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Haniyeh Saadat, Mohammad Sedghi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Salinity stress leads to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species, which at high levels can cause oxidative damage, disrupt membrane lipid functions, inactivate enzymes, and hinder metabolic activities in plants. Salinity affects seedling growth through osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, deficient absorption of essential nutrients and water, production of free radicals, destruction of the cell membrane, and reduced cell division. Utilizing pretreatment methods serves as a simple approach to mitigate the adverse effects of environmental stress. Seed pretreatment induces biochemical changes, such as the activation of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, inhibition of metabolism, and improved water absorption, thereby aiding the germination process. This study aims to assess the impact of pretreatment on germination characteristics, activity of certain hydrolytic enzymes, and the glyoxylate cycle in marigold seedlings under salinity stress.
Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2023. Experimental treatments included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM sodium chloride) and four pretreatment methods (control with distilled water, pretreatment with salicylic acid at 100 mg/L, gibberellin at 20 mg/L, and chitosan at 0.8% w/v, dissolved in 1% acetic acid).
Results: The findings indicated that salinity reduced germination percentage, mean daily germination, petiole length, and seedling dry weight. However, pretreatment with salicylic acid, gibberellin, and particularly chitosan significantly improved these parameters. The germination coefficient, radicle length, and seedling fresh weight in chitosan-pretreated groups without salinity were approximately 75%, 68%, and 34% higher compared to the control (distilled water) and 150 mM salinity treatments, respectively. Additionally, the activities of amylase, protease, and malate synthase in chitosan-pretreated groups without salinity increased by approximately 82%, 46%, and 70%, respectively, compared with the control and 150 mM salinity.
Conclusions: The results of this research demonstrate that seed pretreatment using salicylic acid, gibberellin, and especially chitosan is an effective strategy for enhancing germination indices and the activity of certain hydrolytic enzymes and the glyoxylate cycle, thereby alleviating the detrimental effects of salinity on marigold seedlings and promoting their growth.
Highlights:
Introduction: Salinity stress leads to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species, which at high levels can cause oxidative damage, disrupt membrane lipid functions, inactivate enzymes, and hinder metabolic activities in plants. Salinity affects seedling growth through osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, deficient absorption of essential nutrients and water, production of free radicals, destruction of the cell membrane, and reduced cell division. Utilizing pretreatment methods serves as a simple approach to mitigate the adverse effects of environmental stress. Seed pretreatment induces biochemical changes, such as the activation of enzymes involved in cellular metabolism, inhibition of metabolism, and improved water absorption, thereby aiding the germination process. This study aims to assess the impact of pretreatment on germination characteristics, activity of certain hydrolytic enzymes, and the glyoxylate cycle in marigold seedlings under salinity stress.
Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2023. Experimental treatments included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM sodium chloride) and four pretreatment methods (control with distilled water, pretreatment with salicylic acid at 100 mg/L, gibberellin at 20 mg/L, and chitosan at 0.8% w/v, dissolved in 1% acetic acid).
Results: The findings indicated that salinity reduced germination percentage, mean daily germination, petiole length, and seedling dry weight. However, pretreatment with salicylic acid, gibberellin, and particularly chitosan significantly improved these parameters. The germination coefficient, radicle length, and seedling fresh weight in chitosan-pretreated groups without salinity were approximately 75%, 68%, and 34% higher compared to the control (distilled water) and 150 mM salinity treatments, respectively. Additionally, the activities of amylase, protease, and malate synthase in chitosan-pretreated groups without salinity increased by approximately 82%, 46%, and 70%, respectively, compared with the control and 150 mM salinity.
Conclusions: The results of this research demonstrate that seed pretreatment using salicylic acid, gibberellin, and especially chitosan is an effective strategy for enhancing germination indices and the activity of certain hydrolytic enzymes and the glyoxylate cycle, thereby alleviating the detrimental effects of salinity on marigold seedlings and promoting their growth.
Highlights:
- Seed pretreatment with salicylic acid, gibberellin, and especially chitosan significantly improved germination indices of marigold seeds under salinity conditions.
- This pretreatment enhanced the enzymatic activity of amylase, protease, and malate synthase.
- Chitosan pretreatment exhibited superior effects on germination indices and biochemical characteristics.
Aidin Hamidi, Bita Oskuoei, Ali Shayanfar,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Salicornia is a halophyte plant which cultivation is important for reclamation of saline soils and producing fodder. Seed germination has always been of interest to plant ecologists due to its key role in plant population establishment. Also, due to the importance of this process in seed certification, this phenomenon is of interest to control and seed certification experts. Temperature, access to sufficient humidity, and the presence of light in light-sensitive species for seed germination are considered to be the most important natural factors for seed germination. Additionally, the time required for germination and sufficient early seedling growth are important to determine the potential seed germination. Therefore, determining the temperature, the need or lack of light, as well as the time required for germination and the suitable substrate for planting seeds, are of great importance in the process of seed certification laboratory tests. This experiment was conducted to investigate the optimal conditions of temperature, light, duration, and substrate for seed germination of three Salicornia species.
Materials and Methods: A preliminary study was conducted to determine the light requirements, duration, and suitable substrate for the standard germination test of Salicornia persica, S. persepolitana, and S. bigelovi, seeds. Since no difference was observed in the percentage of seedlings emerging in light and darkness (seeds of the studied Salicornia species germinated under light and dark conditions) and maximum seed germination was achieved within 7 and 12 days in the substrate between germination paper (BP) and top of paper (TP), at constant temperatures of 20°C and 25 °C and alternating temperatures of 20-25 °C (8-16 hours/day-night), the main experiment was carried out under these conditions.
Results: The results showed that the seeds of S. bigelovi species had the highest percentage of normal seedlings at 25 °C constant temperature for 7 days in the top-of-paper (TP) substrate. Also, the seeds of S. persica had the highest percentage of normal seedlings at 20-25 °C alternating temperature for 7 days in the top-of-paper (TP) substrate. S. persepolitana seeds at 25 °C constant temperature for 7 days on the top of paper (TP) substrate had the highest percentage of normal seedlings. S. persica, S. bigelovi, and S. persepolitana seeds had a higher percentage of normal seedlings in both germination durations and temperatures, respectively.
Conclusions: The results of the research showed that the seeds of the studied Salicornia species did not require light for germination. Also, the studied Salicornia species in the research had significant differences in terms of temperature, duration, and optimal substrate for the standard germination test. So that the optimal temperature for germination of S. persica seeds was alternative temperature and the optimal temperature for germination of S. bigelovii and S. perspolitana seeds were constant temperature. The constant temperature for germination of S. bigelovii species seeds was higher than the constant temperature for germination of S. perspolitana seeds. Also, the top of paper (TP) substrate was suitable for the standard germination test of all three species.
Highlights:
Introduction: Salicornia is a halophyte plant which cultivation is important for reclamation of saline soils and producing fodder. Seed germination has always been of interest to plant ecologists due to its key role in plant population establishment. Also, due to the importance of this process in seed certification, this phenomenon is of interest to control and seed certification experts. Temperature, access to sufficient humidity, and the presence of light in light-sensitive species for seed germination are considered to be the most important natural factors for seed germination. Additionally, the time required for germination and sufficient early seedling growth are important to determine the potential seed germination. Therefore, determining the temperature, the need or lack of light, as well as the time required for germination and the suitable substrate for planting seeds, are of great importance in the process of seed certification laboratory tests. This experiment was conducted to investigate the optimal conditions of temperature, light, duration, and substrate for seed germination of three Salicornia species.
Materials and Methods: A preliminary study was conducted to determine the light requirements, duration, and suitable substrate for the standard germination test of Salicornia persica, S. persepolitana, and S. bigelovi, seeds. Since no difference was observed in the percentage of seedlings emerging in light and darkness (seeds of the studied Salicornia species germinated under light and dark conditions) and maximum seed germination was achieved within 7 and 12 days in the substrate between germination paper (BP) and top of paper (TP), at constant temperatures of 20°C and 25 °C and alternating temperatures of 20-25 °C (8-16 hours/day-night), the main experiment was carried out under these conditions.
Results: The results showed that the seeds of S. bigelovi species had the highest percentage of normal seedlings at 25 °C constant temperature for 7 days in the top-of-paper (TP) substrate. Also, the seeds of S. persica had the highest percentage of normal seedlings at 20-25 °C alternating temperature for 7 days in the top-of-paper (TP) substrate. S. persepolitana seeds at 25 °C constant temperature for 7 days on the top of paper (TP) substrate had the highest percentage of normal seedlings. S. persica, S. bigelovi, and S. persepolitana seeds had a higher percentage of normal seedlings in both germination durations and temperatures, respectively.
Conclusions: The results of the research showed that the seeds of the studied Salicornia species did not require light for germination. Also, the studied Salicornia species in the research had significant differences in terms of temperature, duration, and optimal substrate for the standard germination test. So that the optimal temperature for germination of S. persica seeds was alternative temperature and the optimal temperature for germination of S. bigelovii and S. perspolitana seeds were constant temperature. The constant temperature for germination of S. bigelovii species seeds was higher than the constant temperature for germination of S. perspolitana seeds. Also, the top of paper (TP) substrate was suitable for the standard germination test of all three species.
Highlights:
- Light was not necessary for the studied Salicornia species seeds' germination.
- The germination response of the seeds of the studied Salicornia species to the optimum germination temperature and duration varied.
- The studied Salicornia species did not differ significantly in terms of suitable growing medium for seed germination.
