Salinity reduced the seedling moisture percentage (SMP), so that the highest SMP (70.13%) was observed in the control treatment. The highest daily germination rate (DGR) and malondialdehyde content (MDA) were observed at a salinity of 150 mM. Priming decreased DGS and MDA, so that the lowest DGS (0.08) and MDA (0.159 mM g-1 FW) were obtained in priming with 80 μM sodium nitroprusside. Also, salinity decreased the activity of the α-amylase enzyme, so the lowest α-amylase activity (7.93 mg g-1 FW seed) was obtained in the control (distilled water) and at a salinity of 150 mM.
Conclusions: The results showed that seed treatment with sodium nitroprusside at 80 µM is the most effective method to improve rice germination and biochemical traits under salinity stress. It can reduce the harmful effects of salinity on some traits in rice seedlings and improve seedling growth.
Highlights:
Introduction: Salinity is the most significant environmental stress that limits plant productivity by affecting morphology, physiology, and biochemistry of plants, especially in semi-arid and arid regions. Salinity disrupts and eventually delays seedling growth by delaying seed germination and reducing the germination rate. Seed priming stands out as a quick, easy, low-cost, and effective strategy for improving germination, seedling growth parameters, and overall plant defense against abiotic stresses in many crops. It is defined as the pre-sowing seed treatment during which seeds are immersed in water or chemical solutions and are dry until further use. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of priming with sodium nitroprusside on germination indices and biochemical traits in rice seedlings under salinity stress.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2023. Experimental treatments included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) and three levels of sodium nitroprusside (0, 40, and 80 µM).
Results: The results showed that salinity reduced germination and growth indicators including mean daily germination (MDG), germination coefficient (GC), allometric coefficient (AC), radicle length (RL), pedicel length (PL) and seedling length (SL), as well as radicle and pedicel fresh and dry weight (RFW, PFW, RDW and PDW), but seed pretreatment with different levels of sodium nitroprusside, especially the level of 80 µM, improved these traits. Salinity reduced the seedling moisture percentage (SMP), so that the highest SMP (70.13%) was observed in the control treatment. The highest daily germination rate (DGR) and malondialdehyde content (MDA) were observed at a salinity of 150 mM. Priming decreased DGS and MDA, so that the lowest DGS (0.08) and MDA (0.159 mM g-1 FW) were obtained in priming with 80 μM sodium nitroprusside. Also, salinity decreased the activity of the α-amylase enzyme, so the lowest α-amylase activity (7.93 mg g-1 FW seed) was obtained in the control (distilled water) and at a salinity of 150 mM.
Conclusions: The results showed that seed treatment with sodium nitroprusside at 80 µM is the most effective method to improve rice germination and biochemical traits under salinity stress. It can reduce the harmful effects of salinity on some traits in rice seedlings and improve seedling growth.
Highlights:
- Seed priming using sodium nitroprusside improved the germination indices of rice seeds under salinity.
- Priming with sodium nitroprusside decreased MDA content and increased α-amylase activity.
- The concentration of 80 µM sodium nitroprusside showed a better effect on germination indices and biochemical characteristics.
Rozita Kabiri, Mohadeseh Shamsaddin Saied, Babak Hasanzadeh Tajarogh,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Growth, development, and ultimately production of plants are affected by several environmental factors. Drought and salinity are major environmental stresses that have irreparable effects on all stages of germination, plant growth, and the structure and activity of organs. The germination stage and seedling establishment are more sensitive to osmotic and salinity stresses, so it is important to evaluate the germination indices under stress conditions for plant cultivation in dry and saline environments.
Materials and Methods: To investigate the effect of different levels of osmotic and salinity on germination and early growth of camelina (Camelina sativa L.), two experiments were conducted separately in a completely randomized design in the laboratory of Bardsir Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 2023. In the first experiment, polyethylene glycol solution (PEG 6000) at -0.2, -0.4, and -0.6 MPa levels was applied to generate the osmotic potential. In the second experiment, NaCl at 50, 100, and 150 mM concentrations was used. In both experiments, distilled water was used to create zero stress (control).
Results: The results showed that mild osmotic (-0.2 MPa) and salinity (50 mM) stresses had no significant adverse effect on seedling establishment. However, increased intensity of osmotic and salinity stresses significantly reduced germination percentage and rate, seedling vigor length index, seedling dry weight, radicle length and dry weight, and plumule length and dry weight, so that drought stress at -0.6 MPa reduced the length and dry weight of the root and the length and dry weight of the plumule by approximately 40.40%, 57.4%, 49.2%, and 53.3% compared with the control, respectively. The highest level of salinity stress (150 mM) caused a decrease of 37.8%, 56.8%, 45.3%, and 55.4% in the length and dry weight of the root and the length and dry weight of the plumule compared with the control, respectively. An increment of MDA content, soluble carbohydrates, and the amount of free amino acids was observed at moderate (-0.4 MPa) and severe (-0.6 MPa) osmotic stress and 100 and 150 mM salinity stress levels.
Conclusions: Since camelina is a new plant in Iran, evaluating the response of this plant to different levels of osmotic and salinity stress during germination and early growth stages of the seedling provides the possibility of its cultivation and development in the dry lands of different regions of the country. It seems that mild drought (-0.2 MPa) and salinity (50 mM) stresses did not have a significant adverse effect on camelina germination indicators, but if the stress level exceeds the plant's tolerance range, it leads to decreased germination traits. Recommending the cultivation of this species requires studying its stability, compatibility, and agroecological characteristics.
Highlights:
Introduction: Growth, development, and ultimately production of plants are affected by several environmental factors. Drought and salinity are major environmental stresses that have irreparable effects on all stages of germination, plant growth, and the structure and activity of organs. The germination stage and seedling establishment are more sensitive to osmotic and salinity stresses, so it is important to evaluate the germination indices under stress conditions for plant cultivation in dry and saline environments.
Materials and Methods: To investigate the effect of different levels of osmotic and salinity on germination and early growth of camelina (Camelina sativa L.), two experiments were conducted separately in a completely randomized design in the laboratory of Bardsir Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 2023. In the first experiment, polyethylene glycol solution (PEG 6000) at -0.2, -0.4, and -0.6 MPa levels was applied to generate the osmotic potential. In the second experiment, NaCl at 50, 100, and 150 mM concentrations was used. In both experiments, distilled water was used to create zero stress (control).
Results: The results showed that mild osmotic (-0.2 MPa) and salinity (50 mM) stresses had no significant adverse effect on seedling establishment. However, increased intensity of osmotic and salinity stresses significantly reduced germination percentage and rate, seedling vigor length index, seedling dry weight, radicle length and dry weight, and plumule length and dry weight, so that drought stress at -0.6 MPa reduced the length and dry weight of the root and the length and dry weight of the plumule by approximately 40.40%, 57.4%, 49.2%, and 53.3% compared with the control, respectively. The highest level of salinity stress (150 mM) caused a decrease of 37.8%, 56.8%, 45.3%, and 55.4% in the length and dry weight of the root and the length and dry weight of the plumule compared with the control, respectively. An increment of MDA content, soluble carbohydrates, and the amount of free amino acids was observed at moderate (-0.4 MPa) and severe (-0.6 MPa) osmotic stress and 100 and 150 mM salinity stress levels.
Conclusions: Since camelina is a new plant in Iran, evaluating the response of this plant to different levels of osmotic and salinity stress during germination and early growth stages of the seedling provides the possibility of its cultivation and development in the dry lands of different regions of the country. It seems that mild drought (-0.2 MPa) and salinity (50 mM) stresses did not have a significant adverse effect on camelina germination indicators, but if the stress level exceeds the plant's tolerance range, it leads to decreased germination traits. Recommending the cultivation of this species requires studying its stability, compatibility, and agroecological characteristics.
Highlights:
- Germination characteristics and initial growth of camelina seedlings were investigated under drought and salinity stress conditions.
- The tolerance threshold of camelina seedlings was evaluated to different water potentials and salinity stress.
- The sensitivity of germination components to salinity stress was higher than that of osmotic stress.
Haniyeh Saadat, Mohammad Sedghi,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Environmental stresses, including salinity, result in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, which, at high levels, can cause oxidative damage, impair membrane lipid functions, inactivate enzymes, and impede the metabolic activities of the plant. Salinity affects seedling growth through osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, lack of absorption of essential elements and water, production of free radicals, cell membrane destruction, and reduction of cell division. Seed priming is a quick, easy, low-cost, and effective strategy for improving germination. It is a seed treatment before planting in which seeds are fully immersed in special solutions and dried until further use. Seed priming assists the germinating seed in mitigating saline stress by neutralizing ionic toxicity or by promoting defense mechanisms. This study aimed to assess the effect of seed priming with vitamin U (S-Methylmethionine) on germination and the physiological and biochemical characteristics of sunflower seedlings under salinity stress.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in 2023 as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Experimental treatments included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) and three levels of vitamin U (0, 2, and 4 mM).
Results: The results showed that salinity reduced the germination and growth indicators, including Germination Rate (GR), Germination Percentage (GP), Mean Daily Germination (MDG), Seedling Length (SL), Seedling Dry Weight (SDW), Seedling Length Vigor Index (SLVI), and Seedling Weight Vigor Index (SWVI); but seed pretreatment with different levels of vitamin U, especially the level of 4 mM, improved these traits. Daily Germination Speed (DGS) was higher by about 25% compared with the control treatment without salinity and, in priming with vitamin U compared with the control (distilled water), it showed a decrease of about 32%. Compared with the control (distilled water), the catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activities, and proline content of seedlings obtained from primed seeds increased respectively by 9%, 8%, 32%, and 47% after vitamin U treatment. With increasing salinity levels, there was a reduction trend in total seed protein content (0.384 mg g-1 FW), and the lowest total seed protein content was observed at salinity 150 mM. Mean Germination Time (MGT) and malondialdehyde content of seedlings in the priming with a concentration of 4 mM vitamin U and without salinity showed a decrease of about 73% and 21%, respectively, compared with the control (distilled water) and salinity 150 mM.
Conclusions: The results of this research showed that sunflower seed priming with vitamin U at a concentration of 4 mM is the most effective method to improve the germination and biochemical characteristics of seedlings, and stimulating antioxidant enzymes can reduce the harmful effects of salinity on some traits in sunflower seedlings and improve seedling growth.
