Iranian Journal of Seed Research

Introduction: In recent years, Japanese morning glory has been recognized as a new weed in some soybean cultivation areas in the Province of Golestan. Japanese morning glory, an annual herbaceous plant, belongs to Convolvulaceae family. Germination is the first step in the competitiveness of a weed in an ecological niche. Among the factors influencing seed germination, temperature and light are the most important environmental factors. The relationship between temperature and germination rate is mainly determined by nonlinear regression, and various models such as dent-like, segmented, beta, and second-order major models are used for this purpose. In this study, we examined the aspects of germination biology of this weed under the influence of temperature and light.

Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of temperature and light on germination of Japanese morning glory, two separate experiments were conducted. Treatments included constant temperature at 7 levels (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40) in the first experiment and alternating temperature at 6 levels (30/25, 10/15, 30/20, 35/25, 40/30, 45/35) and light conditions (14 hours of brightness 250 μmoles/m^-2-sec^-1) and darkness in the second experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications. The number of germinated seeds was taken up to 4 days after stopping germination every day. Percentage and speed of germination and time reaching 50% germination were calculated. Three models of dent-like, segmented lines and beta were used to determine the cardinal temperature between the temperature and germination rate.

Results: The results showed that temperature had a significant effect on percentage, speed and time taken to reach 50% (D50) of germination of Japanese morning glory. The highest percentage of germination (95%) and germination rate (19.80 seeds per day) were observed in the alternating temperature of 20/30 ° C treatment, respectively. The lowest percentage of germination (83.33%) was observed at alternating temperatures 25/35 °C, and the lowest germination rate (15.10 seeds per day) was observed at 10-20 °C. The segmented lines, dent-like and beta were best fit based on the highest R2adj 0.95, 0.96 and 0.95, respectively. Light had no significant effect on germination, so that germination occurred under both light and dark conditions. According to the results, Japanese morning glory is able to germinate at a wide range of constant and alternating temperatures, although germination is faster at warmer temperatures. On the other hand, the lack of light for germination is another advantage that increases germination, competition, and expansion in agronomic environments.

Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that the highest percentage of germination and rate of germination were observed in alternating temperatures of 20/30 °C respectively. Among the nonlinear regression models, the dent-like model represented the best model for describing the germination rate against the temperature in Japanese morning glory. It seems that this weed has better germination at warmer temperatures. Probably from mid-spring following warmer weather, and upon the availability of water, this weed is in a good situation to germinate and compete. It was also found that light had no significant effect on the germination of this weed.

Extended Abstract
Introduction: Seed germination is one of the most important factors which determine the success of failure of crop establishment. In the absence of other environmental limiting factors such as moisture, temperature would determine the rate and overall seed germination. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature regimes on seed germination, quantify the response of germination rate to temperature and determine the cardinal temperatures for different germination percentiles in Solanum lycopersicom.
Materials and Methods: Two-way factorial experiment including seven constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ^oC) and two tomato varieties (Red cherry: var. Cerasiformi and Yellow pearl: var. Yellow Pear) was conducted based on a completely randomized design arranged with thee replications at the seed technology laboratory of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan in 2019. Beta, segmented and dent-like functions were used to determine the relationship between germination rate and temperature. Logistic model was used to describe the suitable pattern for the germination of these two cultivars in response to each temperature level.
Results: Results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of temperature and cultivar was significant on all studied traits. Results showed that respectively at temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30 ^oC, total seed germination for yellow pearl tomato was 93%, 96%, 95% and 86% and for red cherry tomato was 95, 98, 93 and 98 percent. There was no seed germination for both tomato varieties at 5, 10 and 35 ^oC. Based on the results of the fitted models, it was revealed that among the tested non-linear regression models, segmented model described the germination rate of the studied tomato cultivars against the temperature the best (AICc≤70, R²=0.93). Three parameters logistic functions exhibited a reasonable fit (R²=0.96) for germination time course under temperature range of 15 to 30 ^oC in both cultivars. Based on the segmented model, base, optimum and ceiling temperatures of Yellow pearl and Cherry tomato were estimated 11.25, 28.72, 35.00 ^oC and 10.97, 28.361 and 35 ^oC, respectively.
Conclusion: Both tomato cultivars exhibited sensitivity to changes in temperature. Seed germination rate and number of the germinated seeds increased at temperatures higher than base. This increase continued until the optimum temperature and then started to decline as the temperature exceeded from optimum range. Also, results obtained from the logistic function showed that Yellow pearl cultivar is more sensitive to supra-optimal temperatures compared with Cherry tomato, and germination percentage of the 97.79 to 85.09 percent as temperature reached from 25 to 30 ^oC.

Highlights:
1- The pattern of seed germination in two new tomato cultivars was investigated under temperatures regimes
2- Cardinal temperatures of two new tomato varieties was estimated using nonlinear regression models