Haniyeh Saadat, Mohmmad Sedghi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: The world population is expected to increase rapidly until 2050. For this reason, it is thought that the existing lands will be insufficient for growing grains in order to meet the increasing food needs in thefuture. The decrease in agricultural lands as a result of the increase in biotic and abiotic stress factors are among the important obstacles to agriculture. Wheat, an annual herbaceous plant, is used as a basic and strategic nutrient both in Iran and in the world. Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that threaten global food security by impacting agricultural production, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Seed pretreatment is a technique for minimizing emergence time, ensuring consistent germination, and improving crop performance. It is a treatment at pre-sowing, leading to a physiological condition that improves the seed to germinate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed priming with salicylic acid on germination and biochemical traits of wheat under salinity stress.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with four replications at the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2024. Experimental treatments included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl) and four levels of salicylic acid (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mM).
Results: The results showed that salinity stress decreased germination percentage and increased the amount of proline and soluble sugars content, but priming with hydro, salicylic acid 0.1 and 0.5 mM especially salicylic acid 1mM improved these traits. The proline and soluble sugars content in priming with 1mM salicylic acid application were 22% and 43% higher than the control (distilled water). The activity of catalase enzyme in 1 mM salicylic acid treatment and salinity of 200 mM compared with the control showed an increase about 61%. Also the highest amount of α-amylase enzyme activity (4.40 mg maltose g-1 FW seed min-1) was obtained in the treatment with 1 mM salicylic acid and without salinity.
Conclusions: The results of this research showed that seed hydropriming (distilled water), and different levels of salicylic acid, especially 1mM salicylic acid by stimulating antioxidant enzymes and neutralizing free radicals can be considered as a growth enhancer and reduce the adverse effects of salinity in wheat plant.
Highlights:
Introduction: The world population is expected to increase rapidly until 2050. For this reason, it is thought that the existing lands will be insufficient for growing grains in order to meet the increasing food needs in thefuture. The decrease in agricultural lands as a result of the increase in biotic and abiotic stress factors are among the important obstacles to agriculture. Wheat, an annual herbaceous plant, is used as a basic and strategic nutrient both in Iran and in the world. Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that threaten global food security by impacting agricultural production, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Seed pretreatment is a technique for minimizing emergence time, ensuring consistent germination, and improving crop performance. It is a treatment at pre-sowing, leading to a physiological condition that improves the seed to germinate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed priming with salicylic acid on germination and biochemical traits of wheat under salinity stress.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with four replications at the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2024. Experimental treatments included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl) and four levels of salicylic acid (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mM).
Results: The results showed that salinity stress decreased germination percentage and increased the amount of proline and soluble sugars content, but priming with hydro, salicylic acid 0.1 and 0.5 mM especially salicylic acid 1mM improved these traits. The proline and soluble sugars content in priming with 1mM salicylic acid application were 22% and 43% higher than the control (distilled water). The activity of catalase enzyme in 1 mM salicylic acid treatment and salinity of 200 mM compared with the control showed an increase about 61%. Also the highest amount of α-amylase enzyme activity (4.40 mg maltose g-1 FW seed min-1) was obtained in the treatment with 1 mM salicylic acid and without salinity.
Conclusions: The results of this research showed that seed hydropriming (distilled water), and different levels of salicylic acid, especially 1mM salicylic acid by stimulating antioxidant enzymes and neutralizing free radicals can be considered as a growth enhancer and reduce the adverse effects of salinity in wheat plant.
Highlights:
- Seed priming with distilled water, and 1mM salicylic acid improved germination percentage of wheat seed under salinity.
- Hydropriming and 1mM salicylic acid increased the activity of catalase, α-amylase, proline and soluble sugars content.
- Priming with 1mM salicylic acid showed a better effect than other treatments on germination indices and biochemical characteristics.
Rayhaneh Amooaghaie, Abolfazl Khodadadi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Gundelia tournefortii (L.) is a species of Irano-Turanian origin belonging to the Asteraceae family. The strongly lignified disseminule from the secondary capitulum on seeds causes certain challenges for the propagation of this plant. This study aimed to evaluate the best methods for breaking seed dormancy to enable large-scale production of Gundelia tournefortii (L.).
Materials and Methods: Initially, the interaction of various scarification methods (hot water, hydrochloric acid, scalpel, and sandpaper) with cold stratification (0, 1, 2, and 3 weeks) or GA3 (0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/l) on seed dormancy breaking were investigated in two separate factorial experiments. Subsequently, the combined effect of GA3 and cold stratification on seed dormancy breaking of seeds scarified with a scalpel was assessed in a third experiment.
Results: The results indicated that all scarification methods significantly increased the emergence percentage and growth parameters of plantlets. Cold stratification and GA3 treatments enhanced these attributes more effectively in plantlets grown from seeds scarified with a scalpel or sandpaper compared to seeds treated with acid or hot water. In the first experiment, the highest emergence percentage (77%) was achieved from seeds scarified with a scalpel combined with 3 weeks of cold stratification. In the second experiment, the maximum emergence percentage (77%), plantlet length (17 cm), and the minimum mean emergence time (11 days) were obtained from seeds scarified with a scalpel and treated with 500 mg/l GA3. The results of the third experiment showed that the application of GA3 reduced the required duration of cold stratification by approximately 1 week to achieve the maximum emergence percentage, dry weight of plantlets, and the minimum mean emergence time.
Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that Gundelia tournefortii (L.) seeds exhibit a combination of physical and non-deep physiological dormancy. The highest emergence percentage (81.5%) and the lowest mean emergence time (8 days) can be achieved through scarification with a scalpel followed by cold stratification or GA3 treatment.
Highlights:
Introduction: Gundelia tournefortii (L.) is a species of Irano-Turanian origin belonging to the Asteraceae family. The strongly lignified disseminule from the secondary capitulum on seeds causes certain challenges for the propagation of this plant. This study aimed to evaluate the best methods for breaking seed dormancy to enable large-scale production of Gundelia tournefortii (L.).
Materials and Methods: Initially, the interaction of various scarification methods (hot water, hydrochloric acid, scalpel, and sandpaper) with cold stratification (0, 1, 2, and 3 weeks) or GA3 (0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/l) on seed dormancy breaking were investigated in two separate factorial experiments. Subsequently, the combined effect of GA3 and cold stratification on seed dormancy breaking of seeds scarified with a scalpel was assessed in a third experiment.
Results: The results indicated that all scarification methods significantly increased the emergence percentage and growth parameters of plantlets. Cold stratification and GA3 treatments enhanced these attributes more effectively in plantlets grown from seeds scarified with a scalpel or sandpaper compared to seeds treated with acid or hot water. In the first experiment, the highest emergence percentage (77%) was achieved from seeds scarified with a scalpel combined with 3 weeks of cold stratification. In the second experiment, the maximum emergence percentage (77%), plantlet length (17 cm), and the minimum mean emergence time (11 days) were obtained from seeds scarified with a scalpel and treated with 500 mg/l GA3. The results of the third experiment showed that the application of GA3 reduced the required duration of cold stratification by approximately 1 week to achieve the maximum emergence percentage, dry weight of plantlets, and the minimum mean emergence time.
Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that Gundelia tournefortii (L.) seeds exhibit a combination of physical and non-deep physiological dormancy. The highest emergence percentage (81.5%) and the lowest mean emergence time (8 days) can be achieved through scarification with a scalpel followed by cold stratification or GA3 treatment.
Highlights:
- The most significant effect on dormancy breaking was achieved through scarification, particularly with a scalpel.
- There was a significant interaction between various scarification methods and levels of cold stratification or GA3 concentrations.
- Applying cold stratification or GA3 to non-scarified seeds had little to no effect on emergence percentage and seedling growth.
Kairm Dosieni, Ebrahim Gholamalipour Alamdari, Ziba Avarseji, Ali Nakhzari Moghaddam, Masoumeh Naeemi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Borage plant (Caccinia macranthera) belongs to the family of Boraginaceae. Botanically, it is an annual, herbaceous, and wild plant. Secondary metabolites are often limited to a small group of plants within a species whose bioactive compounds, unlike primary metabolites, are found in specific organs or phenological stages of plants. Borage plant shows potent antioxidant, antibacterial and medicinal properties and it has high biomass in the arid and semi-arid regions of the eastern areas of the Golestan province. Usually, the release of allelopathic compounds from some wild plants and weeds into the environment, poses a serious challenge to the germination, morphological, and physiological characteristics of crops and even weeds. This study was conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential of C. macranthera on germination, seedling growth, physiological, biochemical characteristics, and antioxidant activity of Pisum sativum as a plant sensitive to allelochemicals.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design with three replications in 2024. For extracting, 5 g of the whole powdered C. macranthera (by weight) was mixed with 100 mL of distilled water (by volume). Then different concentrations (i.e., 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) were prepared from the extract obtained from the base solution. Distilled water was also used as a control sample.
Results: The results showed that germination characteristics such as percentage and rate of germination, length of radicle, plumule and seedling, allometric coefficient, seedling length vigor index, dry weight of radicle, plumule and seedling, seedling weight vigor index in addition to the total chlorophyll pigment content of P. sativum were significantly reduced under different concentrations of C. macranthera. In contrast, the mean time to 50% germination of P. sativum increased with increasing the concentration of aqueous extract of C. macranthera. So that the difference in the effect of different concentrations of C. macranthera was dependent on their concentration threshold. This may be due to the accumulation of more harmful compounds present in the aqueous extract with increasing concentration, especially alkaloids and phenol. The physiological characteristics such as adaptive osmolytes (proline content and soluble sugars), total phenol, and antioxidant activity in P. sativum radicle and plumule had an increasing trend under allelopathic stress of C. macranthera aqueous extract. Therefore, the decrease in germination characteristics and seedling growth of pea can be related to the insufficiency of these protectors against high oxidative stress of C. macranthera.