Highlights:
Introduction: Environmental stresses, including salinity, result in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, which, at high levels, can cause oxidative damage, impair membrane lipid functions, inactivate enzymes, and impede the metabolic activities of the plant. Salinity affects seedling growth through osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, lack of absorption of essential elements and water, production of free radicals, cell membrane destruction, and reduction of cell division. Seed priming is a quick, easy, low-cost, and effective strategy for improving germination. It is a seed treatment before planting in which seeds are fully immersed in special solutions and dried until further use. Seed priming assists the germinating seed in mitigating saline stress by neutralizing ionic toxicity or by promoting defense mechanisms. This study aimed to assess the effect of seed priming with vitamin U (S-Methylmethionine) on germination and the physiological and biochemical characteristics of sunflower seedlings under salinity stress.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in 2023 as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Experimental treatments included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) and three levels of vitamin U (0, 2, and 4 mM).
Results: The results showed that salinity reduced the germination and growth indicators, including Germination Rate (GR), Germination Percentage (GP), Mean Daily Germination (MDG), Seedling Length (SL), Seedling Dry Weight (SDW), Seedling Length Vigor Index (SLVI), and Seedling Weight Vigor Index (SWVI); but seed pretreatment with different levels of vitamin U, especially the level of 4 mM, improved these traits. Daily Germination Speed (DGS) was higher by about 25% compared with the control treatment without salinity and, in priming with vitamin U compared with the control (distilled water), it showed a decrease of about 32%. Compared with the control (distilled water), the catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activities, and proline content of seedlings obtained from primed seeds increased respectively by 9%, 8%, 32%, and 47% after vitamin U treatment. With increasing salinity levels, there was a reduction trend in total seed protein content (0.384 mg g-1 FW), and the lowest total seed protein content was observed at salinity 150 mM. Mean Germination Time (MGT) and malondialdehyde content of seedlings in the priming with a concentration of 4 mM vitamin U and without salinity showed a decrease of about 73% and 21%, respectively, compared with the control (distilled water) and salinity 150 mM.
Conclusions: The results of this research showed that sunflower seed priming with vitamin U at a concentration of 4 mM is the most effective method to improve the germination and biochemical characteristics of seedlings, and stimulating antioxidant enzymes can reduce the harmful effects of salinity on some traits in sunflower seedlings and improve seedling growth.
Highlights:
- Seed priming using vitamin U improved germination indices of sunflower seed under salinity.
- Priming with vitamin U decreased the content of malondialdehyde and increased the amount of proline and protein.
- The concentration of 4 mM vitamin U revealed a better effect on germination indices and biochemical characteristics.
Gilla Nazari, Mohammad Sedghi, Raouf Seyed Sharifi,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Germination and seedling growth are one of the most important stages of plant growth, which determine the degree of success of agricultural systems in production. Seed deterioration due to storage conditions is a challenge that results in diminished germinability poor seedling establishment, the loss of seed vigor, and finally seed mortality. Thus, it is necessary to use methods to increase seed germinability and enhance seedling establishment. The use of plant hormones is one of the methods that can increase seed germinability and optimal plant growth under seed deterioration conditions. Seed priming with plant hormones is among simple and cheap methods to improve seed germination, accelerate seedling growth and establishment, germination uniformity, and production of vigorous seedlings. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the most effective pretreatments of growth hormones to improve the germination and seedling establishment characteristics of deteriorated triticale seeds.
Materials and Methods: To examine the effect of priming on germination indices and some biochemical traits of deteriorated triticale seeds, a factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications at the Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2023. Treatments included seed deterioration (5%, 15%, and 25%) and priming (no prime, distilled water, cytokinin, spermidine, salicylic acid, and auxin).
Results: The results showed that seed deterioration reduced the germination percentage. Priming reduced the effect of seed deterioration and improved the germination percentage by 36.9%. As seed deterioration increased, radicle length, seedling length, vigor index, protein content, and protease activity decreased, whereas priming mitigated the effect of seed deterioration on these traits. At the lowest level of seed deterioration (25%), priming with auxin increased radicle length, plumule length, protease activity, and seedling length vigor index by 72.07, 62.06, 73.27, and 77.06, respectively, compared with no priming.
Conclusions: In general, it seems that triticale seed priming with auxin can invigorate deteriorated seeds and increase germination and seedling production uniformity.
Highlights:
Introduction: Germination and seedling growth are one of the most important stages of plant growth, which determine the degree of success of agricultural systems in production. Seed deterioration due to storage conditions is a challenge that results in diminished germinability poor seedling establishment, the loss of seed vigor, and finally seed mortality. Thus, it is necessary to use methods to increase seed germinability and enhance seedling establishment. The use of plant hormones is one of the methods that can increase seed germinability and optimal plant growth under seed deterioration conditions. Seed priming with plant hormones is among simple and cheap methods to improve seed germination, accelerate seedling growth and establishment, germination uniformity, and production of vigorous seedlings. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the most effective pretreatments of growth hormones to improve the germination and seedling establishment characteristics of deteriorated triticale seeds.
Materials and Methods: To examine the effect of priming on germination indices and some biochemical traits of deteriorated triticale seeds, a factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications at the Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2023. Treatments included seed deterioration (5%, 15%, and 25%) and priming (no prime, distilled water, cytokinin, spermidine, salicylic acid, and auxin).
Results: The results showed that seed deterioration reduced the germination percentage. Priming reduced the effect of seed deterioration and improved the germination percentage by 36.9%. As seed deterioration increased, radicle length, seedling length, vigor index, protein content, and protease activity decreased, whereas priming mitigated the effect of seed deterioration on these traits. At the lowest level of seed deterioration (25%), priming with auxin increased radicle length, plumule length, protease activity, and seedling length vigor index by 72.07, 62.06, 73.27, and 77.06, respectively, compared with no priming.
Conclusions: In general, it seems that triticale seed priming with auxin can invigorate deteriorated seeds and increase germination and seedling production uniformity.
Highlights:
- Auxin pretreatment had the greatest effect on improving the quality and germination characteristics of deteriorated triticale seeds.
- Effects of using growth regulators pretreatment were investigated in deteriorated triticale seeds.
Mohammad Rezaee Chermehini, Farzad Sharifzadeh, Manijeh Sabokdast,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: In order to improve seed germination under environmental stress conditions such as salinity, one of the solutions is to use seed priming. Despite this advantage of priming, the longevity of primed seeds usually decreases and it has been observed that using post-priming treatments such as heat shock can improve the longevity of primed seeds. This research investigates the effect of seed priming with salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and brassinosteroid under salinity stress and the effect of heat shock after priming on improving the longevity of primed seeds.
Materials and Methods: The effect of seed priming with hormonal substances such as methyl jasmonate at three concentrations of 1, 100, and 1000 micromolar and brassinosteroid at three concentrations of 25, 75, and 100 mg/liter on increasing the seed germination traits of Suaeda fruticosa was investigated under salinity stress during separate experiments. In both studied hormones, priming temperatures of 5, 10, and 15°C were used for 1 and 2 days. Hormonal seed priming with salicylic acid at a concentration of 25 mg L-1 for 2 days at 10°C -obtained from the previous results (unpublished)- was used for comparison with those of the studied treatments. To determine the most suitable accelerated aging stress for evaluating and determining the best heat shock treatment, the accelerated aging test of seeds was carried out for two, four, six, eight, and ten days. In this research, to improve the longevity of primed seeds, they were exposed to heat shock treatment at temperatures of 30, 35, and 40°C for 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after seed priming.
Results: Both seed priming treatments with methyl jasmonate and brassinosteroid significantly increased all the tested germination traits compared to the control (without priming). This increase in traits such as germination percentage, vigor index, and seedling length in seed priming with methyl jasmonate was 46.4%, 67%, and 41%, respectively, and in the case of priming with brassinosteroid was 32%, 44%, and 38%, respectively. Also, in this research, the heat shock treatment at 40°C for four hours after priming had a significant and positive effect on seed germination. Application of the mentioned treatment increased germination by 60% at the end of the aging period compared with the control (without the application of heat shock).
Conclusions: Despite the significant increase in germination percentage by each of the hormonal substances like methyl jasmonate and brassinosteroid, the comparison of the best treatment combination of these substances with salicylic acid showed that seed priming with 25 mg L-1 of salicylic acid for two days at 10°C caused a significant increase in the percentage of germination under salinity stress. Also, the heat-shock post-priming treatment significantly improved the longevity of primed seeds.
Highlights:
Introduction: In order to improve seed germination under environmental stress conditions such as salinity, one of the solutions is to use seed priming. Despite this advantage of priming, the longevity of primed seeds usually decreases and it has been observed that using post-priming treatments such as heat shock can improve the longevity of primed seeds. This research investigates the effect of seed priming with salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and brassinosteroid under salinity stress and the effect of heat shock after priming on improving the longevity of primed seeds.
Materials and Methods: The effect of seed priming with hormonal substances such as methyl jasmonate at three concentrations of 1, 100, and 1000 micromolar and brassinosteroid at three concentrations of 25, 75, and 100 mg/liter on increasing the seed germination traits of Suaeda fruticosa was investigated under salinity stress during separate experiments. In both studied hormones, priming temperatures of 5, 10, and 15°C were used for 1 and 2 days. Hormonal seed priming with salicylic acid at a concentration of 25 mg L-1 for 2 days at 10°C -obtained from the previous results (unpublished)- was used for comparison with those of the studied treatments. To determine the most suitable accelerated aging stress for evaluating and determining the best heat shock treatment, the accelerated aging test of seeds was carried out for two, four, six, eight, and ten days. In this research, to improve the longevity of primed seeds, they were exposed to heat shock treatment at temperatures of 30, 35, and 40°C for 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after seed priming.
Results: Both seed priming treatments with methyl jasmonate and brassinosteroid significantly increased all the tested germination traits compared to the control (without priming). This increase in traits such as germination percentage, vigor index, and seedling length in seed priming with methyl jasmonate was 46.4%, 67%, and 41%, respectively, and in the case of priming with brassinosteroid was 32%, 44%, and 38%, respectively. Also, in this research, the heat shock treatment at 40°C for four hours after priming had a significant and positive effect on seed germination. Application of the mentioned treatment increased germination by 60% at the end of the aging period compared with the control (without the application of heat shock).
Conclusions: Despite the significant increase in germination percentage by each of the hormonal substances like methyl jasmonate and brassinosteroid, the comparison of the best treatment combination of these substances with salicylic acid showed that seed priming with 25 mg L-1 of salicylic acid for two days at 10°C caused a significant increase in the percentage of germination under salinity stress. Also, the heat-shock post-priming treatment significantly improved the longevity of primed seeds.
Highlights:
- Seed priming significantly increases the seed germination characteristics of the Forssk plant against high salinity stress.
- As the aging period increases, the primed seeds experience a significant drop in germination compared with the control.
