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Evaluation of different hormonal and temperature treatments on dormancy breaking of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) seed
Mohammadreza Labbafi, Hamideh Khalaj, Maryam Delfani, Nasrin Qavami,
Volume 9, Issue 1 ((Spring and Summer) 2022)
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction: Lavandula angustifolia L. is one of the most important plants belonging to Lamiaceae which has abundant use in traditional and pharmacological medicine. Lavender seed dormancy is one of the problems in producing seedlings which increases seed consumption. In this regard, an experiment was carried out to investigate different treatments for seed dormancy elimination of Lavender and measuring germination and growth indices.
Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at the Ecophysiology Laboratory of Karaj Institute of Medicinal Plants in 2018. The experiment consisted of 14 treatments on seed dormancy elimination. The treatments included the control, hormonal treatments (Gibberellic acid with 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/l concentrations) and Prechilling treatments (7, 14 and 21 days of refrigeration). The integrated treatments were 7 days refrigeration + 500 mg/l gibberellic acid, 14 days refrigeration + 500 mg/l gibberellic acid, 7 days refrigeration + 1000 mg/l gibberellic acid, 14 days refrigeration + 1000 mg/l gibberellic acid, 30 minutes at 40 ° C water + 14 days refrigeration, and 30 minutes at water 40 degrees +14 days refrigeration + 500 mg/l gibberellic acid.
Results: The results showed that the highest germination percentage (70.67%), germination rate (24.26%) and germination index (246) were achieved in 750 mg/l Gibberellic acid, and the highest epicotyl length (5.09 cm), seedling length (6.23 cm) and seedling fresh weight (0.57 gr) were produced with 500 mg/l Gibberellic acid. Also, the lowest mean germination time (MGT) (4.12s day) was obtained in 1000 mg/l Gibberellic acid treatment. Also, 7 days of refrigeration + gibberellic acid at 500 mg/l treatment had no significant difference with the other concentrations of gibberellin treatments. Therefore, low gibberellin concentration with 7 days of prechilling had the same effect as higher gibberellic acid concentrations. In addition, 14 days of refrigeration + 1000 mg/l gibberellic acid treatment and treatment of 30 min in water at 40 ° C +14 days prechilling + 500 mg/l gibberellic acid produced the lowest shoot (0.78, 0.82 cm), seedling height (0.99, 1.04 cm) and fresh weight (0.013, 0.01 gr) that showed the negative effects of increased prechilling time and water at 40 ° C,
Conclusion: It was finally found that the lavender seed dormancy type is physiologically non-deep and moderate and Gibberellic acid is a suitable substitute for prechilling. The best treatment was gibberellic acid with a concentration of 750 mg/l to break the dormancy of lavender seeds.

Highlights:
  1. Gibberellic acid is a good substitute for prechilling in seed dormancy elimination of lavender.
  2. Breaking the dormancy of the lavender seeds is necessary for producing seedlings from the seeds of this plant.

Evaluation of mechanical damages to chickpeas due to free fall during handling under electrical conductivity and accelerated aging tests
Farzad Delfan, Feizollah Shahbazi, Hamidreza Esvand,
Volume 10, Issue 2 ((Autumn & Winter) 2024)
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction: The seeds of agricultural products are constantly subjected to impact forces from machines from the moment they are harvested to the time they are transferred into storage. Improper design and performance of machines in each of these stages can cause mechanical damage to seeds. Mechanical damage caused by free fall on the seed of agricultural products, which occurs during different stages of harvesting, transportation and other processes, causes a decrease in their quality and an increase in waste. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of mechanical damage caused to chickpea seeds due to the impact of free fall.
Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. The factors included drop height (3, 6, 9 and 12 m), the contact surface (concrete, plywood, metal (iron) and seed-on-seed) and seed moisture content (10, 15, 20 and 25 %).  The studied traits or the amount of damage to the seeds included the measurement of seed deterioration by the accelerated aging method (loss in germination percentage in the accelerated aging test) and the measurement of electrical conductivity.
Results: The results of the analysis of variance showed that all three factors (drop height, the contact surface and moisture content) had significant effects at p<0.01 on the loss in germination percentage in the accelerated aging test and changes in electrical conductivity of chickpea seeds. In terms of loss in germination percentage, the highest damage to seeds occurred in the metal contact (41.96%) and the least in the seed-on-seed treatments(29.71%). Also, the highest amount of electrical conductivity was related to the seeds dropped on the metal (36.09 μS cm-1g-1) and the lowest was related to seed-on-seed contact (21.68 μS cm-1g-1). As the drop height rose from 3 to 12 m, the loss in germination and electrical conductivity of seeds increased from 27.74 to 48.08% and from 18.72 to 40.47 μS cm-1g-1, respectively. Increasing the moisture content of chickpea seeds from 10 to 25% causes a decrease in the amount of damage to the seeds in terms of electrical conductivity (from 38.40 to 21.18 μS cm-1g-1). However, the damage was in the form of loss in germination percentage during the accelerated aging test (from 29.22 to 42.88 %).
Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that the movement of chickpea seeds and the subsequent free fall had a notable impact on their latent damage, leading to a decrease in germination rate and alterations in electrical conductivity. Therefore, it is recommended to minimize fall height and prevent seeds from hitting hard surfaces during seed processing and transportation to mitigate the damage.

Highlights:
  1. Seed deterioration tests using accelerated aging and electrical conductivity can be used as appropriate criteria to measure the mechanical damage to chickpea seeds.
  2. When designing machines that come into contact with the seeds, it is important to choose surfaces made of soft materials to minimize the destructive effects of the seeds falling from greater heights.
  3. The moisture content during the processing and transportation of the seeds should be at an optimal level of around 15%.

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