Conclusions: Considering the demonstrated harmful effects of wild plant of C. macranthera and its high biomass in arid and semi-arid regions, especially in the east of Golestan province. It may be possible to use the bioactive compounds in this plant as an environmentally friendly herbicide. Further studies are needed to confirm its positive effects on other species before its application as a bioherbicide.
Highlights:
Introduction: Borage plant (Caccinia macranthera) belongs to the family of Boraginaceae. Botanically, it is an annual, herbaceous, and wild plant. Secondary metabolites are often limited to a small group of plants within a species whose bioactive compounds, unlike primary metabolites, are found in specific organs or phenological stages of plants. Borage plant shows potent antioxidant, antibacterial and medicinal properties and it has high biomass in the arid and semi-arid regions of the eastern areas of the Golestan province. Usually, the release of allelopathic compounds from some wild plants and weeds into the environment, poses a serious challenge to the germination, morphological, and physiological characteristics of crops and even weeds. This study was conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential of C. macranthera on germination, seedling growth, physiological, biochemical characteristics, and antioxidant activity of Pisum sativum as a plant sensitive to allelochemicals.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design with three replications in 2024. For extracting, 5 g of the whole powdered C. macranthera (by weight) was mixed with 100 mL of distilled water (by volume). Then different concentrations (i.e., 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) were prepared from the extract obtained from the base solution. Distilled water was also used as a control sample.
Results: The results showed that germination characteristics such as percentage and rate of germination, length of radicle, plumule and seedling, allometric coefficient, seedling length vigor index, dry weight of radicle, plumule and seedling, seedling weight vigor index in addition to the total chlorophyll pigment content of P. sativum were significantly reduced under different concentrations of C. macranthera. In contrast, the mean time to 50% germination of P. sativum increased with increasing the concentration of aqueous extract of C. macranthera. So that the difference in the effect of different concentrations of C. macranthera was dependent on their concentration threshold. This may be due to the accumulation of more harmful compounds present in the aqueous extract with increasing concentration, especially alkaloids and phenol. The physiological characteristics such as adaptive osmolytes (proline content and soluble sugars), total phenol, and antioxidant activity in P. sativum radicle and plumule had an increasing trend under allelopathic stress of C. macranthera aqueous extract. Therefore, the decrease in germination characteristics and seedling growth of pea can be related to the insufficiency of these protectors against high oxidative stress of C. macranthera.
Conclusions: Considering the demonstrated harmful effects of wild plant of C. macranthera and its high biomass in arid and semi-arid regions, especially in the east of Golestan province. It may be possible to use the bioactive compounds in this plant as an environmentally friendly herbicide. Further studies are needed to confirm its positive effects on other species before its application as a bioherbicide.
Highlights:
- The difference in the accumulation of allelopathic compounds of the aqueous extract from C. macranthera causes a different reduction effect in morphophysiological traits Pisum sativum.
- The bioactive compounds in C. macranthera can be a suitable option for the production of environmentally friendly herbicide.
Marzieh Hasani, Dr Mahmoud Reza Tadayon, Dr Majid Olia,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Germination and seedling emergence are among the most critical developmental stages in crop plants, significantly influencing subsequent growth stages in the field. These traits are directly linked to seed vigor and potential. The application of organic and biofertilizers can enhance seed and seedling vigor, enabling them to withstand environmental stresses such as drought and aridity. To investigate this, the effects of drought stress and fertilizer treatments on germination indices of two plant species (red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Yam (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) were examined.
Materials and methods: The seeds of Yam and red bean (Goli variety) were subjected to four levels of drought stress (0, -6, -9, and -12 bar) and four fertilizer treatments: control (no fertilizer), optimal biological fertilizer (EM), optimal organic vinasse fertilizer, and a combination of biological and organic fertilizers (at optimal levels). A factorial experiment was conducted based in a completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Shahrekord during the 2022-2023 growing season.
Results: The results revealed that the triple interaction of plant species, fertilizer treatments, and drought stress had a significant effect (p < 0.01) on germination percentage, germination rate, seed vigor index, shoot and radicle length, as well as fresh and dry weights of shoots and radicles. Under non-stressed conditions, the Yam species treated with combined fertilizers exhibited the highest mean values for germination percentage (100%), germination rate (42.5 seeds/day), seed vigor index (8.55), shoot length (5.66 cm), shoot fresh weight (0.69 g), shoot dry weight (0.12 g), radicle fresh weight (0.77 g), and radicle dry weight (0.11 g). Under moderate drought stress (−9 bar), the mean radicle length of Yam treated with combined fertilizers was 6.33 cm.
Conclusion: In this study, the application of fertilizer treatments enhanced greater tolerance to water stress conditions and reduced water potential, while drought stress treatments led to a decline in the examined traits in both bean species. However, the Yam species demonstrated superior drought stress tolerance compared to the red bean, making it a more suitable option for cultivation under drought stress conditions.
Highlights:
Introduction: Germination and seedling emergence are among the most critical developmental stages in crop plants, significantly influencing subsequent growth stages in the field. These traits are directly linked to seed vigor and potential. The application of organic and biofertilizers can enhance seed and seedling vigor, enabling them to withstand environmental stresses such as drought and aridity. To investigate this, the effects of drought stress and fertilizer treatments on germination indices of two plant species (red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Yam (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) were examined.
Materials and methods: The seeds of Yam and red bean (Goli variety) were subjected to four levels of drought stress (0, -6, -9, and -12 bar) and four fertilizer treatments: control (no fertilizer), optimal biological fertilizer (EM), optimal organic vinasse fertilizer, and a combination of biological and organic fertilizers (at optimal levels). A factorial experiment was conducted based in a completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Shahrekord during the 2022-2023 growing season.
Results: The results revealed that the triple interaction of plant species, fertilizer treatments, and drought stress had a significant effect (p < 0.01) on germination percentage, germination rate, seed vigor index, shoot and radicle length, as well as fresh and dry weights of shoots and radicles. Under non-stressed conditions, the Yam species treated with combined fertilizers exhibited the highest mean values for germination percentage (100%), germination rate (42.5 seeds/day), seed vigor index (8.55), shoot length (5.66 cm), shoot fresh weight (0.69 g), shoot dry weight (0.12 g), radicle fresh weight (0.77 g), and radicle dry weight (0.11 g). Under moderate drought stress (−9 bar), the mean radicle length of Yam treated with combined fertilizers was 6.33 cm.
Conclusion: In this study, the application of fertilizer treatments enhanced greater tolerance to water stress conditions and reduced water potential, while drought stress treatments led to a decline in the examined traits in both bean species. However, the Yam species demonstrated superior drought stress tolerance compared to the red bean, making it a more suitable option for cultivation under drought stress conditions.
Highlights:
- The novelty of Yam in Iran and the lack of information on the germination and growth characteristics of this plant.
- Due to the presence of rotenone in Yam seeds, there was no information about interaction of fertilizer with seed germination traits.
- Since Yam is a multipurpose plant with both seed and tuber uses, there was no available data on how its germination traits compare to those of a similar plant, such as beans.
Mohammad Reza Mirzaei,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: One of the most critical factors in achieving optimal sugar beet root performance at harvest time is appropriate plant density, which depends on high seedling emergence rates and subsequent seedling growth facilitated by using seeds with desirable vigor. Various seedling traits are key determinants of seed vigor and quality in sugar beet.
Materials and Methods: To evaluate germination vigor and seedling growth under laboratory conditions, traits such as maximum germination, hypocotyl length, radicle length, and fresh and dry seedling weights were measured in ten single-cross hybrids derived from crosses between ten male-sterile maternal lines and one paternal line, produced in three different seed production environments. Additionally, correlations between these traits and seedling emergence traits in greenhouse conditions, as well as seed chemical properties, were examined.
Results: The results indicated that seedling traits, which reflect seed vigor, are primarily influenced by two factors: the sugar beet seed production environment and genetics. Analysis of correlation coefficients between laboratory seedling traits and greenhouse seedling emergence traits, as well as seed electrical conductivity, revealed that genotypes with low electrical conductivity and low total soluble solids in the seed pericarp germinated faster and emerged more quickly under greenhouse conditions. Thus, high electrical conductivity in the sugar beet seed pericarp was associated with low seed vigor. Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between seedling emergence speed and mean emergence time in the greenhouse and hypocotyl length in the laboratory, showing positive (+0.91**) and negative (−0.82**) relationships, respectively. Therefore, genotypes with longer hypocotyls in the laboratory exhibited faster seedling emergence in the greenhouse. Consequently, single-cross hybrids such as MS KWS × OT 231, which had greater radicle length (8.49 cm), seedling length (14.66 cm), and radicle-to-hypocotyl ratio (1.37) under laboratory conditions, also showed a significant increase in mean dry shoot weight (1.89 mg) and seedling vigor weight index (8.26) in the greenhouse compared to other single-cross hybrid.
Conclusions: Therefore, it appears that seedling traits and chemical characteristics of sugar beet seeds can be used to predict seedling emergence performance in the greenhouse and potentially in the field. However, for validation and precise assessment, it is recommended that this experiment be conducted under field conditions.