- Heat shock immediately after priming can significantly increase the longevity of primed seeds compared with the control.
Zahra Rezaei, Zeynab Roein, Atefeh Sabouri, Somayeh Hajinia,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Seed germination and seedling establishment are the most sensitive stages in the life cycle of a plant. Among the environmental factors, water potential is an important factor affecting the seed germination of various plants. This research aims to evaluate the effects of water potential on germination indices and quantify the effect of water potential the germination responses of Thymus medicinal plant seeds.
Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with four replications at the laboratories of the Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Ilam University in the winter of 2023. The factors of the experiment included two types of Thymus (Thymus daenensis and T. vulgaris) and water potential stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) at six levels (0, -0.1, -0.3, -0.5, -0.7, and -0.9 MPa).
Results: The results showed as the water potential decreased to -0.1, -0.3, -0.5, and -0.7 MPa, seed germination percentage respectively went down by 8.43, 43.26, 61.80, and 88.76% in T. daenensis and 19.74, 44.08, 61.18 and 92.76% in T. vulgaris compared with water potential stress-free conditions. Also, T. vulgaris did not germinate at a water potential of -0.9 MPa, whereas some seeds of the T. daenensis plant germinated under this condition. The highest germination rate in both T. daenensis and T. vulgaris species was observed under stress-free conditions, and there was significant difference between the species. Four statistical distributions including normal, logistic, log-logistic, and Gumbel, were compared to quantify the germination response of Thymus to water potential. In order to evaluate the models, corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc), the coefficient of determination (R2adj), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used. The lowest AICc index values for T. daenensis were associated with the log-logistic and logistic distributions (-2012 and -2006), and the Gumbel distribution (-1665) in T. vulgaris, suggesting the superior distributions for quantifying Thymus's response to water potential. Estimation of parameters related to the hydrotime model showed that T. daenensis species had a lower hydrotime constant value (θH)(23.91 MPa hour-1) compared with T. vulgaris (28.06 MPa hour-1), which indicated a higher germination rate in T. daenensis. The value of
Conclusions: In general, the results showed that the effects of water potential stress on the germination components of T. vulgaris were greater than those of T. daenensis, and according to the parameters of the hydrotime model, T. daenensis was more tolerant than T. vulgaris.
Highlights:
Introduction: Seed germination and seedling establishment are the most sensitive stages in the life cycle of a plant. Among the environmental factors, water potential is an important factor affecting the seed germination of various plants. This research aims to evaluate the effects of water potential on germination indices and quantify the effect of water potential the germination responses of Thymus medicinal plant seeds.
Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with four replications at the laboratories of the Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Ilam University in the winter of 2023. The factors of the experiment included two types of Thymus (Thymus daenensis and T. vulgaris) and water potential stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) at six levels (0, -0.1, -0.3, -0.5, -0.7, and -0.9 MPa).
Results: The results showed as the water potential decreased to -0.1, -0.3, -0.5, and -0.7 MPa, seed germination percentage respectively went down by 8.43, 43.26, 61.80, and 88.76% in T. daenensis and 19.74, 44.08, 61.18 and 92.76% in T. vulgaris compared with water potential stress-free conditions. Also, T. vulgaris did not germinate at a water potential of -0.9 MPa, whereas some seeds of the T. daenensis plant germinated under this condition. The highest germination rate in both T. daenensis and T. vulgaris species was observed under stress-free conditions, and there was significant difference between the species. Four statistical distributions including normal, logistic, log-logistic, and Gumbel, were compared to quantify the germination response of Thymus to water potential. In order to evaluate the models, corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc), the coefficient of determination (R2adj), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used. The lowest AICc index values for T. daenensis were associated with the log-logistic and logistic distributions (-2012 and -2006), and the Gumbel distribution (-1665) in T. vulgaris, suggesting the superior distributions for quantifying Thymus's response to water potential. Estimation of parameters related to the hydrotime model showed that T. daenensis species had a lower hydrotime constant value (θH)(23.91 MPa hour-1) compared with T. vulgaris (28.06 MPa hour-1), which indicated a higher germination rate in T. daenensis. The value of
Conclusions: In general, the results showed that the effects of water potential stress on the germination components of T. vulgaris were greater than those of T. daenensis, and according to the parameters of the hydrotime model, T. daenensis was more tolerant than T. vulgaris.
Highlights:
- The best distribution in the hydrotime model was determined for predicting Thymus daenensis and Thymus vulgaris seed germination under water potential stress conditions.
- The threshold level of water potential stress causing a significant decrease in the germination components of Thymus daenensis and Thymus vulgaris was determined.
- Based on the hydrotime model, Thymus species was determined to be more tolerant to water potential stress during germination.
Abdolhadi Mashreghi, Ebrahim Gholamalipour Alamdari, Ziba Avarseji, Ali Rahemi Karizaki,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Chemical compounds in plants include primary or secondary compounds. The allelopathic compounds are mainly of the secondary type, which are released by ways such as leaching, decomposition of plant residues, volatilization, and root exudation. Plants with allelopathic properties have a negative or even positive effect on the germination and growth of other plants by releasing substances in their surroundings. These effects depend on the type of organ, concentration, plant growth location, physiological maturity, etc.
Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) weed on some germination, morphophysiological, and biochemical characteristics of a reference plant sensitive to allelochemicals, cress (Lepidium sativum), in 2021. This experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments included different concentrations of H. spontaneum aqueous extract at 11 levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100%).
Results: The results showed that different concentrations of H. spontaneum aqueous extract had a significant decreasing effect on the percentage and rate of seed germination, radicle and shoot length, seedling length vigor index, radicle and shoot dry weight, as well as photosynthetic pigments (i.e., chlorophyll a, b, total, and carotenoids) of cress. Their effectiveness was dependent on the concentration threshold of the aqueous extract. In contrast, the content of proline amino acid , soluble sugars, ion leakage, catalase activity, guaiacol peroxidase enzymes, the concentration of malondialdehyde, and phenolic compounds showed an increasing trend compared with the control. In most cases, the highest increase in these compounds was obtained at the 100% aqueous extract concentration of H. spontaneum. This indicates the oxidative stress and high cytotoxicity caused by harmful compounds present in the aqueous extract of H. spontaneum.
Conclusions: According to the results of this experiment, it can be decucted that the aqueous extract of H. spontaneum, due to its allelopathic properties, prevented germination and seedling growth of L. sativum. Therefore, according to the proof of the harmful effect of H. spontaneum and its high biomass, it may be possible to introduce the bioactive compounds present in this plant for the production of environmentally friendly herbicides or even the potential to produce new formulations of synthetic herbicides in case its positive effect on other species is proven.
Highlights:
Introduction: Chemical compounds in plants include primary or secondary compounds. The allelopathic compounds are mainly of the secondary type, which are released by ways such as leaching, decomposition of plant residues, volatilization, and root exudation. Plants with allelopathic properties have a negative or even positive effect on the germination and growth of other plants by releasing substances in their surroundings. These effects depend on the type of organ, concentration, plant growth location, physiological maturity, etc.
Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) weed on some germination, morphophysiological, and biochemical characteristics of a reference plant sensitive to allelochemicals, cress (Lepidium sativum), in 2021. This experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments included different concentrations of H. spontaneum aqueous extract at 11 levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100%).
Results: The results showed that different concentrations of H. spontaneum aqueous extract had a significant decreasing effect on the percentage and rate of seed germination, radicle and shoot length, seedling length vigor index, radicle and shoot dry weight, as well as photosynthetic pigments (i.e., chlorophyll a, b, total, and carotenoids) of cress. Their effectiveness was dependent on the concentration threshold of the aqueous extract. In contrast, the content of proline amino acid , soluble sugars, ion leakage, catalase activity, guaiacol peroxidase enzymes, the concentration of malondialdehyde, and phenolic compounds showed an increasing trend compared with the control. In most cases, the highest increase in these compounds was obtained at the 100% aqueous extract concentration of H. spontaneum. This indicates the oxidative stress and high cytotoxicity caused by harmful compounds present in the aqueous extract of H. spontaneum.
Conclusions: According to the results of this experiment, it can be decucted that the aqueous extract of H. spontaneum, due to its allelopathic properties, prevented germination and seedling growth of L. sativum. Therefore, according to the proof of the harmful effect of H. spontaneum and its high biomass, it may be possible to introduce the bioactive compounds present in this plant for the production of environmentally friendly herbicides or even the potential to produce new formulations of synthetic herbicides in case its positive effect on other species is proven.
Highlights:
- The difference in the effect of different concentrations of Hordeum spontaneum weed aqueous extract on germination and seedling growth of a reference plant sensitive to the allelochemicals, Lepidium sativum, is related to their concentration threshold.
- The significant decrease in germination characteristics and photosynthetic pigments of L. sativum indicates the intensity of oxidative stress caused by the harmful compounds in the aqueous extract of H. spontaneum.
- The allelopathic characteristics of H. spontaneum weed can be a suitable candidate for the production of biological herbicides.
Fatemeh Vafaee, Hamidreza Nooryazdan, Rahmatolah Karimizadeh,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Drought stress in dryland wheat cultivation, where the plant solely relies on rainwater, can have a detrimental effect on plant growth. Given the lengthy duration of breeding projects, identifying stress-tolerant breeding lines at the germination stage can significantly reduce the time and cost of dryland wheat breeding programs for developing drought-resistant varieties. Identifying the stress tolerance of unreleased lines through laboratory simulation of drought stress is among novel methods to aid in selecting drought-tolerant varieties in the final stages. Moreover, the germination stage is crucial for plant establishment. This stage is critical for plant growth and development and can significantly impact bread wheat yield in case tolerant lines are available.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted to investigate the germination characteristics of 11 advanced dryland bread wheat lines at four osmotic potential levels (-2, -4, -6, and -8 bars) induced by polyethylene glycol 6000 along with a control (for a total of five levels), under laboratory (controlled) conditions at Persian Gulf University. The investigation was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Traits in this experiment including germination percentage, germination rate, growth rates of radicles and plumules, dry weight and length of radicle and plumule, seed vigor indices I and II, seedling length, and allometric coefficient were measured.
Results: The mean of all traits decreased with increasing stress levels. Results of ANOVA showed a significant interaction at the 1% level between the lines and drought stress treatments. Therefore, physical slicing analysis was conducted at each stress level to compare the lines. The response of the lines to different traits was of an ordinal interaction type. As drought stress levels increased, germination percentage and rate, radicle and plumule growth rates, and seedling length decreased. Overall, lines 3 and 4 exhibited the highest germination percentage (58.86) and rate (3.60 seeds per day), as well as radicle (0.85 cm per day) and plumule rates (0.70 cm per day), and radicle (8.83 cm) and seedling (7.12 cm) length.
