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Evaluating Hetrotoxic Potential of Aqueous Extract of Datura stramonium Shoots on Germination Traits and Content of Photosynthetic Pigments of Wheat Cultivars
Vahdat Rajaee, Ebrahim Gholamalipour Alamdari, Zeinab Avarseji, Masoumeh Naeemi,
Volume 5, Issue 2 ((Autumn & Winter) 2019)
Abstract 


Extended abstract
Introduction: Nowadays exploitation of hetrotoxic characteristics  of hetrotoxic plants regarding  harmful effects of synthetic herbicides can most important role in weeds management and their control. In fact chemical compounds which is released by root, stem, leaf, flowers, seeds pollen, fruit and seeds can be used as bio herbicides and bio pesticides. The purpose of this srudy was evaluation of hetrotoxicity potential of Datura stramonium L. shoots on germination traits and photosynthetic pigments of wheat cultivars.
Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted to evaluate hetrotoxicity potential of aqueous extract of different organs of Datura stramonium L. such as stem, leaf, fruit and mixed of them on germination traits and photosynthetic pigments of two cultivars of wheat (Kohdasht and N8720) as factorial experiment based on compeletly randomized design in three replications in Weeds Scince Laboratory of Gonbad-e- Kavous University in 2017. Datura stramonium shoot was collected at fruit formation stage in the Moghan plain and seprated into stem, leaf and fruit firstly. Five ml of studied extracts as well as mixed of them were added on 25 disinfected seeds of studied cultivars separately.
Results: Results showed that wheat cultivars had a different response to organs extract and this difference also were significant for various organs extract as well as interaction effect of cultivars in organs extract. Mean comparison of interaction of cultivars and organs showed that germination percent of Kohdash were decreased under experimental treatments. The highest decrease effect was obtained in the leaf extract about 98.33%. In return, stem, fruit and mixed organs had an increase effect on germination percent of N8720 about 5.72, 5.72 and 1.41% respectively. Result of the germination rate was similar with result of germination percent. Radicle and shoot length of both cultivars under experimental treatments were decreased. Leaf extract had an highest inhibition effect on radicle and shoot length about 96.70 and 89.21% respectively. Content of total chlorophyll of both cultivars of Kohdast and N8720 were increased under aqueous extract of stem (24.64%) and fruit (14.62%). Where as, extract of other organs and mixed of them had a decrease effect on studied trait. The result of carotenoid also was similar with result of total chlorophyll. Persumably, difference in allelochemicals concentration in various organs of Datura stramonium and physiological chracteractics of studied traits in cultivars caused different behavior.
Conclusions: According to the results, use of Datura stramonium biomass esspecially leaf, it is suggested as natural herbicides and strategy of non- chemical management. To accomplish this need to analyze phytochemical compounds of this weed.
 
Highlights:
  1. Extract of different parts of Datura stramonium weed had a different effect on germination traits and content of chlorophyll and carotenoids  of both cultivars of Kohdast and N8720.
  2. Leaf extract of Datura stramonium significantly decrease germination traits and content of chlorophyll and carotenoids of Kohdasht cultivar seedlings.
3- Use of Datura stramonium can be a good option for appearance of natural herbicides.

Studying the allelopathic potential of Caccinia macranthera on the germination, growth, physiological, and biochemical traits of Pisum sativum
Kairm Dosieni, Ebrahim Gholamalipour Alamdari, Ziba Avarseji, Ali Nakhzari Moghaddam, Masoumeh Naeemi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 ((Autumn & Winter) 2025)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: Borage plant (Caccinia macranthera) belongs to the family of Boraginaceae. Botanically, it is an annual, herbaceous, and wild plant. Secondary metabolites are often limited to a small group of plants within a species whose bioactive compounds, unlike primary metabolites, are found in specific organs or phenological stages of plants. Borage plant shows potent antioxidant, antibacterial and medicinal properties and it has high biomass in the arid and semi-arid regions of the eastern areas of the Golestan province. Usually, the release of allelopathic compounds from some wild plants and weeds into the environment, poses a serious challenge to the germination, morphological, and physiological characteristics of crops and even weeds. This study was conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential of C. macranthera on germination, seedling growth, physiological, biochemical characteristics, and antioxidant activity of Pisum sativum as a plant sensitive to allelochemicals.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design with three replications in 2024. For extracting, 5 g of the whole powdered C. macranthera (by weight) was mixed with 100 mL of distilled water (by volume). Then different concentrations (i.e., 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) were prepared from the extract obtained from the base solution. Distilled water was also used as a control sample.

Results: The results showed that germination characteristics such as percentage and rate of germination, length of radicle, plumule and seedling, allometric coefficient, seedling length vigor index, dry weight of radicle, plumule and seedling, seedling weight vigor index in addition to the total chlorophyll pigment content of P. sativum were significantly reduced under different concentrations of C. macranthera. In contrast, the mean time to 50% germination of P. sativum increased with increasing the concentration of aqueous extract of C. macranthera. So that the difference in the effect of different concentrations of C. macranthera was dependent on their concentration threshold. This may be due to the accumulation of more harmful compounds present in the aqueous extract with increasing concentration, especially alkaloids and phenol. The physiological characteristics such as adaptive osmolytes (proline content and soluble sugars), total phenol, and antioxidant activity in P. sativum radicle and plumule had an increasing trend under allelopathic stress of C. macranthera aqueous extract. Therefore, the decrease in germination characteristics and seedling growth of pea can be related to the insufficiency of these protectors against high oxidative stress of C. macranthera.
Conclusions: Considering the demonstrated harmful effects of wild plant of C. macranthera and its high biomass in arid and semi-arid regions, especially in the east of Golestan province. It may be possible to use the bioactive compounds in this plant as an environmentally friendly herbicide. Further studies are needed to confirm its positive effects on other species before its application as a bioherbicide.

Highlights:
  1. The difference in the accumulation of allelopathic compounds of the aqueous extract from C. macranthera causes a different reduction effect in morphophysiological traits Pisum sativum.
  2. The bioactive compounds in C. macranthera can be a suitable option for the production of environmentally friendly herbicide.

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