Highlights:
Introduction: One of the most critical factors in achieving optimal sugar beet root performance at harvest time is appropriate plant density, which depends on high seedling emergence rates and subsequent seedling growth facilitated by using seeds with desirable vigor. Various seedling traits are key determinants of seed vigor and quality in sugar beet.
Materials and Methods: To evaluate germination vigor and seedling growth under laboratory conditions, traits such as maximum germination, hypocotyl length, radicle length, and fresh and dry seedling weights were measured in ten single-cross hybrids derived from crosses between ten male-sterile maternal lines and one paternal line, produced in three different seed production environments. Additionally, correlations between these traits and seedling emergence traits in greenhouse conditions, as well as seed chemical properties, were examined.
Results: The results indicated that seedling traits, which reflect seed vigor, are primarily influenced by two factors: the sugar beet seed production environment and genetics. Analysis of correlation coefficients between laboratory seedling traits and greenhouse seedling emergence traits, as well as seed electrical conductivity, revealed that genotypes with low electrical conductivity and low total soluble solids in the seed pericarp germinated faster and emerged more quickly under greenhouse conditions. Thus, high electrical conductivity in the sugar beet seed pericarp was associated with low seed vigor. Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between seedling emergence speed and mean emergence time in the greenhouse and hypocotyl length in the laboratory, showing positive (+0.91**) and negative (−0.82**) relationships, respectively. Therefore, genotypes with longer hypocotyls in the laboratory exhibited faster seedling emergence in the greenhouse. Consequently, single-cross hybrids such as MS KWS × OT 231, which had greater radicle length (8.49 cm), seedling length (14.66 cm), and radicle-to-hypocotyl ratio (1.37) under laboratory conditions, also showed a significant increase in mean dry shoot weight (1.89 mg) and seedling vigor weight index (8.26) in the greenhouse compared to other single-cross hybrid.
Conclusions: Therefore, it appears that seedling traits and chemical characteristics of sugar beet seeds can be used to predict seedling emergence performance in the greenhouse and potentially in the field. However, for validation and precise assessment, it is recommended that this experiment be conducted under field conditions.
Highlights:
- Differences were observed among genotypes in terms of seed characteristics and the maternal environment in which the seeds were produced.
- Poor sugar beet seed vigor can reduce both the potential emergence percentage and the speed and uniformity of seedling emergence compared to high-vigor seeds.
- Seedling traits in sugar beet are indicators of seed vigor and are influenced by both the seed production environment and genetics.
Mehrab Yadegari,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Salvia sp. from Lamiaceae family is one of the important medicinal and pasture plants that have many uses in various medicinal and food industries. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of different hormonal treatments on germination in three species of Salvia including S. officinalis, S. leriifolia, and S. syriaca under different wet stratification periods.
Materials and Methods: This research was conducted in factorial layout experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications and 2 separate repetitions in Herbal Research Institute, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University in 2024. Experimental treatments included wet chilling (0, 10, 20, 30 day in 4°C and RH=45%) as first factor (A1-A4) and hormones inclusive (gibberellic acid (120ppm), benzyl adenine (10-4 M), kinetin (10-4 M), gibberellic acid (120 ppm) + benzyl adenine (10-4 M), gibberellic acid (120 ppm) + kinetin (10-4 M), benzyl adenine (10-4 M) + kinetin (10-4 M), gibberellic acid (120 ppm) + benzyl adenine (10-4 M)+ kinetin (10-4 M) and control) as second factor (B1-B8). Biochemical indices such as hydrogen peroxide, α-amylase and beta-1,3glucanase and germination indices such as dry weight of seedlings, length of seedlings, germination percentage, mean of germination time, seed vigour, and germination uniformity were measured.
Results: The use of wet chilling and hormonal treatments had significant effectiveness on germination characters. Gibberellic acid in the most of measured characters had beneficial and increasing effects. The most and lowest important measured germination characteristics and decreased time needed for germination. The highest and lowest amounts for germination characteristics such as seedling length (5.56-2.1 cm), seed vigor (5.1-0.94), seedling dry weight (45.35-19.84 mg), germination percentage (91.74-38.22), germination uniformity (21.03-3.57 day) and biochemical characters such as content of α-amylase (12.94-2.6 mM/g FW of seed), beta-1, 3 glucanase (10.79-2.83 mM/g FW of seed) and hydrogen peroxide (0.69-0.21 mM/g FW of seed) were recorded under wet chilling treatment for 20 day + gibberellic acid (120 ppm) + benzyl adenine (10-4 M) + kinetin (10-4 M) and treatment of without wet chilling + without hormonal treatment, respectively. Also, increasing wet chilling treatment duration, increased some evaluated characteristics, but most of them reached the highest values after 20 days wet chilling treatment. The amounts of evaluated characters in this treatment improved more than 100% in comparison to control seeds. It can be concluded that wet chilling (20 day) along with the use of gibberellic acid, benzyl adenine, and kinetin resulted in improved seed germination indices of Salvia spp. Results showed that in most of measured characteristics, the Salvia species have various amounts of biochemical and germination indices. Finally, the treatment of wet chilling (20 day) and use of gibberellic acid, benzyl adenine, and kinetin hormones, suggest to obtain of the best germination indices in seeds of Salvia spp. Germination percentage and most of the other measured characters in this research in S. officinalis were more than S. syriaca, and S. leriifolia, respectively.
Conclusion: Results showed that the most of measured characteristics of Salvia species have various amounts of biochemical and germination indices. Generally, wet chilling (20 day) with the use of gibberellic acid, benzyl adenine, and kinetin suggest to best seed germination of Salvia spp.
Highlights:
Introduction: Salvia sp. from Lamiaceae family is one of the important medicinal and pasture plants that have many uses in various medicinal and food industries. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of different hormonal treatments on germination in three species of Salvia including S. officinalis, S. leriifolia, and S. syriaca under different wet stratification periods.
Materials and Methods: This research was conducted in factorial layout experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications and 2 separate repetitions in Herbal Research Institute, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University in 2024. Experimental treatments included wet chilling (0, 10, 20, 30 day in 4°C and RH=45%) as first factor (A1-A4) and hormones inclusive (gibberellic acid (120ppm), benzyl adenine (10-4 M), kinetin (10-4 M), gibberellic acid (120 ppm) + benzyl adenine (10-4 M), gibberellic acid (120 ppm) + kinetin (10-4 M), benzyl adenine (10-4 M) + kinetin (10-4 M), gibberellic acid (120 ppm) + benzyl adenine (10-4 M)+ kinetin (10-4 M) and control) as second factor (B1-B8). Biochemical indices such as hydrogen peroxide, α-amylase and beta-1,3glucanase and germination indices such as dry weight of seedlings, length of seedlings, germination percentage, mean of germination time, seed vigour, and germination uniformity were measured.
Results: The use of wet chilling and hormonal treatments had significant effectiveness on germination characters. Gibberellic acid in the most of measured characters had beneficial and increasing effects. The most and lowest important measured germination characteristics and decreased time needed for germination. The highest and lowest amounts for germination characteristics such as seedling length (5.56-2.1 cm), seed vigor (5.1-0.94), seedling dry weight (45.35-19.84 mg), germination percentage (91.74-38.22), germination uniformity (21.03-3.57 day) and biochemical characters such as content of α-amylase (12.94-2.6 mM/g FW of seed), beta-1, 3 glucanase (10.79-2.83 mM/g FW of seed) and hydrogen peroxide (0.69-0.21 mM/g FW of seed) were recorded under wet chilling treatment for 20 day + gibberellic acid (120 ppm) + benzyl adenine (10-4 M) + kinetin (10-4 M) and treatment of without wet chilling + without hormonal treatment, respectively. Also, increasing wet chilling treatment duration, increased some evaluated characteristics, but most of them reached the highest values after 20 days wet chilling treatment. The amounts of evaluated characters in this treatment improved more than 100% in comparison to control seeds. It can be concluded that wet chilling (20 day) along with the use of gibberellic acid, benzyl adenine, and kinetin resulted in improved seed germination indices of Salvia spp. Results showed that in most of measured characteristics, the Salvia species have various amounts of biochemical and germination indices. Finally, the treatment of wet chilling (20 day) and use of gibberellic acid, benzyl adenine, and kinetin hormones, suggest to obtain of the best germination indices in seeds of Salvia spp. Germination percentage and most of the other measured characters in this research in S. officinalis were more than S. syriaca, and S. leriifolia, respectively.
Conclusion: Results showed that the most of measured characteristics of Salvia species have various amounts of biochemical and germination indices. Generally, wet chilling (20 day) with the use of gibberellic acid, benzyl adenine, and kinetin suggest to best seed germination of Salvia spp.
Highlights:
- Study the various periods of wet chilling and hormonal treatments on biochemical and germination indices of Salvia officinalis, S. leriifolia, S. syriaca.
Kamran Gharehbeygi Tavabea, Hamidreza Balouchi, Mohsen Movahhedi Dehnavi, Ali Moradi, Fatemeh Ebrahimi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Poor seedling vigor is one of the major challenges in agriculture, as it reduces seed germination capacity and seedling establishment, directly impacting plant establishment and yield. The use of seed priming methods with chemicals and growth regulators can serve as an effective strategy to enhance seedling vigor and improve biochemical traits and seed germination. In this study, the enhancement of sweet corn seedling vigor through priming with ellagic acid, gibberellin, and potassium nitrate was investigated under accelerated aging conditions.
Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment was conducted in the Seed Technology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture at Yasouj University in 2024, based on a completely randomized design with two factors. The first factor was accelerated seed aging at two levels (aged and non-aged), and the second factor was seed priming at eight levels (no prime, hydropriming, ellagic acid at two concentrations (25 and 100 mg/l), gibberellin at two concentrations (50 and 150 mg/l), and potassium nitrate at two concentrations (15 and 60 mg/l)). Biochemical traits and seed germination characteristics were measured ultimately.
Results: The findings of this study revealed that seed deterioration significantly reduced germination characteristics, including germination percentage and rate, shoot length, root length, and seedling vigor index (length and weight). Additionally, biochemical indices such as soluble sugar content and α-amylase enzyme activity were negatively affected by aging. On the other hand, seed deterioration increased proline content, malondialdehyde levels, and peroxidase enzyme activity, indicating heightened oxidative stress under aging conditions. Priming of deterioration seeds with ellagic acid, gibberellin, and potassium nitrate positively influenced germination characteristics and biochemical indices. Specifically, concentrations of 100 mg/l ellagic acid, 150 mg/l gibberellin, and 15 mg/l potassium nitrate were the most effective pretreatments.
Conclusion: The results of this research demonstrated that pretreatment of deteriorated Basin sweet corn seeds with ellagic acid, gibberellin, and potassium nitrate significantly improved germination and biochemical indices. These treatments mitigated the negative effects of seed aging, enhancing seedling vigor and establishment. Therefore, these priming can be recommended as effective methods to improve the quality of Basin sweet corn seeds under various agricultural conditions.
Highlights:
Introduction: Poor seedling vigor is one of the major challenges in agriculture, as it reduces seed germination capacity and seedling establishment, directly impacting plant establishment and yield. The use of seed priming methods with chemicals and growth regulators can serve as an effective strategy to enhance seedling vigor and improve biochemical traits and seed germination. In this study, the enhancement of sweet corn seedling vigor through priming with ellagic acid, gibberellin, and potassium nitrate was investigated under accelerated aging conditions.
Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment was conducted in the Seed Technology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture at Yasouj University in 2024, based on a completely randomized design with two factors. The first factor was accelerated seed aging at two levels (aged and non-aged), and the second factor was seed priming at eight levels (no prime, hydropriming, ellagic acid at two concentrations (25 and 100 mg/l), gibberellin at two concentrations (50 and 150 mg/l), and potassium nitrate at two concentrations (15 and 60 mg/l)). Biochemical traits and seed germination characteristics were measured ultimately.
Results: The findings of this study revealed that seed deterioration significantly reduced germination characteristics, including germination percentage and rate, shoot length, root length, and seedling vigor index (length and weight). Additionally, biochemical indices such as soluble sugar content and α-amylase enzyme activity were negatively affected by aging. On the other hand, seed deterioration increased proline content, malondialdehyde levels, and peroxidase enzyme activity, indicating heightened oxidative stress under aging conditions. Priming of deterioration seeds with ellagic acid, gibberellin, and potassium nitrate positively influenced germination characteristics and biochemical indices. Specifically, concentrations of 100 mg/l ellagic acid, 150 mg/l gibberellin, and 15 mg/l potassium nitrate were the most effective pretreatments.
Conclusion: The results of this research demonstrated that pretreatment of deteriorated Basin sweet corn seeds with ellagic acid, gibberellin, and potassium nitrate significantly improved germination and biochemical indices. These treatments mitigated the negative effects of seed aging, enhancing seedling vigor and establishment. Therefore, these priming can be recommended as effective methods to improve the quality of Basin sweet corn seeds under various agricultural conditions.
Highlights:
- Seed deterioration leads to an increase in biochemical indicators such as seed proline content, peroxidase enzyme activity, and seed malondialdehyde content.
- The vigor of Basin sweet corn seeds is improved through pretreatment with gibberellin and ellagic acid.
- The effect of priming before and after artificial deterioration on germination and seed vigor of sweet corn cultivar Basin was compared and investigated.
Abas Sasanian, Ali Bashirzadeh, Seyed Ebrahim Kamali,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Rice (Oryza sativa L.), one of the world's most crucial cereals, serves as a primary nutritional source for over one-third of the global population. Compared to other grains, rice exhibits greater sensitivity to low-temperature stress. Seed priming as a biotechnological tool is a simple, practical, cost-effective, and eco-friendly approach to enhance plant stress tolerance and improve seed germination. This study investigated the germination and physiological responses of rice seeds to varying intensities and durations of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure under cold stress conditions.
Materials and Methods: In 2024, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design at Islamic Azad University, Astara Branch. The experiment evaluated four levels of EMF intensity (0, 50, 100, and 150 mT), two exposure durations (30 and 60 minutes), and three cold stress levels (10, 15, and 25°C) on the Hashemi rice cultivar, with three replications. Rice seeds were treated in plastic bags under the specified EMF conditions. For seedling establishment, healthy seedlings were transferred to plastic pots containing sand. After 25 days, physiological traits were measured.
Results: Analysis of variance revealed significant effects of EMF intensity, duration, cold stress, and their interactions on most traits. Cold stress significantly increased proline (1.02 µmol g⁻¹ FW) and malondialdehyde (4.40 mmol g⁻¹ FW) while reducing chlorophyll a and b. The highest germination percentage (98.9%), radicle length (69.6 mm), chlorophyll a (0.807 mg g⁻¹ FW), and chlorophyll b (0.99 mg g⁻¹ FW) were observed under 100 mT at 25°C. Additionally, the highest germination rate (0.560 day⁻¹), shoot length (58.63 mm), seedling length (130.8 mm), radicle dry weight (3.25 mg), shoot dry weight (2.21 mg), seedling dry weight (5.46 mg), length-based vigor index (13035.5), and weight-based vigor index (543.5) were recorded at 100 mT, 25°C, and 30 minutes. While cold stress reduced germination and seedling growth, EMF treatment up to 100 mT counteracted these effects across all temperature levels.
Conclusion: EMF treatment up to 100 mT significantly improved germination traits (e.g., percentage, rate) and physiological parameters (e.g., chlorophyll content) in this rice cultivar. These findings highlight the potential of EMF priming to enhance seed germination and stress resilience under cold conditions.
Highlights:
- The effect of the magnetic field was investigated on rice seed germination and physiological traits under cold stress.
- Seed priming with an intensity of 100 mT for 60 minutes under cold stress of 10°C increased proline and malondialdehyde content.
- Higher EMF intensities (up to 100 mT) significantly improved germination at 10°C.
Haniyeh Saadat, Mohammad Sedghi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of selenium on germination indicators and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in wheat seedlings under salinity stress.
Method: The experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2022. Experimental treatments included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) and four selenium priming levels (0, 25, 50, and 75 µM)
Results: The results showed that salinity stress decreased mean daily germination (MDG) and seedling length (SL) but increased daily germination rate (DGR) and allometric coefficient (AC). Seed priming with selenium increased MDG and SL. The comparison of means showed significant differences among selenium levels, with the highest values obtained from the 75 µM selenium treatment and the lowest from the control (without selenium). The lowest germination coefficient (GC) was observed under the 150 mM salinity treatment. The activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase increased by 49%, 71%, and 70%, respectively, in the 75 µM selenium treatment under 150 mM salinity compared to the control. Selenium also increased catalase enzyme activity, with the highest catalase activity (0.469 U mg-1 protein min-1) observed in the 75 µM selenium treatment.
Conclusions: The results showed that seed priming with selenium, by stimulating antioxidant enzymes and neutralizing free radicals, can reduce the harmful effects of salinity on certain traits in wheat seedlings and improve seedling growth.
Highlights
Method: The experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2022. Experimental treatments included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) and four selenium priming levels (0, 25, 50, and 75 µM)
Results: The results showed that salinity stress decreased mean daily germination (MDG) and seedling length (SL) but increased daily germination rate (DGR) and allometric coefficient (AC). Seed priming with selenium increased MDG and SL. The comparison of means showed significant differences among selenium levels, with the highest values obtained from the 75 µM selenium treatment and the lowest from the control (without selenium). The lowest germination coefficient (GC) was observed under the 150 mM salinity treatment. The activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase increased by 49%, 71%, and 70%, respectively, in the 75 µM selenium treatment under 150 mM salinity compared to the control. Selenium also increased catalase enzyme activity, with the highest catalase activity (0.469 U mg-1 protein min-1) observed in the 75 µM selenium treatment.
Conclusions: The results showed that seed priming with selenium, by stimulating antioxidant enzymes and neutralizing free radicals, can reduce the harmful effects of salinity on certain traits in wheat seedlings and improve seedling growth.
Highlights
- Seed priming with 75 µM selenium improved germination indices of wheat seeds under salinity.
- Seed priming with 75 µM selenium increased the activity of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes.
Haniyeh Saadat, Mohammad Sedghi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chitosan on germination indicators and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in safflower seedlings under salinity stress.
Method: The experiment was conducted using a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2024. The experimental treatments included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl) and four concentrations of chitosan (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.5% w/v), which were dissolved in 1% acetic acid.