Conclusions: The response of the lines to different osmotic stress levels varied in terms of various traits. Based on the traits evaluated, lines 3 and 4 exhibited superior drought stress tolerance. These lines can be utilized in future breeding programs.
Highlights:
Introduction: Drought stress in dryland wheat cultivation, where the plant solely relies on rainwater, can have a detrimental effect on plant growth. Given the lengthy duration of breeding projects, identifying stress-tolerant breeding lines at the germination stage can significantly reduce the time and cost of dryland wheat breeding programs for developing drought-resistant varieties. Identifying the stress tolerance of unreleased lines through laboratory simulation of drought stress is among novel methods to aid in selecting drought-tolerant varieties in the final stages. Moreover, the germination stage is crucial for plant establishment. This stage is critical for plant growth and development and can significantly impact bread wheat yield in case tolerant lines are available.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted to investigate the germination characteristics of 11 advanced dryland bread wheat lines at four osmotic potential levels (-2, -4, -6, and -8 bars) induced by polyethylene glycol 6000 along with a control (for a total of five levels), under laboratory (controlled) conditions at Persian Gulf University. The investigation was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Traits in this experiment including germination percentage, germination rate, growth rates of radicles and plumules, dry weight and length of radicle and plumule, seed vigor indices I and II, seedling length, and allometric coefficient were measured.
Results: The mean of all traits decreased with increasing stress levels. Results of ANOVA showed a significant interaction at the 1% level between the lines and drought stress treatments. Therefore, physical slicing analysis was conducted at each stress level to compare the lines. The response of the lines to different traits was of an ordinal interaction type. As drought stress levels increased, germination percentage and rate, radicle and plumule growth rates, and seedling length decreased. Overall, lines 3 and 4 exhibited the highest germination percentage (58.86) and rate (3.60 seeds per day), as well as radicle (0.85 cm per day) and plumule rates (0.70 cm per day), and radicle (8.83 cm) and seedling (7.12 cm) length.
Conclusions: The response of the lines to different osmotic stress levels varied in terms of various traits. Based on the traits evaluated, lines 3 and 4 exhibited superior drought stress tolerance. These lines can be utilized in future breeding programs.
Highlights:
- Evaluating and screening wheat breeding lines for drought tolerance was performed by simulating stress conditions in the laboratory and comparing morphological traits in early plant growth stages.
- The response of the lines to similar levels of drought stress was heterogeneous, and physical slicing analysis based on each stress level revealed an ordinal interaction between stress and line levels.
Ramin Piri, Farzad Sharifzadeh, Naser Majnounhosseini,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Volume 11, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Currently, temperature and salinity stresses are spreading globally, which have a detrimental impact on the performance of various plants, particularly during seed germination and seedling growth stages. Therefore, the objective of this laboratory study was to examine the influence of temperature treatments and salinity levels on germination characteristics and initial seedling growth of kochia.
Materials and Methods: In the first experiment, temperature at nine levels (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C), and in the second experiment, salinity (osmotic potential at six levels (no stress, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2, -1.6, and -1.8 MPa) were considered as experimental treatments. In order to determine the cardinal temperatures (base, optimal, and ceiling) of germination in kochia seeds, non-linear regression models including the segmented, dent-like, and modified beta models were used.
Results: In the first experiment, the response of kochia germination rate was predicted by a segmented function with R2, RMSE, and AIC (Akaike) values of 0.92, 1.32, and 65.69, respectively, which indicates the high accuracy and precision of this model in predicting the cardinal temperatures of kochia seed germination compared with the other two models. In this model, the estimated base temperature for germination was 0.7°C, the optimal temperature was 20°C, and the ceiling temperature was 44.3°C. In the second experiment, salinity stress negatively affected the characteristics of seed germination in kochia, including germination percentage, germination rate, percentage of normal seedlings, seedling length, and seedling vigor index. The highest germination percentage of kochia seeds was observed under salt-free conditions with 88.66%, which decreased to 13% under -1.8 MPa salinity conditions.
Conclusions: In general, the results showed that the segmented model is more efficient and accurate than the other two models in predicting germination of kochia seeds under different temperature treatments. Also, increasing levels of salinity stress significantly reduced germination potential and seedling growth of kochia seeds, so that at a stress level of -1.8 MPa, germination rate decreased by 75% compared with stress-free condition.
Highlights:
Introduction: Currently, temperature and salinity stresses are spreading globally, which have a detrimental impact on the performance of various plants, particularly during seed germination and seedling growth stages. Therefore, the objective of this laboratory study was to examine the influence of temperature treatments and salinity levels on germination characteristics and initial seedling growth of kochia.
Materials and Methods: In the first experiment, temperature at nine levels (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C), and in the second experiment, salinity (osmotic potential at six levels (no stress, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2, -1.6, and -1.8 MPa) were considered as experimental treatments. In order to determine the cardinal temperatures (base, optimal, and ceiling) of germination in kochia seeds, non-linear regression models including the segmented, dent-like, and modified beta models were used.
Results: In the first experiment, the response of kochia germination rate was predicted by a segmented function with R2, RMSE, and AIC (Akaike) values of 0.92, 1.32, and 65.69, respectively, which indicates the high accuracy and precision of this model in predicting the cardinal temperatures of kochia seed germination compared with the other two models. In this model, the estimated base temperature for germination was 0.7°C, the optimal temperature was 20°C, and the ceiling temperature was 44.3°C. In the second experiment, salinity stress negatively affected the characteristics of seed germination in kochia, including germination percentage, germination rate, percentage of normal seedlings, seedling length, and seedling vigor index. The highest germination percentage of kochia seeds was observed under salt-free conditions with 88.66%, which decreased to 13% under -1.8 MPa salinity conditions.
Conclusions: In general, the results showed that the segmented model is more efficient and accurate than the other two models in predicting germination of kochia seeds under different temperature treatments. Also, increasing levels of salinity stress significantly reduced germination potential and seedling growth of kochia seeds, so that at a stress level of -1.8 MPa, germination rate decreased by 75% compared with stress-free condition.
Highlights:
- The cardinal temperatures (base, optimum, and ceiling temperatures) of kochia seed germination were determined.
- This research introduced 1°C temperature and -1.8 MPa of salinity level as low temperature stress and critical salinity, respectively.
Gholamreza Zare, Ali Moradi, Alireza Khoshroo, Sayed Saeed Mohtasebi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: This study investigated the effects of storage temperature, humidity, and storage duration on the germination indices of German chamomile seeds. Given the significant impact of storage conditions on seed quality, the primary objective was to standardize optimal storage methods for this medicinal plant. The research aimed to evaluate the influence of seed moisture content, storage temperature, and storage periods on the germination performance of German chamomile seeds.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in 2019 at the Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University. It was designed as a split-split plot arrangement within a completely randomized design, with four storage temperature levels (15, 25, 35, and 45°C), three seed moisture content levels (8, 12, and 16%), and six storage durations (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days). Initial seed moisture content was measured, and the desired moisture levels were adjusted using specific formulas. Germination tests and related indices, such as germination percentage and germination rate, were conducted. Data were analyzed using SAS software.
Results: The results from the mean comparison of the interaction between storage duration and seed moisture content at temperatures of 15, 25, 35, and 45°C revealed that germination percentage significantly decreased as storage duration increased. The lowest germination percentage was observed after 180 days of storage at 16% seed moisture content. Similarly, germination rate decreased significantly across all temperatures with prolonged storage. Seedling growth analysis under different storage conditions showed a significant reduction in root, shoot, and seedling length at all temperatures as storage duration increased. The shortest lengths of these components were observed after 180 days of storage at 16% seed moisture content, attributed to seed aging and reduced germination capacity. Increasing seed moisture content from 8% to 12% resulted in an average decrease of 9% in germination percentage and 5% in germination rate. Further increasing moisture content from 8% to 16% led to a more substantial average reduction of 73% in germination percentage and 72% in germination rate. Raising storage temperature from 15°C to 25°C, 35°C, and 45°C resulted in average decreases in germination percentage of 9%, 25%, and 42%, respectively. Similarly, germination rate decreased by 14%, 33%, and 43% at this respective temperature.
Conclusions: Overall, the results indicate a decline in the germination indices of German chamomile seeds with increasing seed moisture content and storage temperature. The optimal seed moisture content of 8% and a storage temperature of 15°C were identified as the most suitable conditions for maintaining seed quality.
Highlights:
Introduction: This study investigated the effects of storage temperature, humidity, and storage duration on the germination indices of German chamomile seeds. Given the significant impact of storage conditions on seed quality, the primary objective was to standardize optimal storage methods for this medicinal plant. The research aimed to evaluate the influence of seed moisture content, storage temperature, and storage periods on the germination performance of German chamomile seeds.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in 2019 at the Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University. It was designed as a split-split plot arrangement within a completely randomized design, with four storage temperature levels (15, 25, 35, and 45°C), three seed moisture content levels (8, 12, and 16%), and six storage durations (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days). Initial seed moisture content was measured, and the desired moisture levels were adjusted using specific formulas. Germination tests and related indices, such as germination percentage and germination rate, were conducted. Data were analyzed using SAS software.
Results: The results from the mean comparison of the interaction between storage duration and seed moisture content at temperatures of 15, 25, 35, and 45°C revealed that germination percentage significantly decreased as storage duration increased. The lowest germination percentage was observed after 180 days of storage at 16% seed moisture content. Similarly, germination rate decreased significantly across all temperatures with prolonged storage. Seedling growth analysis under different storage conditions showed a significant reduction in root, shoot, and seedling length at all temperatures as storage duration increased. The shortest lengths of these components were observed after 180 days of storage at 16% seed moisture content, attributed to seed aging and reduced germination capacity. Increasing seed moisture content from 8% to 12% resulted in an average decrease of 9% in germination percentage and 5% in germination rate. Further increasing moisture content from 8% to 16% led to a more substantial average reduction of 73% in germination percentage and 72% in germination rate. Raising storage temperature from 15°C to 25°C, 35°C, and 45°C resulted in average decreases in germination percentage of 9%, 25%, and 42%, respectively. Similarly, germination rate decreased by 14%, 33%, and 43% at this respective temperature.
Conclusions: Overall, the results indicate a decline in the germination indices of German chamomile seeds with increasing seed moisture content and storage temperature. The optimal seed moisture content of 8% and a storage temperature of 15°C were identified as the most suitable conditions for maintaining seed quality.
Highlights:
- The optimal storage environment for German chamomile seeds was determined.