Results: The results showed that salinity stress reduced the germination rate, radicle length, plumule length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight, and seedling dry weight. However, priming with different concentrations of chitosan, especially at 0.5%, improved these traits. The highest daily germination rate (0.114) was observed in the control group (distilled water priming) under 150 mM salinity. The activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes in the control under 150 mM salinity increased by approximately 43% and 70%, respectively, compared to the 0.5% chitosan treatment under non-saline conditions. Similarly, the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme in the 0.5% chitosan treatment under 150 mM salinity increased by about 67% compared to the control under non-saline conditions. Furthermore, the ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity in seeds primed with 0.5% chitosan increased by 37% compared to the control (distilled water priming).
Conclusions: The results indicated that seed treatment with different concentrations of chitosan can mitigate the harmful effects of salinity on some traits of safflower seedlings and improve seedling growth. The best results were achieved when 0.5% chitosan was used under salinity conditions.
Highlights
- Safflower seed priming using 0.5% chitosan improved the germination indices of safflower seeds under salinity stress.
- Safflower seed priming with 0.5% chitosan increased the activity of the superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes.
- Priming with chitosan had a better effect on the germination indices and biochemical characteristics of safflower seeds compared to the control.
Hamid Zolghadri, Salim Farzaneh, Mohammad Ahmadi, Raouf Sayed Sharifi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of hydroprime and seed coating with humic acid, and biological compounds on the germination and emergence of the sweet corn cultivar 'Amyla'.
Method: The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, and four replications under field conditions in 2018. The study was carried out at Mohaghegh Ardabili University and the experimental fields of the National Agro-Industrial Company of Moghan. The fourteen treatments consisted of seed coating with different amounts of amino acid fertilizer (2, 4, and 6 g kg-1 of seed), seaweed extract (3, 6, and 9 g kg-1 of seed), humic acid (3, 6, and 9 g kg-1 of seed), hydroprime + humic acid, hydroprime + seaweed extract, hydroprime + amino acid, hydroprime alone, and an uncoated control. A 3% carboxymethylcellulose solution was used as an adhesive for the seed coating.
Results: Seed coating with humic acid and hydroprime significantly improved the germination and emergence percentages of the 'Amyla' sweet corn seeds under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions. The best results were obtained with the hydroprime and humic acid (6 g kg-1) treatments, which showed the highest germination percentage (98.66%) and emergence percentage (93.33%). The germination and emergence rates also increased significantly in these treatments. Contrary to expectations, seaweed extract negatively affected the germination and emergence of the sweet corn seeds. These results indicate that using seaweed extract as a seed coating may not be suitable for all corn cultivars. The 3% carboxymethylcellulose adhesive used for coating had no adverse effect on seed germination and emergence; in some cases, it even slightly improved the results.
Conclusions: This research clearly demonstrates that coating 'Amyla' sweet corn seeds with humic acid (6 g kg-1) and hydroprime is not only a practical solution for improving germination and seedling establishment but also, as a sustainable technology, can help address challenges in modern agriculture.
Highlights
Method: The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, and four replications under field conditions in 2018. The study was carried out at Mohaghegh Ardabili University and the experimental fields of the National Agro-Industrial Company of Moghan. The fourteen treatments consisted of seed coating with different amounts of amino acid fertilizer (2, 4, and 6 g kg-1 of seed), seaweed extract (3, 6, and 9 g kg-1 of seed), humic acid (3, 6, and 9 g kg-1 of seed), hydroprime + humic acid, hydroprime + seaweed extract, hydroprime + amino acid, hydroprime alone, and an uncoated control. A 3% carboxymethylcellulose solution was used as an adhesive for the seed coating.
Results: Seed coating with humic acid and hydroprime significantly improved the germination and emergence percentages of the 'Amyla' sweet corn seeds under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions. The best results were obtained with the hydroprime and humic acid (6 g kg-1) treatments, which showed the highest germination percentage (98.66%) and emergence percentage (93.33%). The germination and emergence rates also increased significantly in these treatments. Contrary to expectations, seaweed extract negatively affected the germination and emergence of the sweet corn seeds. These results indicate that using seaweed extract as a seed coating may not be suitable for all corn cultivars. The 3% carboxymethylcellulose adhesive used for coating had no adverse effect on seed germination and emergence; in some cases, it even slightly improved the results.
Conclusions: This research clearly demonstrates that coating 'Amyla' sweet corn seeds with humic acid (6 g kg-1) and hydroprime is not only a practical solution for improving germination and seedling establishment but also, as a sustainable technology, can help address challenges in modern agriculture.
Highlights
- The effects of hydropriming and seed coating with humic acid, amino acid fertilizer, and seaweed extract on germination and emergence of 'Amyla' sweet corn cultivar were evaluated.
- The combination of hydropriming and humic acid coating (6 g kg⁻¹) was an optimal strategy for enhancing germination and seedling establishment of 'Amyla' sweet corn cultivar.
Farshid Ghaderi-Far, Majid Azimmohseni, Sima Sheikhveisi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study introduces functional analysis of variance as a method for comparing germination trends under different treatments over a given time interval. This approach not only enables the comparison of treatments over the entire time period but also allows for treatment comparisons at each specific moment in time. Moreover, it identifies critical time points at which the maximum significant difference between treatments occurs, which can serve as novel germination indices.
Method: In this study, real experimental data from four germination studies were analyzed: (1) the effect of temperature on Nigella sativa germination, (2) the effect of salinity stress on Zea mays seed germination, (3) the comparison of germination among different Triticum astivum cultivars, and (4) the effect of water stress on Brassica napus germination. Using spline functions, germination data from these experiments were modeled as a function of time. The results of functional analysis were then used to compare treatments in terms of both germination percentage and germination time across the four experiments.
Results: The results of the functional analysis demonstrated its high efficiency in detecting significant or non-significant differences between treatments throughout the germination period. Furthermore, this method enabled comparisons of germination percentages at any given time point, as well as comparisons of germination times at various germination percentiles, providing detailed insights into the nature of differences among treatments. This approach also facilitated the introduction of new germination indices applicable to different seed types.
Conclusions: Overall, the results of this study indicate that the stepwise functional analysis method introduced here is an effective and precise tool for comparing treatments in germination data. This approach not only enhances treatment comparisons but also provides detailed insights into the nature of differences between treatments. Moreover, it overcomes the limitations associated with using conventional germination indices for treatment comparisons.
Highlights
- Functional analysis was applied to compare treatments in germination percentage data.
- The method enabled treatment comparisons in terms of germination percentage at each moment in time, as well as comparisons of germination times at various percentiles.
- Critical germination times and percentiles at which the maximum differences between treatments occur were introduced as novel germination indices.
Rafat Hassani Nassab Farzaneh, Ahmad Tobeh, Sodabeh Jahanbakhsh, Rasoul Fakhari, Mohammad Ahmadi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This experiment aims to evaluate relative fitness and seed germination indices of tribenuron-methyl sensitive and resistant wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) biotypes under different temperature conditions and gibberellic acid concentrations.
Method: This experiment was conducted in 2023 at the laboratory of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. It was performed as a three-factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The first factor consisted of two levels (seeds of tribenuron-methyl sensitive and resistant biotypes), the second factor included four levels of gibberellic acid concentration (500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg L-1), and the third factor comprised two temperature regimes: 20/15 °C and 15/10 °C (day/night). The measured parameters included germination percentage, germination rate and uniformity, seed water uptake, and seedling vigor index.
Results: The sensitive biotype of wild mustard exhibited a higher final germination percentage, and germination uniformity. The interactions of temperature × biotype and temperature × gibberellic acid concentration were significant on seed water uptake. Furthermore, the rate of water absorption by seeds was higher under the 10/15 °C temperature regime compared to the 20/15 °C (day/night) regime. The sensitive biotype showed a 1.8-fold higher germination rate and a 38% increase in seedling vigor compared to the resistant biotype.
Conclusions: These findings not only contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying herbicide resistance but also demonstrate that while resistance provides a selective advantage, it may entail a physiological cost in the long term. This fitness cost can be leveraged for sustainable weed management. Specifically, farmers could potentially delay wheat sowing—provided it does not compromise wheat yield—to create suboptimal temperature conditions that suppress the germination of resistant wild mustard biotypes. Furthermore, the slower water uptake observed in the resistant biotype suggests that strategic irrigation management could be employed to further inhibit its germination. Additionally, since the germination of resistant wild mustard is slower at lower temperatures, soil temperature monitoring can be utilized to predict the optimal timing for implementing mechanical control measures or post-emergence herbicide applications.
Highlights
- A simultaneous study of the effects of temperature and gibberellic acid on the germination and growth of herbicide-sensitive and herbicide-resistant wild mustard biotypes.
- Evaluation of the fitness cost in herbicide-resistant biotypes.
- Differential effects of growth-affecting factors on the phenotype of two wild mustard biotypes.
Nasrin Teimoori, Mohsen Saeidi, Mahmood Khoramivafa, Shahab Khoshkhoi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to assess the efficiency of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in mitigating salinity stress effects in comparison with bulk ZnO, and to examine the influence of different priming durations on chickpea seed germination under salinity conditions.
Method: The study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications on chickpea (Kasra cultivar). The first factor was the priming agent (1-100 nm ZnO nanoparticles, 40-60 nm ZnO nanoparticles, bulk ZnO, and hydro-priming). The second factor was the priming duration (6, 12, and 24 h), and the third factor was the level of salinity stress (0, 20, 40, and 80 mM NaCl). Key indicators related to germination quality and seedling growth were subsequently assessed.