- The effects of inappropriate storage conditions on the physiological traits of German chamomile seeds were examined.
Reza Imam Dost , Davar Molazem, Reza Taghizadeh,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Rice (Oryza sativa L.), as one of the world's most important cereals, serves as a staple food for more than one-third of the global population. This strategic crop plays a key role in the economies of many countries. Seed priming is a biotechnological tool and a simple, practical, effective, eco-friendly, and cost-efficient approach to enhancing a plant's tolerance to various environmental stresses and improving seed germination. This study was designed and conducted to investigate the germination and physiological responses of two rice cultivars under varying intensities and durations of electromagnetic field exposures.
Materials and Methods: In 2023, an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design at Islamic Azad University, Astara Branch, investigating the effects of electromagnetic field intensity (at four levels: 0, 50, 100, and 150 mT), exposure time (at three levels: 10, 50, and 100 minutes), and two rice cultivars (Tarom and Hashemi) with three replications. Rice seeds were treated inside a plastic bag under magnetic fields of varying intensities and durations. For the second phase of the experiment, plastic trays were used for seedling establishment, and healthy seedlings were then transferred to plastic pots filled with sand. After 25 days, the plants were evaluated for the desired traits.
Results: The analysis of variance results indicated that the effects of the magnetic field, time, cultivar, and their interactions were significant for most traits. The electromagnetic field at 100 mT for 50 minutes led to an increase in germination percentage compared to the control. In contrast, the treatment of 150 mT for 100 minutes caused a significant reduction in all germination-related traits. The highest values were observed under the 100 mT for 50-minute treatment, including germination percentage (98.80%), germination rate (12.533 seeds per day), radicle length (68.133 mm), plumule length (47.467 mm), seedling length (115.6 mm), radicle dry weight (0.715 mg), plumule dry weight (2.023 mg), seedling dry weight (2.738 mg), seedling length vigor index (11,422.96), seedling weight vigor index (270.6), chlorophyll-a (0.846 mg per gram fresh weight), chlorophyll-b (0.96 mg per gram fresh weight), and carotenoids (0.44 mg per gram fresh weight).
Conclusion: The electromagnetic field had a significant effect on germination-related traits and physiological characteristics, including germination percentage, germination rate, and chlorophyll content, leading to an increase in these indices. In the present study, the 100 mT treatment for 50 minutes improved seedling vigor in terms of both length and weight. Based on these findings, magnetopriming within the studied treatment range enhances germination and improves rice plant establishment by increasing chlorophyll levels.
Highlights:
Introduction: Rice (Oryza sativa L.), as one of the world's most important cereals, serves as a staple food for more than one-third of the global population. This strategic crop plays a key role in the economies of many countries. Seed priming is a biotechnological tool and a simple, practical, effective, eco-friendly, and cost-efficient approach to enhancing a plant's tolerance to various environmental stresses and improving seed germination. This study was designed and conducted to investigate the germination and physiological responses of two rice cultivars under varying intensities and durations of electromagnetic field exposures.
Materials and Methods: In 2023, an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design at Islamic Azad University, Astara Branch, investigating the effects of electromagnetic field intensity (at four levels: 0, 50, 100, and 150 mT), exposure time (at three levels: 10, 50, and 100 minutes), and two rice cultivars (Tarom and Hashemi) with three replications. Rice seeds were treated inside a plastic bag under magnetic fields of varying intensities and durations. For the second phase of the experiment, plastic trays were used for seedling establishment, and healthy seedlings were then transferred to plastic pots filled with sand. After 25 days, the plants were evaluated for the desired traits.
Results: The analysis of variance results indicated that the effects of the magnetic field, time, cultivar, and their interactions were significant for most traits. The electromagnetic field at 100 mT for 50 minutes led to an increase in germination percentage compared to the control. In contrast, the treatment of 150 mT for 100 minutes caused a significant reduction in all germination-related traits. The highest values were observed under the 100 mT for 50-minute treatment, including germination percentage (98.80%), germination rate (12.533 seeds per day), radicle length (68.133 mm), plumule length (47.467 mm), seedling length (115.6 mm), radicle dry weight (0.715 mg), plumule dry weight (2.023 mg), seedling dry weight (2.738 mg), seedling length vigor index (11,422.96), seedling weight vigor index (270.6), chlorophyll-a (0.846 mg per gram fresh weight), chlorophyll-b (0.96 mg per gram fresh weight), and carotenoids (0.44 mg per gram fresh weight).
Conclusion: The electromagnetic field had a significant effect on germination-related traits and physiological characteristics, including germination percentage, germination rate, and chlorophyll content, leading to an increase in these indices. In the present study, the 100 mT treatment for 50 minutes improved seedling vigor in terms of both length and weight. Based on these findings, magnetopriming within the studied treatment range enhances germination and improves rice plant establishment by increasing chlorophyll levels.
Highlights:
- The effect of the magnetic field on the germination and physiological characteristics of rice seeds was investigated.
- Seed priming at 100 mT for 50 minutes increased chlorophyll and carotenoid content.
Haniyeh Saadat, Mohammad Sedghi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Salinity stress leads to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species, which at high levels can cause oxidative damage, disrupt membrane lipid functions, inactivate enzymes, and hinder metabolic activities in plants. Salinity affects seedling growth through osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, deficient absorption of essential nutrients and water, production of free radicals, destruction of the cell membrane, and reduced cell division. Utilizing pretreatment methods serves as a simple approach to mitigate the adverse effects of environmental stress. Seed pretreatment induces biochemical changes, such as the activation of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, inhibition of metabolism, and improved water absorption, thereby aiding the germination process. This study aims to assess the impact of pretreatment on germination characteristics, activity of certain hydrolytic enzymes, and the glyoxylate cycle in marigold seedlings under salinity stress.
Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2023. Experimental treatments included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM sodium chloride) and four pretreatment methods (control with distilled water, pretreatment with salicylic acid at 100 mg/L, gibberellin at 20 mg/L, and chitosan at 0.8% w/v, dissolved in 1% acetic acid).
Results: The findings indicated that salinity reduced germination percentage, mean daily germination, petiole length, and seedling dry weight. However, pretreatment with salicylic acid, gibberellin, and particularly chitosan significantly improved these parameters. The germination coefficient, radicle length, and seedling fresh weight in chitosan-pretreated groups without salinity were approximately 75%, 68%, and 34% higher compared to the control (distilled water) and 150 mM salinity treatments, respectively. Additionally, the activities of amylase, protease, and malate synthase in chitosan-pretreated groups without salinity increased by approximately 82%, 46%, and 70%, respectively, compared with the control and 150 mM salinity.
Conclusions: The results of this research demonstrate that seed pretreatment using salicylic acid, gibberellin, and especially chitosan is an effective strategy for enhancing germination indices and the activity of certain hydrolytic enzymes and the glyoxylate cycle, thereby alleviating the detrimental effects of salinity on marigold seedlings and promoting their growth.
Highlights:
Introduction: Salinity stress leads to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species, which at high levels can cause oxidative damage, disrupt membrane lipid functions, inactivate enzymes, and hinder metabolic activities in plants. Salinity affects seedling growth through osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, deficient absorption of essential nutrients and water, production of free radicals, destruction of the cell membrane, and reduced cell division. Utilizing pretreatment methods serves as a simple approach to mitigate the adverse effects of environmental stress. Seed pretreatment induces biochemical changes, such as the activation of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, inhibition of metabolism, and improved water absorption, thereby aiding the germination process. This study aims to assess the impact of pretreatment on germination characteristics, activity of certain hydrolytic enzymes, and the glyoxylate cycle in marigold seedlings under salinity stress.
Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2023. Experimental treatments included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM sodium chloride) and four pretreatment methods (control with distilled water, pretreatment with salicylic acid at 100 mg/L, gibberellin at 20 mg/L, and chitosan at 0.8% w/v, dissolved in 1% acetic acid).
Results: The findings indicated that salinity reduced germination percentage, mean daily germination, petiole length, and seedling dry weight. However, pretreatment with salicylic acid, gibberellin, and particularly chitosan significantly improved these parameters. The germination coefficient, radicle length, and seedling fresh weight in chitosan-pretreated groups without salinity were approximately 75%, 68%, and 34% higher compared to the control (distilled water) and 150 mM salinity treatments, respectively. Additionally, the activities of amylase, protease, and malate synthase in chitosan-pretreated groups without salinity increased by approximately 82%, 46%, and 70%, respectively, compared with the control and 150 mM salinity.
Conclusions: The results of this research demonstrate that seed pretreatment using salicylic acid, gibberellin, and especially chitosan is an effective strategy for enhancing germination indices and the activity of certain hydrolytic enzymes and the glyoxylate cycle, thereby alleviating the detrimental effects of salinity on marigold seedlings and promoting their growth.
Highlights:
- Seed pretreatment with salicylic acid, gibberellin, and especially chitosan significantly improved germination indices of marigold seeds under salinity conditions.
- This pretreatment enhanced the enzymatic activity of amylase, protease, and malate synthase.
- Chitosan pretreatment exhibited superior effects on germination indices and biochemical characteristics.
Aidin Hamidi, Bita Oskuoei, Ali Shayanfar,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Seed germination has always been of interest to plant ecologists due to its key role in plant population establishment. Also, due to the importance of this process in seed certification, this phenomenon is of interest to control and seed certification experts. Temperature, access to sufficient humidity, and the presence of light in light-sensitive species for seed germination are considered to be the most important natural factors for seed germination. Additionally, the time required for germination and sufficient early seedling growth are important to determine the potential seed germination. Therefore, determining the temperature, the need or lack of light, as well as the time required for germination and the suitable substrate for planting seeds, are of great importance in the process of seed certification laboratory tests.
Materials and Methods: In order to determine the optimal conditions for seed germination of three species of Salicornia persica, S. persepolitana, and S. bigelovi, the seeds were grown under three constant temperatures of 20, 25, and alternating temperatures of 20-25 °C (8-16 hours light-dark), two culture beds (top-of-paper (TP) and between-paper (BP)), and two germination periods of 7 and 12 days.
Results: The results showed that the seeds of S. bigelovi species had the highest percentage of normal seedlings at 25 °C constant temperature for 7 days in the top-of-paper (TP) substrate. Also, the seeds of S. persica had the highest percentage of normal seedlings at 20-25 °C alternating temperature for 7 days in the top-of-paper (TP) substrate. S. persepolitana seeds at 25 °C constant temperature for 7 days on the top-of-paper (TP) substrate had the highest percentage of normal seedlings. S. persica, S. bigelovi, and S. persepolitana seeds had a higher percentage of normal seedlings in both germination durations and temperatures, respectively.
Conclusions: The results of this research showed that the seeds of the studied Salicornia species did not require light for germination. Also, in terms of temperature requirements, the time required for germination, and the substrate, they differed from each other. The seeds of S. persica reached the maximum percentage of normal seedlings at 20-25 °C alternating temperatures. The seeds of S. bigelovi and S. persica species needed a shorter time to reach the maximum percentage of normal seedlings, while the seeds of S. persepolitana needed a longer time to germinate and reach the maximum percentage of normal seedlings. Therefore, it was determined that the best temperature, duration, and substrate to achieve the maximum percentage of normal seedlings in the standard seed germination test were 25 °C for 7 days and top-of-paper (TP) substrate for S. bigelovi, 20-25 °C alternating temperature for 7 days and top-of-paper (TP) substrate for S. persica, and 20 °C constant temperature for 7 days and top-of-paper (TP) substrate for S. persepolitana species.
Highlights:
Introduction: Seed germination has always been of interest to plant ecologists due to its key role in plant population establishment. Also, due to the importance of this process in seed certification, this phenomenon is of interest to control and seed certification experts. Temperature, access to sufficient humidity, and the presence of light in light-sensitive species for seed germination are considered to be the most important natural factors for seed germination. Additionally, the time required for germination and sufficient early seedling growth are important to determine the potential seed germination. Therefore, determining the temperature, the need or lack of light, as well as the time required for germination and the suitable substrate for planting seeds, are of great importance in the process of seed certification laboratory tests.
Materials and Methods: In order to determine the optimal conditions for seed germination of three species of Salicornia persica, S. persepolitana, and S. bigelovi, the seeds were grown under three constant temperatures of 20, 25, and alternating temperatures of 20-25 °C (8-16 hours light-dark), two culture beds (top-of-paper (TP) and between-paper (BP)), and two germination periods of 7 and 12 days.
Results: The results showed that the seeds of S. bigelovi species had the highest percentage of normal seedlings at 25 °C constant temperature for 7 days in the top-of-paper (TP) substrate. Also, the seeds of S. persica had the highest percentage of normal seedlings at 20-25 °C alternating temperature for 7 days in the top-of-paper (TP) substrate. S. persepolitana seeds at 25 °C constant temperature for 7 days on the top-of-paper (TP) substrate had the highest percentage of normal seedlings. S. persica, S. bigelovi, and S. persepolitana seeds had a higher percentage of normal seedlings in both germination durations and temperatures, respectively.
Conclusions: The results of this research showed that the seeds of the studied Salicornia species did not require light for germination. Also, in terms of temperature requirements, the time required for germination, and the substrate, they differed from each other. The seeds of S. persica reached the maximum percentage of normal seedlings at 20-25 °C alternating temperatures. The seeds of S. bigelovi and S. persica species needed a shorter time to reach the maximum percentage of normal seedlings, while the seeds of S. persepolitana needed a longer time to germinate and reach the maximum percentage of normal seedlings. Therefore, it was determined that the best temperature, duration, and substrate to achieve the maximum percentage of normal seedlings in the standard seed germination test were 25 °C for 7 days and top-of-paper (TP) substrate for S. bigelovi, 20-25 °C alternating temperature for 7 days and top-of-paper (TP) substrate for S. persica, and 20 °C constant temperature for 7 days and top-of-paper (TP) substrate for S. persepolitana species.
Highlights:
- Light was not necessary for the studied Salicornia species seeds' germination.
- The studied Salicornia species seeds' germination response to optimum temperature was different.
- The studied Salicornia species seeds' optimum germination duration was different.
Haniyeh Saadat, Mohmmad Sedghi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: The world population is expected to increase rapidly until 2050. For this reason, it is thought that the existing lands will be insufficient for growing grains in order to meet the increasing food needs in thefuture. The decrease in agricultural lands as a result of the increase in biotic and abiotic stress factors are among the important obstacles to agriculture. Wheat, an annual herbaceous plant, is used as a basic and strategic nutrient both in Iran and in the world. Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that threaten global food security by impacting agricultural production, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Seed pretreatment is a technique for minimizing emergence time, ensuring consistent germination, and improving crop performance. It is a treatment at pre-sowing, leading to a physiological condition that improve the seed to germinate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed priming with salicylic acid on germination and biochemical traits of wheat under salinity stress.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with four replications in a row (tube or sandwich culture) between filter paper at the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2024. Experimental treatments included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 200 mM) and four levels of salicylic acid (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mM).
Results: The results showed that salinity stress decreased germination percentage (GP) and and increased the amount of proline and soluble sugars content, but priming with hydro, salicylic acid 0.1 and 0.5 mM especially salicylic acid 1mM improved these traits. The activity of the amount of proline and soluble sugars content in priming with 1mM salicylic acid were the application 22 and 43% higher than the control (distilled water). The activity of catalase enzyme in 1 mM salicylic acid treatment and salinity of 200 mM compared to the control showed an increase about 61%. Also the highest amount of amylase enzyme activity (4.400 mg g-1 FW min-1) was obtained in the treatment with 1 mM salicylic acid and without salinity.
Conclusions: The results of this research showed that seed priming with hydro (distilled water), different levels of salicylic acid, especially 1mM salicylic acid by stimulating antioxidant enzymes and neutralizing free radicals can be considered as a growth enhancer and reduce the adverse effects of salinity in wheat plant reduce the harmful effects of salinity stress on some traits in wheat seedlings and improve seedling growth.
Highlights:
Introduction: The world population is expected to increase rapidly until 2050. For this reason, it is thought that the existing lands will be insufficient for growing grains in order to meet the increasing food needs in thefuture. The decrease in agricultural lands as a result of the increase in biotic and abiotic stress factors are among the important obstacles to agriculture. Wheat, an annual herbaceous plant, is used as a basic and strategic nutrient both in Iran and in the world. Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that threaten global food security by impacting agricultural production, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Seed pretreatment is a technique for minimizing emergence time, ensuring consistent germination, and improving crop performance. It is a treatment at pre-sowing, leading to a physiological condition that improve the seed to germinate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed priming with salicylic acid on germination and biochemical traits of wheat under salinity stress.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with four replications in a row (tube or sandwich culture) between filter paper at the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2024. Experimental treatments included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 200 mM) and four levels of salicylic acid (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mM).
Results: The results showed that salinity stress decreased germination percentage (GP) and and increased the amount of proline and soluble sugars content, but priming with hydro, salicylic acid 0.1 and 0.5 mM especially salicylic acid 1mM improved these traits. The activity of the amount of proline and soluble sugars content in priming with 1mM salicylic acid were the application 22 and 43% higher than the control (distilled water). The activity of catalase enzyme in 1 mM salicylic acid treatment and salinity of 200 mM compared to the control showed an increase about 61%. Also the highest amount of amylase enzyme activity (4.400 mg g-1 FW min-1) was obtained in the treatment with 1 mM salicylic acid and without salinity.
Conclusions: The results of this research showed that seed priming with hydro (distilled water), different levels of salicylic acid, especially 1mM salicylic acid by stimulating antioxidant enzymes and neutralizing free radicals can be considered as a growth enhancer and reduce the adverse effects of salinity in wheat plant reduce the harmful effects of salinity stress on some traits in wheat seedlings and improve seedling growth.
Highlights:
- Seed priming with using distilled water, salicylic acid 1mM improved GP of seed wheat under salinity.
- Priming with distilled water, salicylic acid 1mM increased the activity of catalase, amylase, proline and soluble sugars content.
- Priming with salicylic acid showed a better effect than other treatments on germination indices and biochemical characteristics.
Rayhaneh Amooaghaie, Abolfazl Khodadadi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Gundelia tournefortii (L.) is a species of Irano-Turanian origin belonging to the Asteraceae family. The strongly lignified disseminule from the secondary capitulum on seeds causes certain challenges for the propagation of this plant. This study aimed to evaluate the best methods for breaking seed dormancy to enable large-scale production of Gundelia tournefortii (L.).
Materials and Methods: Initially, the interactive effects of various scarification methods (hot water, hydrochloric acid, scalpel, and sandpaper) with cold stratification (0, 1, 2, and 3 weeks) or GA3 (0, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm) on seed dormancy breaking were investigated in two separate factorial experiments. Subsequently, the combined effect of GA3 and cold stratification on seed dormancy breaking of seeds scarified with a scalpel was assessed in a third experiment.
Results: The results indicated that all scarification methods significantly increased the emergence percentage and growth parameters of plantlets. Cold stratification and GA3 treatments enhanced these attributes more effectively in plantlets grown from seeds scarified with a scalpel or sandpaper compared to seeds treated with acid or hot water. In the first experiment, the highest emergence percentage (77%) was achieved from seeds scarified with a scalpel combined with 3 weeks of cold stratification. In the second experiment, the maximum emergence percentage (77%), plantlet length (17 cm), and the minimum mean emergence time (11 days) were obtained from seeds scarified with a scalpel and treated with 500 ppm GA3. The results of the third experiment showed that the application of GA3 reduced the required duration of cold stratification by approximately 1 week to achieve the maximum emergence percentage, dry weight of plantlets, and the minimum mean emergence time.
Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that Gundelia tournefortii (L.) seeds exhibit a combination of physical and non-deep physiological dormancy. The highest emergence percentage (81.5%) and the lowest mean emergence time (8 days) can be achieved through scarification with a scalpel followed by cold stratification or GA3 treatment.
Highlights:
Introduction: Gundelia tournefortii (L.) is a species of Irano-Turanian origin belonging to the Asteraceae family. The strongly lignified disseminule from the secondary capitulum on seeds causes certain challenges for the propagation of this plant. This study aimed to evaluate the best methods for breaking seed dormancy to enable large-scale production of Gundelia tournefortii (L.).
Materials and Methods: Initially, the interactive effects of various scarification methods (hot water, hydrochloric acid, scalpel, and sandpaper) with cold stratification (0, 1, 2, and 3 weeks) or GA3 (0, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm) on seed dormancy breaking were investigated in two separate factorial experiments. Subsequently, the combined effect of GA3 and cold stratification on seed dormancy breaking of seeds scarified with a scalpel was assessed in a third experiment.
Results: The results indicated that all scarification methods significantly increased the emergence percentage and growth parameters of plantlets. Cold stratification and GA3 treatments enhanced these attributes more effectively in plantlets grown from seeds scarified with a scalpel or sandpaper compared to seeds treated with acid or hot water. In the first experiment, the highest emergence percentage (77%) was achieved from seeds scarified with a scalpel combined with 3 weeks of cold stratification. In the second experiment, the maximum emergence percentage (77%), plantlet length (17 cm), and the minimum mean emergence time (11 days) were obtained from seeds scarified with a scalpel and treated with 500 ppm GA3. The results of the third experiment showed that the application of GA3 reduced the required duration of cold stratification by approximately 1 week to achieve the maximum emergence percentage, dry weight of plantlets, and the minimum mean emergence time.
Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that Gundelia tournefortii (L.) seeds exhibit a combination of physical and non-deep physiological dormancy. The highest emergence percentage (81.5%) and the lowest mean emergence time (8 days) can be achieved through scarification with a scalpel followed by cold stratification or GA3 treatment.
Highlights:
- The most significant effect on dormancy breaking was achieved through scarification, particularly with a scalpel, which resulted in 60% emergence.
- There was a significant interaction between various scarification methods and levels of cold stratification or GA3 concentrations.
- Applying cold stratification levels or GA3 concentrations to non-scarified seeds had little to no effect on emergence percentage and plant growth.
Kairm Dosieni, Ebrahim Gholamalipour Alamdari, Ziba Avarseji, Ali Nakhzari Moghaddam, Masoumeh Naeemi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Borage plant (Caccinia macranthera) belongs to the family of Boraginaceae. Botanically, it is an annual, herbaceous, and wild plant. Secondary metabolites are often limited to a small group of plants within a species whose bioactive compounds, unlike primary metabolites, are found in specific organs or phenological stages of plants. Borage plant shows potent antioxidant, antibacterial and medicinal properties and it has high biomass in the arid and semi-arid regions of the eastern areas of the Golestan province. Usually, the release of allelopathic compounds from some wild plants and weeds into the environment, poses a serious challenge to the germination, morphological, and physiological characteristics of crops and even weeds. This study was conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential of C. macranthera on germination, seedling growth, physiological, biochemical characteristics, and antioxidant activity of Pisum sativum as a plant sensitive to allelochemicals.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design with three replications in 2024. For extracting, 5 g of the whole powdered C. macranthera (by weight) was mixed with 100 mL of distilled water (by volume). Then different concentrations (i.e., 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) were prepared from the extract obtained from the base solution. Distilled water was also used as a control sample.
Results: The results showed that germination characteristics such as percentage and rate of germination, length of radicle, plumule and seedling, allometric coefficient, seedling length vigor index, dry weight of radicle, plumule and seedling, seedling weight vigor index in addition to the total chlorophyll pigment content of P. sativum were significantly reduced under different concentrations of C. macranthera. In contrast, the mean time to 50% germination of P. sativum increased with increasing the concentration of aqueous extract of C. macranthera. So that the difference in the effect of different concentrations of C. macranthera was dependent on their concentration threshold. This may be due to the accumulation of more harmful compounds present in the aqueous extract with increasing concentration, especially alkaloids and phenol. The physiological characteristics such as adaptive osmolytes (proline content and soluble sugars), total phenol, and antioxidant activity in P. sativum radicle and plumule had an increasing trend under allelopathic stress of C. macranthera aqueous extract. Therefore, the decrease in germination characteristics and seedling growth of pea can be related to the insufficiency of these protectors against high oxidative stress of C. macranthera.
Conclusions: Considering the demonstrated harmful effects of wild plant of C. macranthera and its high biomass in arid and semi-arid regions, especially in the east of Golestan province. It may be possible to use the bioactive compounds in this plant as an environmentally friendly herbicide. Further studies are needed to confirm its positive effects on other species before its application as a bioherbicide.
Highlights:
Introduction: Borage plant (Caccinia macranthera) belongs to the family of Boraginaceae. Botanically, it is an annual, herbaceous, and wild plant. Secondary metabolites are often limited to a small group of plants within a species whose bioactive compounds, unlike primary metabolites, are found in specific organs or phenological stages of plants. Borage plant shows potent antioxidant, antibacterial and medicinal properties and it has high biomass in the arid and semi-arid regions of the eastern areas of the Golestan province. Usually, the release of allelopathic compounds from some wild plants and weeds into the environment, poses a serious challenge to the germination, morphological, and physiological characteristics of crops and even weeds. This study was conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential of C. macranthera on germination, seedling growth, physiological, biochemical characteristics, and antioxidant activity of Pisum sativum as a plant sensitive to allelochemicals.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design with three replications in 2024. For extracting, 5 g of the whole powdered C. macranthera (by weight) was mixed with 100 mL of distilled water (by volume). Then different concentrations (i.e., 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) were prepared from the extract obtained from the base solution. Distilled water was also used as a control sample.
Results: The results showed that germination characteristics such as percentage and rate of germination, length of radicle, plumule and seedling, allometric coefficient, seedling length vigor index, dry weight of radicle, plumule and seedling, seedling weight vigor index in addition to the total chlorophyll pigment content of P. sativum were significantly reduced under different concentrations of C. macranthera. In contrast, the mean time to 50% germination of P. sativum increased with increasing the concentration of aqueous extract of C. macranthera. So that the difference in the effect of different concentrations of C. macranthera was dependent on their concentration threshold. This may be due to the accumulation of more harmful compounds present in the aqueous extract with increasing concentration, especially alkaloids and phenol. The physiological characteristics such as adaptive osmolytes (proline content and soluble sugars), total phenol, and antioxidant activity in P. sativum radicle and plumule had an increasing trend under allelopathic stress of C. macranthera aqueous extract. Therefore, the decrease in germination characteristics and seedling growth of pea can be related to the insufficiency of these protectors against high oxidative stress of C. macranthera.
Conclusions: Considering the demonstrated harmful effects of wild plant of C. macranthera and its high biomass in arid and semi-arid regions, especially in the east of Golestan province. It may be possible to use the bioactive compounds in this plant as an environmentally friendly herbicide. Further studies are needed to confirm its positive effects on other species before its application as a bioherbicide.
Highlights:
- The difference in the accumulation of allelopathic compounds of the aqueous extract from C. macranthera causes a different reduction effect in morphophysiological traits Pisum sativum.
- The bioactive compounds in C. macranthera can be a suitable option for the production of environmentally friendly herbicide.
Marzieh Hasani, Dr Mahmoud Reza Tadayon, Dr Majid Olia,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Germination and seedling emergence are among the most critical developmental stages in crop plants, significantly influencing subsequent growth stages in the field. These traits are directly linked to seed vigor and potential. The application of organic and biofertilizers can enhance seed and seedling vigor, enabling them to withstand environmental stresses such as drought and aridity. To investigate this, the effects of drought stress and fertilizer treatments on germination indices of two plant species—red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban)—were examined.
Materials and methods: The seeds of jicama and red bean (Goli variety) were subjected to four levels of drought stress (0, -6, -9, and -12 bar) and four fertilizer treatments: control (no fertilizer), optimal biological fertilizer (EM), optimal organic vinasse fertilizer, and a combination of biological and organic fertilizers (at optimal levels). The experiment was conducted as a factorial design in a completely randomized arrangement with three replications at the University of Shahrekord during the 2022-2023 growing season.
Results: The results revealed that the triple interaction of plant species, fertilizer treatments, and drought stress had a significant effect (p < 0.01) on germination percentage, germination rate, seed vigor index, shoot and radicle length, as well as fresh and dry weights of shoots and radicles. Under non-stressed conditions, the jicama species treated with combined fertilizers exhibited the highest mean values for germination percentage (100%), germination rate (42.48 seeds/day), seed vigor index (8.55), shoot length (5.66 cm), shoot fresh weight (0.694 g), shoot dry weight (0.125 g), radicle fresh weight (0.772 g), and radicle dry weight (0.109 g). Under moderate drought stress (−9 bar), the mean radicle length of jicama treated with combined fertilizers was 6.333 cm.
Conclusion: In this study, the application of fertilizer treatments enhanced greater tolerance to water stress conditions and reduced water potential, while drought stress treatments led to a decline in the examined traits in both bean species. However, the jicama species demonstrated superior drought stress tolerance compared to the red bean, making it a more suitable option for cultivation under drought stress conditions
Highlights:
Introduction: Germination and seedling emergence are among the most critical developmental stages in crop plants, significantly influencing subsequent growth stages in the field. These traits are directly linked to seed vigor and potential. The application of organic and biofertilizers can enhance seed and seedling vigor, enabling them to withstand environmental stresses such as drought and aridity. To investigate this, the effects of drought stress and fertilizer treatments on germination indices of two plant species—red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban)—were examined.
Materials and methods: The seeds of jicama and red bean (Goli variety) were subjected to four levels of drought stress (0, -6, -9, and -12 bar) and four fertilizer treatments: control (no fertilizer), optimal biological fertilizer (EM), optimal organic vinasse fertilizer, and a combination of biological and organic fertilizers (at optimal levels). The experiment was conducted as a factorial design in a completely randomized arrangement with three replications at the University of Shahrekord during the 2022-2023 growing season.
Results: The results revealed that the triple interaction of plant species, fertilizer treatments, and drought stress had a significant effect (p < 0.01) on germination percentage, germination rate, seed vigor index, shoot and radicle length, as well as fresh and dry weights of shoots and radicles. Under non-stressed conditions, the jicama species treated with combined fertilizers exhibited the highest mean values for germination percentage (100%), germination rate (42.48 seeds/day), seed vigor index (8.55), shoot length (5.66 cm), shoot fresh weight (0.694 g), shoot dry weight (0.125 g), radicle fresh weight (0.772 g), and radicle dry weight (0.109 g). Under moderate drought stress (−9 bar), the mean radicle length of jicama treated with combined fertilizers was 6.333 cm.
Conclusion: In this study, the application of fertilizer treatments enhanced greater tolerance to water stress conditions and reduced water potential, while drought stress treatments led to a decline in the examined traits in both bean species. However, the jicama species demonstrated superior drought stress tolerance compared to the red bean, making it a more suitable option for cultivation under drought stress conditions
Highlights:
- The novelty of jicama in Iran and the lack of information on the germination and growth characteristics of this plant.
- Due to the presence of rotenone in jicama seeds, there was no information on how this compound interacts with fertilizer treatments to affect seed germination traits—an aspect investigated in this study.
- Since jicama is a multipurpose plant with both seed and tuber uses, there was no available data on how its germination traits compare to those of a similar plant, such as beans.
Mohammad Reza Mirzaei,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: One of the most important factors in achieving optimal root yield of sugar beet at the time of harvest is proper plant density due to the high field emergence and subsequent seedling growth through the use quality seeds. Of the determining traits the vigor and quality of sugar beet seeds are different seedling traits.
Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the germination vigor and seedling growth rate in laboratory conditions by measuring the traits of maximum germination, hypocotyl length, radicle length, fresh and dry weight of seedling in 10 single cross hybrids along with the male parent produced in three locations was used. Also, the correlation of the mentioned traits with seedling emergence traits in the greenhouse and the chemical traits of sugar beet seed was studied.
Results: The results showed that seedling traits, which are represents trait of the seed vigor, are determined by two factors, seed production environment and genetics. The correlation coefficients between seedling traits in the laboratory with seedling emergence traits in the greenhouse and seed electrical conductivity showed that genotypes with low electrical conductivity and percentage of soluble solids on the pericarp of sugar beet seeds, germinated faster in greenhouse conditions and mean emergence time was decreased. Therefore, high level of electrical conductivity of sugar beet seed pericarp was associated with low seed vigor.Also, significant correlation was observed seedling emergence rate and mean seedling emergence time in greenhouse with hypocotyl length in the laboratory positive (+0.91**) and negative (-0.82**), respectively. It can be concluded that the genotypes with longer hypocotyl length in the laboratory resulted in faster seedling emergence rate in the greenhouse. Subsequently, single crosses such as MS KWS * OT 231 with greater root length (8.49 cm), seedling length (14.66 cm), and the ratio root length to hypocotyl (1.37) in laboratory conditions, increased the mean dry weight of shoot (1.89 mg) and SVI (8.26) in the greenhouse compared to the single crosses others were accompanied.
Conclusions: Therefore, it seems that seedling traits and the chemical characteristics of sugar beet seeds to predict the emergence of seedlings in greenhouse and perhaps in the field are recommended. However, in order to accurate validation and evaluation, it is recommended that the aforementioned experiment be conducted under field conditions.
Highlights:
Introduction: One of the most important factors in achieving optimal root yield of sugar beet at the time of harvest is proper plant density due to the high field emergence and subsequent seedling growth through the use quality seeds. Of the determining traits the vigor and quality of sugar beet seeds are different seedling traits.
Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the germination vigor and seedling growth rate in laboratory conditions by measuring the traits of maximum germination, hypocotyl length, radicle length, fresh and dry weight of seedling in 10 single cross hybrids along with the male parent produced in three locations was used. Also, the correlation of the mentioned traits with seedling emergence traits in the greenhouse and the chemical traits of sugar beet seed was studied.
Results: The results showed that seedling traits, which are represents trait of the seed vigor, are determined by two factors, seed production environment and genetics. The correlation coefficients between seedling traits in the laboratory with seedling emergence traits in the greenhouse and seed electrical conductivity showed that genotypes with low electrical conductivity and percentage of soluble solids on the pericarp of sugar beet seeds, germinated faster in greenhouse conditions and mean emergence time was decreased. Therefore, high level of electrical conductivity of sugar beet seed pericarp was associated with low seed vigor.Also, significant correlation was observed seedling emergence rate and mean seedling emergence time in greenhouse with hypocotyl length in the laboratory positive (+0.91**) and negative (-0.82**), respectively. It can be concluded that the genotypes with longer hypocotyl length in the laboratory resulted in faster seedling emergence rate in the greenhouse. Subsequently, single crosses such as MS KWS * OT 231 with greater root length (8.49 cm), seedling length (14.66 cm), and the ratio root length to hypocotyl (1.37) in laboratory conditions, increased the mean dry weight of shoot (1.89 mg) and SVI (8.26) in the greenhouse compared to the single crosses others were accompanied.
Conclusions: Therefore, it seems that seedling traits and the chemical characteristics of sugar beet seeds to predict the emergence of seedlings in greenhouse and perhaps in the field are recommended. However, in order to accurate validation and evaluation, it is recommended that the aforementioned experiment be conducted under field conditions.
Highlights:
- There were differences between the genotypes in terms of seed characteristics and the maternal environment in which the seeds were grown.
- Poor vigor and seed performance can reduce the percentage of seedling emergence potential as well as the rate and uniformity of seedling emergence compared to high vigor seeds.
- Seedling traits in sugar beet are traits of the seed vigor that are influenced by the sugar beet seed production environment and genetics.
Mehrab Yadegari,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Salvia sp. from Lamiaceae family is one of the important medicinal and pasture plants that have many uses in various medicinal and food industries. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of different hormonal treatments on germination in three species of Salvia including S. officinalis, S. leriifolia, and S. syriaca under different wet stratification periods.
Materials and Methods: This research was conducted in factorial layout experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications and 2 separate repetitions in Herbal Research Institute, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University in 2024. Experimental treatments included wet chilling (0, 10, 20, 30 day in 4°C and RH=45%) as first factor (A1-A4) and hormones inclusive (gibberellic acid (120ppm), benzyl adenine (10-4 M), kinetin (10-4 M), gibberellic acid (120 ppm) + benzyl adenine (10-4 M), gibberellic acid (120 ppm) + kinetin (10-4 M), benzyl adenine (10-4 M) + kinetin (10-4 M), gibberellic acid (120 ppm) + benzyl adenine (10-4 M)+ kinetin (10-4 M) and control) as second factor (B1-B8). Biochemical indices such as hydrogen peroxide, α-amylase and beta-1,3glucanase and germination indices such as dry weight of seedlings, length of seedlings, germination percentage, mean of germination time, seed vigour, and germination uniformity were measured.
Results: The use of wet chilling and hormonal treatments had significant effectiveness on germination characters. Gibberellic acid in the most of measured characters had beneficial and increasing effects. The most and lowest important measured germination characteristics and decreased time needed for germination. The highest and lowest amounts for germination characteristics such as seedling length (5.56-2.1 cm), seed vigor (5.1-0.94), seedling dry weight (45.35-19.84 mg), germination percentage (91.74-38.22), germination uniformity (21.03-3.57 day) and biochemical characters such as content of α-amylase (12.94-2.6 mM/g FW of seed), beta-1, 3 glucanase (10.79-2.83 mM/g FW of seed) and hydrogen peroxide (0.69-0.21 mM/g FW of seed) were recorded under wet chilling treatment for 20 day + gibberellic acid (120 ppm) + benzyl adenine (10-4 M) + kinetin (10-4 M) and treatment of without wet chilling + without hormonal treatment, respectively. Also, increasing wet chilling treatment duration, increased some evaluated characteristics, but most of them reached the highest values after 20 days wet chilling treatment. The amounts of evaluated characters in this treatment improved more than 100% in comparison to control seeds. It can be concluded that wet chilling (20 day) along with the use of gibberellic acid, benzyl adenine, and kinetin resulted in improved seed germination indices of Salvia spp. Results showed that in most of measured characteristics, the Salvia species have various amounts of biochemical and germination indices. Finally, the treatment of wet chilling (20 day) and use of gibberellic acid, benzyl adenine, and kinetin hormones, suggest to obtain of the best germination indices in seeds of Salvia spp. Germination percentage and most of the other measured characters in this research in S. officinalis were more than S. syriaca, and S. leriifolia, respectively.
Conclusion: Results showed that the most of measured characteristics of Salvia species have various amounts of biochemical and germination indices. Generally, wet chilling (20 day) with the use of gibberellic acid, benzyl adenine, and kinetin suggest to best seed germination of Salvia spp.
Highlights:
Introduction: Salvia sp. from Lamiaceae family is one of the important medicinal and pasture plants that have many uses in various medicinal and food industries. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of different hormonal treatments on germination in three species of Salvia including S. officinalis, S. leriifolia, and S. syriaca under different wet stratification periods.
Materials and Methods: This research was conducted in factorial layout experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications and 2 separate repetitions in Herbal Research Institute, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University in 2024. Experimental treatments included wet chilling (0, 10, 20, 30 day in 4°C and RH=45%) as first factor (A1-A4) and hormones inclusive (gibberellic acid (120ppm), benzyl adenine (10-4 M), kinetin (10-4 M), gibberellic acid (120 ppm) + benzyl adenine (10-4 M), gibberellic acid (120 ppm) + kinetin (10-4 M), benzyl adenine (10-4 M) + kinetin (10-4 M), gibberellic acid (120 ppm) + benzyl adenine (10-4 M)+ kinetin (10-4 M) and control) as second factor (B1-B8). Biochemical indices such as hydrogen peroxide, α-amylase and beta-1,3glucanase and germination indices such as dry weight of seedlings, length of seedlings, germination percentage, mean of germination time, seed vigour, and germination uniformity were measured.
Results: The use of wet chilling and hormonal treatments had significant effectiveness on germination characters. Gibberellic acid in the most of measured characters had beneficial and increasing effects. The most and lowest important measured germination characteristics and decreased time needed for germination. The highest and lowest amounts for germination characteristics such as seedling length (5.56-2.1 cm), seed vigor (5.1-0.94), seedling dry weight (45.35-19.84 mg), germination percentage (91.74-38.22), germination uniformity (21.03-3.57 day) and biochemical characters such as content of α-amylase (12.94-2.6 mM/g FW of seed), beta-1, 3 glucanase (10.79-2.83 mM/g FW of seed) and hydrogen peroxide (0.69-0.21 mM/g FW of seed) were recorded under wet chilling treatment for 20 day + gibberellic acid (120 ppm) + benzyl adenine (10-4 M) + kinetin (10-4 M) and treatment of without wet chilling + without hormonal treatment, respectively. Also, increasing wet chilling treatment duration, increased some evaluated characteristics, but most of them reached the highest values after 20 days wet chilling treatment. The amounts of evaluated characters in this treatment improved more than 100% in comparison to control seeds. It can be concluded that wet chilling (20 day) along with the use of gibberellic acid, benzyl adenine, and kinetin resulted in improved seed germination indices of Salvia spp. Results showed that in most of measured characteristics, the Salvia species have various amounts of biochemical and germination indices. Finally, the treatment of wet chilling (20 day) and use of gibberellic acid, benzyl adenine, and kinetin hormones, suggest to obtain of the best germination indices in seeds of Salvia spp. Germination percentage and most of the other measured characters in this research in S. officinalis were more than S. syriaca, and S. leriifolia, respectively.
Conclusion: Results showed that the most of measured characteristics of Salvia species have various amounts of biochemical and germination indices. Generally, wet chilling (20 day) with the use of gibberellic acid, benzyl adenine, and kinetin suggest to best seed germination of Salvia spp.
Highlights:
- Study the various periods of wet chilling and hormonal treatments on biochemical and germination indices of Salvia officinalis, S. leriifolia, S. syriaca.
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Seed Science and Technology, Seed Physiology, Seed Ecology, Modeling, Seed Health, Germination Characteristics, Seed Dormancy, Seed Ageing, Seed Storage, Seed PrimingVote
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