Results: Salinity stress significantly affected the germination percentage, germination rate, mean germination time, mean daily germination, and seedling vigor weight index. The respective values at 0 and 80 mM NaCl were 98.7% vs. 68.4%, 15.6 vs. 10.4 germinated seeds per day, 2.11 vs. 2.39 days, 12.3 vs. 8.56 seeds per day, and 5466 vs. 1853. Salinity stress also significantly increased the root-to-shoot length ratio. Seed priming with 1-100 nm ZnO nanoparticles significantly increased seedling dry weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and consequently, the seedling vigor index compared to other zinc forms and hydro-priming. Furthermore, this treatment reduced the percentage of abnormal seedlings to 20.7% under 80 mM NaCl. Priming durations of 12 and 24 h were superior to 6 h, resulting in a significant increase in seedling and shoot length, seedling and shoot weight, and the seedling vigor length index.
Method: The study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications on chickpea (Kasra cultivar). The first factor was the priming agent (1-100 nm ZnO nanoparticles, 40-60 nm ZnO nanoparticles, bulk ZnO, and hydro-priming). The second factor was the priming duration (6, 12, and 24 h), and the third factor was the level of salinity stress (0, 20, 40, and 80 mM NaCl). Key indicators related to germination quality and seedling growth were subsequently assessed.
Results: Salinity stress significantly affected the germination percentage, germination rate, mean germination time, mean daily germination, and seedling vigor weight index. The respective values at 0 and 80 mM NaCl were 98.7% vs. 68.4%, 15.6 vs. 10.4 germinated seeds per day, 2.11 vs. 2.39 days, 12.3 vs. 8.56 seeds per day, and 5466 vs. 1853. Salinity stress also significantly increased the root-to-shoot length ratio. Seed priming with 1-100 nm ZnO nanoparticles significantly increased seedling dry weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and consequently, the seedling vigor index compared to other zinc forms and hydro-priming. Furthermore, this treatment reduced the percentage of abnormal seedlings to 20.7% under 80 mM NaCl. Priming durations of 12 and 24 h were superior to 6 h, resulting in a significant increase in seedling and shoot length, seedling and shoot weight, and the seedling vigor length index.
Conclusions: Salinity stress had significant adverse effects on germination and seedling growth characteristics and increased the proportion of abnormal seedlings. However, seed priming exerted a more pronounced positive effect on improving seedling growth and reducing the number of abnormal seedlings. Among the priming treatments, ZnO nanoparticles (1-100 nm) with a priming duration of 12 h were the most effective in enhancing seedling growth and the seedling vigor index, providing clear guidance for future research and applications.
Highlights
Highlights
- Seed priming at a salinity level of 20 mM significantly alleviated the adverse effects of salinity on seedling growth parameters.
- Seed priming of chickpea with zinc nanoparticles (1 to 100 nm) was more effective than other seed priming methods in promoting seedling growth.
- A priming duration of 12 h was identified as the optimal treatment for maximizing seedling growth and vigor index.
Nasrin Teimoori, Mohsen Saeidi, Mahmood Khoramivafa, Shahab Khoshkhoy,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to assess the efficiency of zinc oxid (ZnO) nanoparticles in mitigating drought stress effects in comparison with bulk ZnO, and to examine the influence of different priming durations on chickpea seed germination under drought conditions.
Method: A three-factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design was conducted with three replications on germination and seedling growth characteristics of chickpea cultivar Kasra. The factors included: 1) seed priming at 4 levels (priming with zinc oxide in the form of nanoparticles 1-100 and 40-60 nm, priming with bulk zinc oxide, and hydropriming), 2) priming duration at 3 levels (6, 12 and 24 hours) and 3) drought stress levels at 4 levels (no stress, -2, -4 and -8 bar using polyethylene glycol 6000).
Results: The results showed that drought stress had a significant effect on all measured variables. Although priming with nanoparticles and bulk zinc oxide performed better than hydropriming; in comparison with bulk zinc oxide priming and nanopriming, nanopriming with a diameter of 1 to 100 nm showed better efficiency. Increasing the drought stress intensity led to a significant rise in the number of abnormal seedlings. Priming especially with zinc oxide (nano and bulk), modulated the drought stress effects in non-stressed conditions and mild to moderate stresses (-2 to -4 bar). However, under severe stress (-8 bar), drought stress damage was not compensated by priming. The results also showed that increasing the priming time had a significant effect on seedling length, germination rate and longitudinal index of seedling vigor. However, increasing the duration from 12 to 24 did not have a significant effect on this increasing trend.
Conclusions: Rapid and optimal germination plays a crucial role in the formation of a reliable crop with excellent yield. Zinc oxide nanoparticles significantly enhance germination, biochemical activities, and seedling growth of chickpea, however, determining the optimal dosage and application method is critical to maximize benefits while avoiding potential toxicity associated with excessive nanoparticle use.
Highlights
Method: A three-factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design was conducted with three replications on germination and seedling growth characteristics of chickpea cultivar Kasra. The factors included: 1) seed priming at 4 levels (priming with zinc oxide in the form of nanoparticles 1-100 and 40-60 nm, priming with bulk zinc oxide, and hydropriming), 2) priming duration at 3 levels (6, 12 and 24 hours) and 3) drought stress levels at 4 levels (no stress, -2, -4 and -8 bar using polyethylene glycol 6000).
Results: The results showed that drought stress had a significant effect on all measured variables. Although priming with nanoparticles and bulk zinc oxide performed better than hydropriming; in comparison with bulk zinc oxide priming and nanopriming, nanopriming with a diameter of 1 to 100 nm showed better efficiency. Increasing the drought stress intensity led to a significant rise in the number of abnormal seedlings. Priming especially with zinc oxide (nano and bulk), modulated the drought stress effects in non-stressed conditions and mild to moderate stresses (-2 to -4 bar). However, under severe stress (-8 bar), drought stress damage was not compensated by priming. The results also showed that increasing the priming time had a significant effect on seedling length, germination rate and longitudinal index of seedling vigor. However, increasing the duration from 12 to 24 did not have a significant effect on this increasing trend.
Conclusions: Rapid and optimal germination plays a crucial role in the formation of a reliable crop with excellent yield. Zinc oxide nanoparticles significantly enhance germination, biochemical activities, and seedling growth of chickpea, however, determining the optimal dosage and application method is critical to maximize benefits while avoiding potential toxicity associated with excessive nanoparticle use.
Highlights
- Seed priming with zinc oxide nanoparticles (1–100 nm in diameter) was more effective than using bulk zinc oxide or nanoparticles sized 40–60 nm.
- Under no-stress and mild to moderate drought stress conditions (-2 to -4 bar), priming — particularly with zinc oxide (both nano and bulk forms) — alleviated drought-induced damage.
- Drought stress up to -2 bar did not significantly affect the germination percentage of chickpea seeds compared to the non-primed control.
Ali Shayanfar, Bita Oskouei,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to simulate the effects of thermal shocks from crop residue burning and soil temperatures on the germination and dormancy of flixweed (Descurainia sophia) seeds under laboratory conditions.
Method: A factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications. Heat shock treatments were applied to flixweed seeds at 80°C and 120°C for durations of 2.5 and 7.5 minutes. Subsequently, the treated seeds were incubated for 14 days under constant temperatures of 7, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C, as well as under an alternating temperature regime of 20/30°C (16h/8h). Various seed germination and dormancy indices were then recorded and analyzed.
Results: The optimum temperature for flixweed seed germination was 7°C. Increasing the germination temperature to 35°C significantly reduced both the germination percentage and rate, while significantly increasing the percentages of dead and dormant seeds. Compared to constant temperatures above 7°C, alternating temperature treatments combined with light exposure enhanced the germination rate and percentage and decreased seed dormancy. Both elevated substrate temperatures and heat shock treatments increased the percentage of dead seeds, particularly at 30 and 35°C under the 120°C heat shock treatment. The highest percentage of normal seedlings was observed at 7°C and under the 20/30°C alternating temperature regime. Applying an 80°C heat shock for 2.5 minutes improved both the germination percentage and rate, and reduced secondary dormancy compared to the control at the same incubation temperature. In contrast, heat shocks at higher temperatures (120°C) led to increased seed mortality and reduced both germination and dormancy.
Conclusions: Heat shock treatments did not induce secondary dormancy (thermo-dormancy) in flixweed seeds; instead, they primarily influenced the germination percentage, germination rate, and seed mortality. The induction of secondary dormancy in flixweed seeds was observed only as a result of elevated substrate temperatures above 7°C. Thermo-dormancy caused by exposure to higher temperatures can be mitigated through alternating temperature treatments combined with light, thereby enhancing both the germination percentage and rate.
Highlights
Method: A factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications. Heat shock treatments were applied to flixweed seeds at 80°C and 120°C for durations of 2.5 and 7.5 minutes. Subsequently, the treated seeds were incubated for 14 days under constant temperatures of 7, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C, as well as under an alternating temperature regime of 20/30°C (16h/8h). Various seed germination and dormancy indices were then recorded and analyzed.
Results: The optimum temperature for flixweed seed germination was 7°C. Increasing the germination temperature to 35°C significantly reduced both the germination percentage and rate, while significantly increasing the percentages of dead and dormant seeds. Compared to constant temperatures above 7°C, alternating temperature treatments combined with light exposure enhanced the germination rate and percentage and decreased seed dormancy. Both elevated substrate temperatures and heat shock treatments increased the percentage of dead seeds, particularly at 30 and 35°C under the 120°C heat shock treatment. The highest percentage of normal seedlings was observed at 7°C and under the 20/30°C alternating temperature regime. Applying an 80°C heat shock for 2.5 minutes improved both the germination percentage and rate, and reduced secondary dormancy compared to the control at the same incubation temperature. In contrast, heat shocks at higher temperatures (120°C) led to increased seed mortality and reduced both germination and dormancy.
Conclusions: Heat shock treatments did not induce secondary dormancy (thermo-dormancy) in flixweed seeds; instead, they primarily influenced the germination percentage, germination rate, and seed mortality. The induction of secondary dormancy in flixweed seeds was observed only as a result of elevated substrate temperatures above 7°C. Thermo-dormancy caused by exposure to higher temperatures can be mitigated through alternating temperature treatments combined with light, thereby enhancing both the germination percentage and rate.
Highlights
- The response of the flixweed soil seed bank to crop residue burning was simulated under laboratory conditions.
- Secondary dormancy induction in flixweed seeds was assessed in response to both heat shock and incubation temperature treatments.
- Thermo-dormancy in flixweed seeds was induced exclusively by elevated substrate temperature, not by heat shock treatments.
Mohammad Ahmadi, Tohid Ali-Abbasi, Salim Farzaneh,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: The particular susceptibility of rapeseed during the sensitive stages of germination and seedling establishment doubly underscores the urgent need to develop efficient and cost-effective management strategies to counteract salinity stress. In this regard, seed pre-treatment technology has gained attention as a promising and novel strategy to enhance plant resilience against environmental stresses from the very first stages of growth.
Method: This research was designed and conducted to comprehensively evaluate and compare the effects of applying various natural growth stimulants—including amino acids (at three concentrations: 2, 4, and 6 g kg-1 of seed), humic acid (at three concentrations: 3, 6, and 9 g kg-1 of seed), and seaweed extract (at three concentrations: 3, 6, and 9 g kg-1 of seed) both individually and in combination with the hydropriming method on the improvement of germination indices, growth, and biochemical responses of rapeseed (cv. Hyola 50) under different levels of salinity stress (0, -2, -4, -6, and -8 bar).
Results: Salinity stress had a significant inhibitory effect (p < 0.01) on most measured traits. With increasing stress levels up to -8 bar, root dry weight decreased by 65.3%, emergence percentage decreased by 32%, and germination rate decreased by 63.3% compared to the control treatment (no stress). In contrast, the activity of catalase enzyme, an indicator of oxidative stress, increased by 114%, demonstrating the plant's defensive response to unfavorable conditions. In this study, the combined treatment of hydropriming with humic acid (6 g kg-1 of seed) was identified as the most effective method, with a 153% difference in leaf dry weight compared to the worst treatment. This treatment comprehensively demonstrated a protective role against salinity stress by increasing root dry weight by 13.8%, catalase enzyme activity by 10.5%, and germination rate by 14%, while maintaining the chlorophyll index.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that pre-treating rapeseed seeds with natural growth stimulants, particularly as combined hydropriming treatments with amino acids (4 g kg-1 seed) and humic acid (6 g kg-1 seed), is a low-cost, user-friendly breeding strategy and represents a practical and implementable approach for farmers.
Highlights
Method: This research was designed and conducted to comprehensively evaluate and compare the effects of applying various natural growth stimulants—including amino acids (at three concentrations: 2, 4, and 6 g kg-1 of seed), humic acid (at three concentrations: 3, 6, and 9 g kg-1 of seed), and seaweed extract (at three concentrations: 3, 6, and 9 g kg-1 of seed) both individually and in combination with the hydropriming method on the improvement of germination indices, growth, and biochemical responses of rapeseed (cv. Hyola 50) under different levels of salinity stress (0, -2, -4, -6, and -8 bar).
Results: Salinity stress had a significant inhibitory effect (p < 0.01) on most measured traits. With increasing stress levels up to -8 bar, root dry weight decreased by 65.3%, emergence percentage decreased by 32%, and germination rate decreased by 63.3% compared to the control treatment (no stress). In contrast, the activity of catalase enzyme, an indicator of oxidative stress, increased by 114%, demonstrating the plant's defensive response to unfavorable conditions. In this study, the combined treatment of hydropriming with humic acid (6 g kg-1 of seed) was identified as the most effective method, with a 153% difference in leaf dry weight compared to the worst treatment. This treatment comprehensively demonstrated a protective role against salinity stress by increasing root dry weight by 13.8%, catalase enzyme activity by 10.5%, and germination rate by 14%, while maintaining the chlorophyll index.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that pre-treating rapeseed seeds with natural growth stimulants, particularly as combined hydropriming treatments with amino acids (4 g kg-1 seed) and humic acid (6 g kg-1 seed), is a low-cost, user-friendly breeding strategy and represents a practical and implementable approach for farmers.
Highlights
- A comprehensive investigation of the effects of three types of natural growth stimulants (amino acid, humic acid, and seaweed extract) individually and combined with hydropriming to achieve a synergistic effect.
- Providing strong quantitative evidence of the mechanism of action through simultaneous measurement of growth and biochemical indices and demonstrating the critical principle of dose-response.
- Emphasizing the practical and cost-effective nature of the method for farmers, aiming to convert saline lands into productive areas as a sustainable solution.
Hasan Keshavarz, Barmak Jafari Haghighi, Abdolreza Jafari, Hamidreza Miri, Hamidreza Ebrahimi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of seed priming, sulfur application, and a biofertilizer containing Thiobacillus on seed yield and the fatty acid composition of sesame. Due to the importance of sesame as a valuable oilseed crop, evaluating the combined role of nutritional and biological management in improving both quantitative and qualitative traits of the crop holds significant importance.
Method: A field experiment was conducted during the 2023–2024 growing season in Fasa County, Fars Province, Iran, as a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included four seed priming methods (no prime, hydropriming, calcium chloride at 2.5% and 5%), four levels of sulfur application (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha-1), and three levels of Thiobacillus inoculation (0, 2, and 4 kg ha-1). Sesame cultivar ‘Darab 2’ was sown at a density of 40 plants m-2. Thousand-seed weight, dry matter and seed yield were measured. Oil quality was evaluated through fatty acid methyl ester analysis using gas chromatography according to ISIRI and AOAC standards.
Results: Seed priming, sulfur application, and Thiobacillus biofertilization significantly affected all the studied traits. Both two-way and three-way interactions were significant at 1% and 5% levels. The highest plant dry weight (23,580 kg ha-1) was observed in the treatment of hydro-priming combined with 300 kg ha-1 sulfur. Additionally, the highest thousand seed weight (5.33 g) and seed yield (2610 kg ha-1) were recorded in the treatment of hydro-priming combined with 300 kg ha-1 sulfur and 4 kg ha-1 Thiobacillus. The highest oil percentage (52.2%) and protein content (25.10%) were obtained in the treatment of 5% calcium chloride priming combined with 300 kg ha-1 sulfur and 4 kg ha-1 Thiobacillus. The fatty acid analysis revealed that integrated treatments increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, oleic, alpha-linolenic) while decreasing saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic).
Conclusions: The integrated use of seed priming (especially 5% calcium chloride or hydropriming), high-dose sulfur, and Thiobacillus inoculation significantly improved sesame seed yield, and oil quality. These practices enhanced nutrient uptake, stimulated microbial activity, and promoted biosynthesis of health-beneficial fatty acids.
Highlights
Method: A field experiment was conducted during the 2023–2024 growing season in Fasa County, Fars Province, Iran, as a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included four seed priming methods (no prime, hydropriming, calcium chloride at 2.5% and 5%), four levels of sulfur application (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha-1), and three levels of Thiobacillus inoculation (0, 2, and 4 kg ha-1). Sesame cultivar ‘Darab 2’ was sown at a density of 40 plants m-2. Thousand-seed weight, dry matter and seed yield were measured. Oil quality was evaluated through fatty acid methyl ester analysis using gas chromatography according to ISIRI and AOAC standards.
Results: Seed priming, sulfur application, and Thiobacillus biofertilization significantly affected all the studied traits. Both two-way and three-way interactions were significant at 1% and 5% levels. The highest plant dry weight (23,580 kg ha-1) was observed in the treatment of hydro-priming combined with 300 kg ha-1 sulfur. Additionally, the highest thousand seed weight (5.33 g) and seed yield (2610 kg ha-1) were recorded in the treatment of hydro-priming combined with 300 kg ha-1 sulfur and 4 kg ha-1 Thiobacillus. The highest oil percentage (52.2%) and protein content (25.10%) were obtained in the treatment of 5% calcium chloride priming combined with 300 kg ha-1 sulfur and 4 kg ha-1 Thiobacillus. The fatty acid analysis revealed that integrated treatments increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, oleic, alpha-linolenic) while decreasing saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic).
Conclusions: The integrated use of seed priming (especially 5% calcium chloride or hydropriming), high-dose sulfur, and Thiobacillus inoculation significantly improved sesame seed yield, and oil quality. These practices enhanced nutrient uptake, stimulated microbial activity, and promoted biosynthesis of health-beneficial fatty acids.
Highlights
- Seed priming, sulfur application, and Thiobacillus inoculation significantly increased sesame seed yield.
- Combined treatments improved seed oil quality by increasing unsaturated fatty acids and reducing saturated ones.
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Seed Science and Technology, Seed Physiology, Seed Ecology, Modeling, Seed Health, Germination Characteristics, Seed Dormancy, Seed Ageing, Seed Storage, Seed PrimingVote
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